Abstract Objective To analyse changes in health professionals’ and immigrant users’ perceptions of the quality of care provided to the immigrant population during the crisis. Methods A qualitative descriptive-interpretative and exploratory study was conducted in two areas of Catalonia. Semi-structured individual interviews were used with a theoretical sample of medical (n=24) and administrative (n=10) professionals in primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC), and immigrant users (n=20). Thematic analysis was conducted and the results were triangulated. Results Problems related to technical and interpersonal quality emerged from the discourse of both professionals and immigrants. These problems were attributed to cutbacks during the economic crisis. Regarding technical quality, respondents reported an increase in erroneous or non-specific diagnoses, inappropriate use of diagnostic tests and non-specific treatments, due to reduction in consultation times as a result of cuts in human resources. With regard to interpersonal quality, professionals reported less empathy, and users also reported worse communication, due to changes in professionals’ working conditions and users’ attitudes. Finally, a reduction in the resolution capacity of the health services emerged: professionals described unnecessary repeated PC visits and limited responses in SC, while young immigrants reported an insufficient response to their health problems. Conclusion The results indicate a deterioration in perceived technical and interpersonal quality during the economic crisis, due to cutbacks mainly in human resources. These changes affect the whole population, but especially immigrants.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los cambios en la calidad percibida de la atención a la población inmigrante durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva de profesionales e inmigrantes. Métodos Estudio cualitativo descriptivo-interpretativo y exploratorio en dos áreas de Cataluña, mediante entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas a una muestra teórica de médico/as (n=24) y administrativas (n=10) de atención primaria (AP) y secundaria (AS), e inmigrantes (n=20). Se realizó un análisis temático de contenido y se triangularon los resultados. Resultados Del discurso de profesionales e inmigrantes emergen problemas en la calidad técnica e interpersonal, que relacionan con la reducción de recursos durante la crisis. Respecto a la calidad técnica, los/las informantes describen un aumento de diagnósticos erróneos o inespecíficos, un uso inadecuado de pruebas y tratamientos inespecíficos, debido a la disminución del tiempo de consulta por la reducción de recursos humanos. Respecto a la calidad interpersonal, los/las profesionales señalaron menor empatía, mientras que los/las inmigrantes, además, una peor comunicación, que atribuyeron al cambio en las condiciones laborales de los/las profesionales y en la actitud de los/las inmigrantes. Finalmente, emergió la disminución de la capacidad resolutiva de los servicios: según los/las profesionales, por la repetición de consultas innecesarias en AP y limitadas en AS; según los/las inmigrantes jóvenes, por respuestas limitadas a sus problemas de salud. Conclusiones Los resultados apuntan a un empeoramiento de la calidad técnica e interpersonal durante la crisis, por reducción de recursos, principalmente humanos, que afectan al conjunto de la población, pero en especial a las personas inmigrantes.

