Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios en refrigerios de escolares en doce escuelas públicas de Reynosa Tamaulipas, relacionadas con el nivel socioeconómico. Metodología: Se identificó el nivel socioeconómico, se midieron peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura y se registró los alimentos de los refrigerios escolares durante cinco días consecutivos, previa firma del consentimiento informado por los padres. Resultados: Respecto a los hábitos alimentarios relacionados con el nivel socioeconómico, se observó que los niños del nivel medio bajo registraron mayor consumo de calorías basados en alimentos como flautas, tacos fritos, hamburguesa, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, jamón, huevo, tortilla de harina, papa, queso fresco. A diferencia del nivel medio alto quienes presentaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas, queso pasteurizado, tacos, fruta, lácteos y verduras. Limitación: Baja disponibilidad de los padres para firmar el consentimiento informado. Conclusión: Se recomienda fortalecer las políticas alimentarias para realizar intervenciones en los refrigerios escolares con otras alternativas de alimentos saludables considerando el nivel socioeconómico.

Abstract Objective: To identify the nutritional status and eating habits in snacks of schoolchildren in 12 public schools in Reynosa Tamaulipas, related to socioeconomic level. Methodology: The socioeconomic level was identified, weight, height and waist circumference were measured, and school snack foods were recorded for five consecutive days, after signing the informed consent by the parents. Results: Regarding the eating habits related to the socioeconomic level, it was observed that the children of the lower middle level had a higher consumption of calories based on foods such as flautas, fried tacos, hamburger, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, ham, egg, flour tortilla, potato, fresh cheese. Unlike the medium-high level, who had a higher consumption of sugary drinks, pasteurized cheese, tacos, fruit, dairy products, and vegetables. Lz<710. imitation: Low availability of the parents to sign the informed consent. Conclusion: It is recommended to strengthen food policies to carry out interventions in school snacks with other healthy food alternatives considering the socioeconomic level.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with tobacco use during the period of confinement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Through an analytical and cross-sectional study, the data of 2, 372 participants were analyzed. The information was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was built with the Google Forms tool, which was distributed and applied via email and WhatsApp; the private messaging platform. The relationship between the independent variables and the outcome was determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Out of the total population, 69.3 % were women, the median age was 20.11±2.01 years, the prevalence of asthma was 12.2 %, and the active tobacco use was 13.3 %. There was a higher number of patients with asthma who smoked (14.2 vs. 13.2 %) than of those who didn’t have asthma. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like considering that COVID-19 does not exist and not being confined were related to tobacco use in patients with asthma during the implementation of the contingency plan that the COVID-19 pandemic represents. Conclusions: During confinement to home for COVID-19, the prevalence of tobacco use is higher in patients with asthma than in individuals without this ailment; the factors that favor the aforementioned are present in the family environment.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados al tabaquismo durante el periodo de confinamiento ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Mediante un estudio analítico y transversal se analizaron los datos de 2372 participantes. La recolección de la información se realizó con un cuestionario autoadministrado construido con la herramienta Google Forms, el cual se distribuyó y aplicó a través de correo electrónico y de la plataforma de mensajería privada WhatsApp. La relación entre las variables independientes y la resultante fue determinada a través de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: De la población total, 69.3 % fue del sexo femenino, la edad media de 20.11 ± 2.01 años, la prevalencia de asma de 12.2 % y la de tabaquismo activo de 13.3 %. Una mayor proporción de pacientes con asma fumaba (14.2 % versus 13.2 %), en comparación con quienes no padecían asma. La regresión logística multivariante mostró que considerar que COVID-19 no existe y no cumplir con el confinamiento se relacionaron con el tabaquismo en pacientes con asma durante la aplicación del plan de contingencia que representa la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento en casa por COVID-19, la prevalencia de tabaquismo es mayor en pacientes con asma comparados con los individuos sin esta enfermedad. Los factores que favorecen lo anterior están presentes en el entorno familiar.

Resumen La prematurez (PM) neonatal es un problema mayor de salud pública en el mundo, debido a su frecuencia de presentación y los años de vida potencialmente perdidos; además, es la principal causa de muerte en menores de cinco años. Entre las consecuencias negativas de la PM están las discapacidades del aprendizaje, visual y auditiva. Múltiples son los factores asociados a la PM; algunos pueden ser detectados y modificados de forma oportuna en las consultas prenatales y también, en las preconcepcionales. Por otro lado, la PM no es solamente responsabilidad del prestador de los servicios de salud, sino también del sistema de salud, el cual, debe otorgar los recursos mínimos necesarios para monitorear y mantener a la embarazada en un estado óptimo de salud para evitarla, y en caso de presentarse, debe contar con la infraestructura hospitalaria básica que permita la viabilidad del producto y evitar su muerte. Aunado a lo anterior, se debe de considerar la responsabilidad de la paciente y su pareja, debido a que en ellos recae la obligación de llevar un estilo de vida saludable y acudir a las consultas preconcepcionales y control prenatal.

