ABSTRACT Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 is a small cosmopolitan genus which encompasses 16 described species. In the Neotropical region there are records of only two species, P. costaricana Duda, 1925 and P. nephelea Wheeler, 1968. In this paper, we describe the first 19 new species from South America – P. itatiaiensis n. sp., P. blauthae n. sp., P. rafaeli n. sp., P. boldrinii n. sp., P. roraimensis n. sp., P. amazonensis n. sp., P. moratoi n. sp., P. mineira n. sp., P. leonensis n. sp., P. marinhoi n. sp., P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp., P. pedraseladensis n. sp., P. vicenziae n. sp., P. pallidifacies n. sp., P. acreensis n. sp., P. mantiqueira n. sp., P. maculosa n. sp., P. melana n. sp., P. puri n. sp. – based on morphological traits. A distribution map and a taxonomic key for male imagoes of the Neotropical species was also produced. By adding 19 new species, we establish the Neotropical region as the biogeographical region with the most known diversity in the world for the genus. Duda 192 1 P Wheeler 1968 paper n sp traits produced 196

ABSTRACT Hirtodrosophila Duda, 1923 is a worldwide genus that encompasses about 170 species. In the Neotropical Region there are records of 38 species. In this paper, we describe three new species of Neotropical Hirtodrosophila - H. pilosa n. sp., H. fluminensis n. sp. and H. brasiliensis n. sp. -, which are not assigned to any species group. The three new species can be easily distinguished from any known American species by their external morphological traits. Furthermore, we describe a female specimen, refraining from designating it as a new species because of the lack of characteristics to adequately delimit the species. Duda 192 17 3 paper H n sp , group traits Furthermore specimen 19 1

Abstract Abstract: If we consider Drosophilidae, the answer to the question above is yes. Many research groups in Brazil and abroad have been showing that assemblages of flies of this family can reflect environmental alteration levels caused by urbanization, and/or by other human disturbances. I will present here a summary of our findings in Drosophilidae assemblages reflecting different degrees of environmental perturbation. These studies were done by graduate students of two post graduate programs of UFRGS, under my supervision, along several decades. I will also present the results stemming from the effort of other Brazilian Drosophilid study groups while identifying the members of those assemblages in different Biomes. As a result of those field studies, several biological invasions were detected and many new important biological problems arose prone to be investigated by genetic, molecular biology and other related approaches.