Glycerol can be determined in several products by various analytical techniques. Titrimetric ones have stood out for their low cost, being recommended as standards. However, reliable, simple, fast, and green methods with low quantification limits are still needed. Titration of glycerol is based on its oxidation by periodate (Malaprade reaction) producing formic acid, formic aldehyde, and iodate. Iodate and periodate are iodometrically titrated, but mutual interference between these ions has produced methods with some drawbacks. Here is proposed to mask periodate with molybdate, to eliminate interference, determining the glycerol content through iodate, employing iodometric titration. Solutions containing from 10 to 1000 µg of glycerol were analyzed (error < 3.4%). The method was successfully applied for the determination of glycerol in biodiesels from different raw materials. Recoveries were from 92.9 ± 0.4 to 111 ± 3%. Semi-micro extraction was done, providing a fast procedure for determining free glycerol in biodiesel (< 10 min).

A gas chromatography method with a flame ionization detector enabled by relative response factor was developed to determine the individual and the total content of esters in biodiesel. This method accounts for different response factors of the detector for a homologous series of esters that may be present in biodiesel. In this way, the determination of the total ester content of a reference sample (100.5%) was done with more accuracy by the proposed procedure (100.2%) than by official analytical methods: EN (74.68%) and ABNT (118.2%). Another advantage of the developed method is the possibility of determining individual ester concentrations, which provides information on several important biodiesel properties such as oxidative stability and cold flow properties. The mean absolute error in the determination of the individual ester content was ca. 1.1%.

Abstract Hydrogels are interesting for use in the treatment of topical wounds due to their virtually zero toxicity, and capacity for extended release of pharmaceuticals. Silver sulfadiazine (SSDZ) is the drug of choice in the treatment of skin burns. The aim of the study was to determine cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and stability of a PVA hydrogel with integrated silver sulfadiazine. SSDZ-hydrogels were prepared using 10% (w/w) PVA (either 89% or 99% hydrolyzed) and 1% (w/w) silver sulfadiazine. Cellular viability was assessed via MTS assays, antimicrobial activity via disk-diffusion and accelerated stability tests were carried out with analysis at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days of storage at 40 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 75 ± 5%. The parameters evaluated included organoleptic characteristics, moisture, swelling ability, mechanical strength, FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC, and silver release patterns via XRD and potentiometry. Cell viability tests indicated some cytotoxicity, although within acceptable levels. After 90 days of storage, SSDZ hydrogel samples exhibited a brown coloration, probably due to the formation of Ag or Ag2O nanoparticles. The SSDZ-loaded hydrogels suffered visual and physical changes; however, these changes did not compromise its use as occlusive wound dressings or its antimicrobial properties.

Wavelength dispersion X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) is a non-destructive technique and therefore attractive for gunshot residues (GSR) analysis. It is well known for determination of inorganic constituents of samples. However, X-ray scattering region spectral data is not commonly used, although it may provide information about organic constituents and their interactions. This work employed X-ray scattering region and inorganic elements spectral data for a better characterization of GSR. Swabs containing residues collected from the hand of people who fired (shooters group) and also from the hands of people which did not fire (control group) with guns were analyzed directly by the WDXRF. Brake pad and people who perform activities that favor the accumulation of characteristic elements of GSR on their hands were chosen to compose the control group. Principal components analysis (PCA) discriminated the GSR according to the firearm/cartridge used. However, similar GSR clustering did not occur without X-ray scatter data, showing the importance of X-ray scattering spectrum for GSR evaluation. The k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) method correctly classified all samples from shooters and control groups, employing from 1 to 5 nearest neighbors. No anomalous behavior was detected by PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).