Abstract Neonatal prematurity (MP) is a major public health problem in the world, due to its presentation frequency and the years of life potentially lost; In addition, it is the main cause of death in children under five years of age. Among the negative consequences of MP are learning, visual and hearing disabilities. There are multiple factors associated with MP; some can be detected and modified in a timely manner in prenatal consultations and in preconception. On the other hand, MP is not only responsibility of the health service provider, but also of the health system, which must grant the minimum resources necessary to monitor and maintain the pregnant woman in an optimal state of health to avoid it, and if it occurs, the hospital must have the basic infrastructure that allows the viability of the product and prevents its death. In addition, the responsibility of the patient and her partner must be considered since they are obliged to lead a healthy lifestyle and attend preconception consultations and prenatal care.

Abstract Background: Asthma, which is characterized by mouth breathing and by the use of drugs for its treatment, affects between 1 and 30% of children and adolescents. There are only few studies reporting its impact on the oral cavity. Objectives: To find out the most common asthma-associated repercussions in 6 to 12-year-old children. Methods: Cross-sectional, comparative, analytical study carried out in 2 primary schools from Coclique, Veracruz, Mexico, in 6 to 12-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for parents was used. Results: In a population of 409 children, a prevalence of asthma of 6.84% (n = 28) was found, which was higher in males (15, 54%); boys aged 6, 7 and 11 years and girls aged 8, 9 and 10 years were most affected. Risk factors for oral manifestations were acidic pH (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), anterior open bite (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), atypical swallowing (OR = 15.70) and high-arched palate (OR = 45.60). Conclusion: Children with chronic conditions such as asthma require an oral and dental preventive program as part of their interdisciplinary care.

Resumen Antecedentes: El asma, caracterizada por respiración bucal y el uso de fármacos para su tratamiento, afecta entre 1 y 30 % de los niños y adolescentes. Son pocos los estudios que reportan las repercusiones en la cavidad bucal. Objetivos: Conocer las repercusiones en la salud bucodental más asociadas con el asma en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo en 2 escuelas primarias de Cosoleacaque, Veracruz, México, en niños de 6 a 12 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario “Estudio internacional de alergia y asma en niños” (ISAAC) para padres. Resultados: En una población de 409 niños se encontró una prevalencia de asma de 6.84 % (n = 28), mayor en los hombres (54-15 %); los varones de 6, 7 y 11 años fueron los más afectados y las niñas de 8, 9 y 10 años. Las manifestaciones orales con factor de riesgo fueron pH ácido (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), mordida abierta anterior (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), deglución atípica (OR =15.70) y paladar ojival (OR = 45.60). Conclusión: Los niños con enfermedades crónicas como el asma requieren un plan de prevención bucodental como por parte de su atención interdisciplinar.

Background: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. Aim: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. Results: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. Conclusions: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a associação entre a estrutura familiar, o nível de escolaridade e emprego da mãe com o estilo de vida sedentário em crianças em idade escolar primária. MÉTODO: Foram obtidos os dados de 897 crianças com idade entre 6-12 anos. Foi utilizado um questionário para registrar as informações. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi determinado utilizando-se a definição específica para idade e sexo do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças. As crianças foram classificadas como: peso normal (5º-85º percentil), risco de sobrepeso (percentil > 85º e < 95º), sobrepeso (percentil > 95º). Para análise neste estudo, sobrepeso foi definido como IMC igual ou acima do 85º percentil para cada sexo. As razões de chance ajustadas (RCs ajustadas) foram determinadas para inatividade física utilizando o modelo de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 40,7%, e estilo de vida sedentário, 57,2%. O percentual de famílias de pais separados foi de 23,5%. Aproximadamente 48,7% das mães apresentaram um nível de escolaridade não aceitável, e 38,8% eram mães que trabalhavam fora de casa. Os resultados do modelo de regressão logística mostram que o fato de viver em um ambiente familiar com pais separados (RCs ajustadas = 1,67; IC 95% = 1,04-2,66) está associado ao estilo de vida sedentário em crianças com sobrepeso. No grupo de crianças com peso normal, a análise de regressão logística mostra que viver em uma família com pais separados, com a mãe apresentando nível de escolaridade não aceitável e/ou trabalhando fora de casa, não eram fatores associados a estilo de vida sedentário. CONCLUSÃO: Morar com uma família de pais separados, mais do que ter um baixo nível de escolaridade materno e uma mãe que trabalha fora, parece estar associado a um estilo de vida sedentário em crianças com sobrepeso em idade escolar primária.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between family structure, maternal education level, and maternal employment with sedentary lifestyle in primary school-age children. METHOD: Data were obtained from 897 children aged 6 to 12 years. A questionnaire was used to collect information. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using the age- and gender-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. Children were categorized as: normal weight (5th percentile < BMI < 85th percentile), at risk for overweight (85th < BMI < 95th percentile), overweight (> 95th percentile). For the analysis, overweight was defined as BMI at or above the 85th percentile for each gender. Adjusted odds ratios (adjusted ORs) for physical inactivity were determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 40.7%, and of sedentary lifestyle, 57.2%. The percentage of non-intact families was 23.5%. Approximately 48.7% of the mothers had a non-acceptable educational level, and 38.8% of the mothers worked outside of the home. The logistic regression model showed that living in a non-intact family household (adjusted OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.04-2.66) is associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight children. In the group of normal weight children, logistic regression analysis show that living in a non-intact family, having a mother with a non-acceptable education level, and having a mother who works outside of the home were not associated with sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Living in a non-intact family, more than low maternal educational level and having a working mother, appears to be associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight primary school-age children.