Abstract Objective To analyse changes in health professionals’ and immigrant users’ perceptions of the quality of care provided to the immigrant population during the crisis. Methods A qualitative descriptive-interpretative and exploratory study was conducted in two areas of Catalonia. Semi-structured individual interviews were used with a theoretical sample of medical (n=24) and administrative (n=10) professionals in primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC), and immigrant users (n=20). Thematic analysis was conducted and the results were triangulated. Results Problems related to technical and interpersonal quality emerged from the discourse of both professionals and immigrants. These problems were attributed to cutbacks during the economic crisis. Regarding technical quality, respondents reported an increase in erroneous or non-specific diagnoses, inappropriate use of diagnostic tests and non-specific treatments, due to reduction in consultation times as a result of cuts in human resources. With regard to interpersonal quality, professionals reported less empathy, and users also reported worse communication, due to changes in professionals’ working conditions and users’ attitudes. Finally, a reduction in the resolution capacity of the health services emerged: professionals described unnecessary repeated PC visits and limited responses in SC, while young immigrants reported an insufficient response to their health problems. Conclusion The results indicate a deterioration in perceived technical and interpersonal quality during the economic crisis, due to cutbacks mainly in human resources. These changes affect the whole population, but especially immigrants.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los cambios en la calidad percibida de la atención a la población inmigrante durante la crisis económica, desde la perspectiva de profesionales e inmigrantes. Métodos Estudio cualitativo descriptivo-interpretativo y exploratorio en dos áreas de Cataluña, mediante entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas a una muestra teórica de médico/as (n=24) y administrativas (n=10) de atención primaria (AP) y secundaria (AS), e inmigrantes (n=20). Se realizó un análisis temático de contenido y se triangularon los resultados. Resultados Del discurso de profesionales e inmigrantes emergen problemas en la calidad técnica e interpersonal, que relacionan con la reducción de recursos durante la crisis. Respecto a la calidad técnica, los/las informantes describen un aumento de diagnósticos erróneos o inespecíficos, un uso inadecuado de pruebas y tratamientos inespecíficos, debido a la disminución del tiempo de consulta por la reducción de recursos humanos. Respecto a la calidad interpersonal, los/las profesionales señalaron menor empatía, mientras que los/las inmigrantes, además, una peor comunicación, que atribuyeron al cambio en las condiciones laborales de los/las profesionales y en la actitud de los/las inmigrantes. Finalmente, emergió la disminución de la capacidad resolutiva de los servicios: según los/las profesionales, por la repetición de consultas innecesarias en AP y limitadas en AS; según los/las inmigrantes jóvenes, por respuestas limitadas a sus problemas de salud. Conclusiones Los resultados apuntan a un empeoramiento de la calidad técnica e interpersonal durante la crisis, por reducción de recursos, principalmente humanos, que afectan al conjunto de la población, pero en especial a las personas inmigrantes.

The characterization of phytogenetic resources is a useful tool for their conservation and exploitation in genetic improvement. The 200 accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) core collection of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) of México, which represent the variability of species in our country, were analyzed based on 45 characteristics related to passport data, plant phenology and morphology, yield components, seed quality, and reaction to diseases, in Santa Lucía de Prías, México, in 2003. The morphological plant characteristics mainly related to flower, growth habit, and seed showed higher discriminating capacity and allowed the grouping of the 124 accessions, which completed their biologic cycle based mainly on their geographical origin and their growth habit. Some accessions originating from Mexican tropic presented precociousness and disease tolerance. The results highlight significant genetic variability of the species included in the INIFAP core collection; therefore, it is considered representative of the cultivated form of P. vulgaris in México.

La caracterización de los recursos fitogenéticos es una herramienta útil para su conservación y aprovechamiento en el mejoramiento genético. Las 200 accesiones de la colección núcleo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) de México y que representan la variabilidad de la especie en el país fueron analizadas con base en 45 características relativas a datos de pasaporte, fenología y morfología de la planta, componentes de rendimiento, calidad de la semilla y reacción a enfermedades en Santa Lucía de Prías, México, en el 2003. Las características morfológicas de la planta relacionadas principalmente con la flor, hábito de crecimiento y semilla mostraron mayor capacidad discriminante y permitieron agrupar a las 124 accesiones que completaron su ciclo biológico con base en su origen geográfico y su hábito de crecimiento, principalmente. Algunas accesiones originarias del trópico de México mostraron precocidad y tolerancia a enfermedades. Los resultados resaltan la variabilidad genética significativa de la especie que está incluida en la colección núcleo del INIFAP, por lo cual se considera representativa de la forma cultivada de P. vulgaris en México.