Production of bacterial nanocellulose was pursued as a matrix system for the stabilization of human insulin. The biomembranes produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii were washed with 2% aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate solution, rinsed with ultrapure water and immersed in 1 mol L-1 NaOH aqueous solution at 60 °C for 90 min until neutralization. For the insulin adsorption assays, the biomembranes were soaked in a buffered solution of human insulin until no protein could be detected in the supernatant. The membranes with adsorbed insulin were characterized via mechanical resistance (resilience, relaxation, perforation), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetrical Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses. The FESEM photomicrographs of the surface of the biomembranes showed a rugged surface without cracks. The biomembranes exhibited adequate mechanical characteristics. The infrared spectra indicated that the chemical aspect of the protein moiety was preserved during adsorption onto the BNC biomembranes. According to the XRD analyses, the biomembranes showed a generalized amorphous behavior. Thermal analyses indicated an adequate thermal stability for a pharmaceuticals product. Hence, an elastic and malleable biomembrane was produced, suitable for incorporation of human insulin, aiming at transdermal delivery.

Development and optimization of a bioorigami film with silk sericin was pursued for skin regeneration. Several formulations were produced, with varying integrated sericin contents, viz. 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mgsericin mLfilm-1. The physico-chemical characteristics of the bioorigami films produced were evaluated via infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray transmission, X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, transdermal protein permeation, kinetics of protein release from the bioorigami films and free radical scavenging activities. The mechanical resistance was also evaluated. The results by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assay suggest that the bioorigami films integrating crude sericin extract had capacity to sequester free radicals, exhibited prolonged release of the bioactive protein, good physico-chemical characteristics and adequate mechanical resistance. Specifically, the bioorigami film with 10 mgsericin mLfilm-1 proved to be able to release all the bioactive protein in a 12 h timeframe. The results suggest potential for use in biopharmaceutical application, specifically, as material for use in hydrogels.

Oxidative stability parameters (OSP), acid value (AV), water content (W), and the metallic copper corrosion rate in biodiesels obtained from eight different vegetable oils were determined. Simple and multiple linear regression models were constructed to explain the influence of the OSP, AV and W variables on the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate was lower in biodiesel with less oxidative stability because, instead of reacting with copper, O2 reacted preferentially with the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) that could act as “sacrificial molecules” to protect the copper against corrosion. Therefore, the corrosion rate was strongly related to the FAME composition. The AV was an important parameter in the corrosion process because free acids react with passivating agents, increasing the corrosion rate. The predictive capacity of W for corrosion rate was statistically insignificant, although water condensed on a copper surface causes corrosion.

The modification of four extra virgin olive oils from different origins with refined soybean oil (SO), in the proportions of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% m/m, was studied using two approaches. First, the induction period (IP) was determined by Rancimat. In the second strategy, ion chromatography was used to quantify the formic and acetic acids, in their carboxylate forms (formate and acetate), present in the water contained in the measurement vessel of the Rancimat device, 21 h after the beginning of the induced oxidation of the samples. The content of the adulterant (SO) was linearly correlated with the IP (mean correlation coefficient (R) = 0.9858) and the concentration of the formate (mean R = 0.9979) and acetate (mean R = 0.9951). Also, it was observed that as the IP decreased and the formic acid and acetic acid concentrations increased, the monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio decreased.

Biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil using methanol and alkaline catalysts occurs in the following two consecutive steps: dispersion of methanol in the oil and methanolysis. The effect of the alkaline catalysts NaOCH3, KOCH3, NaOH, and KOH in the dispersion step at 30-60 ºC and under mechanical stirring at 400 rpm was evaluated. The dispersion step accounts for 44.6-73.3% of the total synthesis time and was poorly favored compared to methanolysis due to the increase in temperature. The catalysts decreased the dispersion time, although most of them increased the methanol-oil interfacial tension. K-containing catalysts were more active than their Na analogues due to higher adsorption of K+ in the methanol-oil interface and the higher production of methyl esters (which act as emulsifying agents), which promote a more favorable interfacial tension. The alkaline cation effect was more significant in the dispersion step than in the methanolysis step.