Em estudo de intervenção educativa sobre diarréia e infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA) nos Municípios de Olinda e Recife, realizaram-se duas pesquisas domiciliares em uma amostra de famílias, com pelo menos uma criança abaixo de cinco anos, em abril-maio de 1992 e 1994. Foram estudadas 5.436 crianças. A incidência anual corrigida (IAC) de diarréia foi de 2,7 episódios por criança/ano, com uma incidência de 10,2% nas duas semanas prévias ao inquérito, estável para 1992 e 1994. Os fatores associados de forma constante a um maior risco de diarréia foram a idade da criança abaixo de dois anos, ausência de saneamento básico e de eletrodomésticos no domicílio. IAC de IRA foi de 9,5 episódios por criança/ano. A incidência de IRA foi de 41,0% em 1992 e de 32,6% em 1994, sendo a maioria de vias respiratórias altas (75,9%). Só o fator baixa idade mostrou associação com o maior risco de IRA. Os resultados indicam a importância que ambas patologias ainda têm na saúde das crianças menores de cinco anos, e, no caso da diarréia, a necessidade urgente de ampliar a cobertura dos serviços básicos visando ao impacto na redução da incidência.

Magnitude and distribution of Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in children were studied within a larger research that focused on health education. Two household surveys were conducted in a sample of families with at least one child under five years of Recife and Olinda in April-May 1992 and 1994. The total number of children studied was 5436. The estimated adjusted annual incidence rate (AAIR) of diarrhoea was 2.7 episodes per child. The two-week incidence rate of diarrhoea was 10.2% for both years. Risk factors associated with higher incidence of diarrhoea were age (under two years), lack of sanitation facilities and the absence of electric appliances in the household. The estimated AAIR of ARI was 9.5 episodes per child. The two-week incidence rate of ARI was 41.0% in 1992 and 32.6% in 1994. Majority of ARI affected the high respiratory track (75.9%). The only factor consistently associated with a higher risk of ARI was age (under three years). Study results indicate that both pathologies are still an important health problem for children under five in Pernambuco. In particular, in the case of diarrhoea the need for improving the access to basic services, such as water supply and sewerage system is urgently needed.

Em estudo de intervenção educativa sobre diarréia e infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA) nos Municípios de Olinda e Recife, realizaram-se duas pesquisas domiciliares em uma amostra de famílias, com pelo menos uma criança abaixo de cinco anos, em abril-maio de 1992 e 1994. Foram estudadas 5.436 crianças. A incidência anual corrigida (IAC) de diarréia foi de 2,7 episódios por criança/ano, com uma incidência de 10,2% nas duas semanas prévias ao inquérito, estável para 1992 e 1994. Os fatores associados de forma constante a um maior risco de diarréia foram a idade da criança abaixo de dois anos, ausência de saneamento básico e de eletrodomésticos no domicílio. IAC de IRA foi de 9,5 episódios por criança/ano. A incidência de IRA foi de 41,0% em 1992 e de 32,6% em 1994, sendo a maioria de vias respiratórias altas (75,9%). Só o fator baixa idade mostrou associação com o maior risco de IRA. Os resultados indicam a importância que ambas patologias ainda têm na saúde das crianças menores de cinco anos, e, no caso da diarréia, a necessidade urgente de ampliar a cobertura dos serviços básicos visando ao impacto na redução da incidência.

Magnitude and distribution of Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in children were studied within a larger research that focused on health education. Two household surveys were conducted in a sample of families with at least one child under five years of Recife and Olinda in April-May 1992 and 1994. The total number of children studied was 5436. The estimated adjusted annual incidence rate (AAIR) of diarrhoea was 2.7 episodes per child. The two-week incidence rate of diarrhoea was 10.2% for both years. Risk factors associated with higher incidence of diarrhoea were age (under two years), lack of sanitation facilities and the absence of electric appliances in the household. The estimated AAIR of ARI was 9.5 episodes per child. The two-week incidence rate of ARI was 41.0% in 1992 and 32.6% in 1994. Majority of ARI affected the high respiratory track (75.9%). The only factor consistently associated with a higher risk of ARI was age (under three years). Study results indicate that both pathologies are still an important health problem for children under five in Pernambuco. In particular, in the case of diarrhoea the need for improving the access to basic services, such as water supply and sewerage system is urgently needed.