In the present research effort, production of a crude anthocyanin extract from the fruits of jussara (Euterpe edulis Martius) was pursued. The physico-chemical characteristics of the crude anthocyanin extracts were evaluated via Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, computed tomography via X-ray transmission, UV-Vis spectrophotometric scannings, differential scanning calorimetry, antimicrobial activity, anthocyanin quantification, total phenolic content, thin layer chromatography for sugars and pigments, free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity and antioxidant activity via the molybdenum phosphate complex. The results gathered suggest that the crude anthocyanin extracts had both obvious antioxidant activity and radical scavenging effects with the DPPH assay, and light antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, further suggesting that this crude pigment extract might be a valuable addition for either food or pharmaceutical applications.

Over the last few years, researchers have started to explore a particular class of compounds defined as ionic liquids (ILs) in attempts to use their unique characteristics. Since ILs have a very low vapor pressure, these fascinating compounds hold great potential as high performance chemicals for several applications in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry. In general, and unlike common organic solvents with comparable polarities, ILs are quite compatible with enzymes (enhancing their structural and chemical stability) and other proteins, since they can promote higher selectivities, faster reaction rates and greater enzyme stabilities in biocatalytic reactions providing, at the same time, a path for the structural and functional stabilization of protein entities. ILs appear to enhance the delivery of macromolecules, particularly protein entities, and their interactions with ILs will be tackled in detail in this review paper.

Macauba is a palm tree which provides large amount of oil. Particularly its oil from the kernel presents excellent stability to oxidation as it is mainly constituted by saturated organic chains. This stability is inherited by the biodiesel prepared with this oil. Paradoxically, contrarily to the expectation as it is mainly constituted by saturated esters, the biodiesel prepared from the macauba kernel oil presents low cold filter plugging point (CFPP). This can be understood on the basis of the high level of content of saturated esters with relatively short carbon chain. Considering these two properties of the biodiesel prepared from the macauba kernel oil, i.e., excellent oxidation stability and low CFPP, it was studied if such characteristics could be transferred to blends constituted by it and another vegetable oil. Blends with biodiesels from soy, corn, macauba pulp and fry oil were studied and it was observed that, indeed, partial transference occurs, meaning that the inconvenient characteristics of such biodiesels were favorably ameliorated, allowing the use, as fuels, of the biodiesels prepared from other oils which original properties do not attaint the quality specified by the regulatory agencies.

An electronic analytical balance was used to monitor a transesterification reaction through density variations. To test the proposed system, we studied how the transesterification reaction was influenced by: (i) the addition of methanol to the oil; (ii) the addition of the catalyst; (iii) stirring; and (iv) temperature.

The influence of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) in the oxidative stability of biodiesels prepared from oils of soy, corn, canola and sunflower was studied using the Rancimat method. The induction periods at 110 ºC, without and with the addition of CNSL at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% m/m, were determined and clearly show an important increase in the oxidative stability proportional to the concentration of the additive. For example, with the addition of 0.1% m/m CNSL, the induction period, in hours, increased from 5.7 to 8.5 (soy biodiesel), from 1.7 to 4.0 (sunflower), from 4.3 to 9.3 (corn) and from 6.9 to 12.8 (canola). The rate constants of the oxidation reactions in presence of CNSL were also determined and their respective values are (in h-1): 0.77 ± 0.08, 2.48 ± 0.46, 0.94 ± 0.08, 0.51 ± 0.11. The activation parameters (enthalpy, ∆H*, entropy, ∆S*, and free energy of activation, ∆G*) for the oxidation reactions were determined.

Biodiesel degrades due to oxidative processes, causing a decrease in its quality. In the present work, it has been clearly shown that the incidence of ultraviolet radiation on biodiesels obtained from soy, canola, linseed and microalgae oils initiate oxidative processes which lead to the decrease in the induction period (IP) of the fuel. The influence of the residual water content of the same biodiesels on the oxidation process was also investigated with and without the incidence of ultraviolet radiation. Between 190 and 850 ppm of water in the biodiesel and without UV irradiation, no significant change in the IP values was observed under the experimental conditions.