Abstract This article synthesizes research related to the development by the author, of his doctoral thesis on the subject of product design in the service economy. In this thesis, the design operation of public services is analyzed through the study of four cases of design of integral solid waste management systems. These case studies have been located in Ecuador in the last 4 years and are related to a public policy of decentralization that forces local governments to assume the competence of this public service. In the part of the research that gives rise to this article, it specifically seeks to investigate the perception of the community regarding the quality of a public service and relate it to the willingness to pay a specific rate. The existence of relationships between the level at which the community participates in the elaboration of public policy, the perception of service quality and the willingness to pay for it, is demonstrated. There is also a relationship between the perception of service quality and the availability of technically selected equipment in contrast to the perception of quality when the equipment is selected for political agendas. In addition, the role of the media in articulating the participation of society is described, but also in the formation of a collective conscience about the responsibilities of citizens, their rights and obligations towards the integral management of solid waste and the environment, and the need to adopt responsible habits.

Resumen Este artículo sintetiza una investigación relacionada con el desarrollo por parte del autor de su tesis doctoral en torno al tema del diseño de productos en la economía de servicios. En esta tesis se analiza la operación de diseño de servicios públicos a través del estudio de cuatro casos de diseño de sistemas de gestión integral de desechos sólidos. Estos casos de estudio están ubicados en Ecuador en los últimos 4 años y están relacionados con una política pública de descentralización que obliga a los gobiernos locales a asumir la competencia de este servicio público. En la parte de la investigación que da lugar a este artículo, específicamente se busca indagar la percepción de la comunidad respecto de la calidad de un servicio público y relacionarlo con la disposición al pago de una tarifa determinada. Se demuestra la existencia de relaciones entre el nivel en que la comunidad participa en la elaboración de la política pública, la percepción de calidad del servicio y la disposición al pago por recibirlo. Se encuentra además una relación entre la percepción de calidad del servicio y la disponibilidad de equipamiento seleccionado técnicamente en contraste con la percepción de calidad cuando el equipamiento se selecciona por intereses políticos. Además, se describe el papel que tienen los medios de comunicación en articular la participación de la sociedad, pero también en la formación de una conciencia colectiva sobre las responsabilidades de la ciudadanía, sus derechos y obligaciones para con la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos y el medioambiente, y la necesidad de adoptar hábitos responsables.

Resumo Este artigo sintetiza as pesquisas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do autor de sua tese de doutorado sobre o tema design de produto na economia de serviços. Nesta tese, o projeto operacional de serviços públicos é analisado através do estudo de quatro casos de projeto de sistemas integrais de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Estes estudos de caso estão localizados no Equador nos últimos 4 anos e estão relacionados a uma política pública de descentralização que obriga os governos locais a assumirem a competência deste serviço público. Na parte da pesquisa que dá origem a este artigo, busca-se especificamente investigar a percepção da comunidade sobre a qualidade de um serviço público e relacioná-la com a disposição de pagar uma taxa específica. É demonstrada a existência de relações entre o nível em que a comunidade participa da elaboração das políticas públicas, a percepção da qualidade do serviço e a disposição de pagar pelo recebimento. Também existe uma relação entre a percepção da qualidade do serviço e a disponibilidade de equipamentos selecionados tecnicamente em contraste com a percepção de qualidade quando o equipamento é selecionado por interesses políticos. Além disso, é descrito o papel da mídia na articulação da participação da sociedade, mas também na formação de uma consciência coletiva sobre as responsabilidades dos cidadãos, seus direitos e deveres para com a gestão integral dos resíduos sólidos e o meio ambiente e a necessidade de adoção de hábitos responsáveis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar las opiniones y actitudes de los estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria sobre las medidas de prevención frente al virus SARS-CoV-2, así como analizar los factores asociados a una mejor actitud hacia ellas. Diseño: estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: centros de enseñanza secundaria. Participantes: 1.886 adolescentes que cursaban enseñanza secundaria de quince institutos de cinco comunidades autónomas. Mediciones principales: mediante encuesta anónima autocumplimentada, se valoraron aspectos sociodemográficos, hábitos de salud (actividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco) y opiniones, percepciones y actitudes sobre las recomendaciones preventivas durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Resultados: edad media: 13,8 años (desviación estándar [DE]:1,3). El 88,6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 87,1-90,1) conocía las recomendaciones. El 43,4% (IC 95%: 41,2-45,7) cumplió todas las medidas durante el confinamiento y el 31,3% (IC 95%: 29,2-33,5) cumplió todas las medidas durante el resto de pandemia. La medida peor considerada fue el adelanto del cierre de establecimientos (36,1%), seguida del cierre entre ciudades (35%) y de evitar reuniones (26,6%). Mediante regresión logística, fueron variables asociadas de forma independiente a una mejor actitud hacia las medidas durante la pandemia: menor edad (odds ratio [OR]: 1,14), no consumir alcohol (OR: 2,11), conocer las recomendaciones (OR: 2,11) y creer que existirán consecuencias negativas para el país (OR: 1,48). Conclusiones: los jóvenes y las jóvenes mostraron una actitud positiva hacia las medidas frente a la COVID-19 y una mayoría las conocía. Cumplieron en gran medida las recomendaciones preventivas, aunque no en su totalidad, siendo superior su cumplimiento durante el confinamiento. La opinión sobre las medidas se relaciona con la edad, la actitud con el alcohol, el conocimiento de las medidas y las posibles consecuencias de la pandemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the opinions and attitudes of secondary school students about prevention measures against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as to analyze the factors associated with a better attitude towards them. Design: cross-sectional descriptive study. Site: secondary schools. Participants: a total of 1886 adolescents in secondary education at fifteen secondary schools in five Autonomous Communities. Main measures: sociodemographic aspects, health habits (physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption) and opinions, perceptions and attitudes about the preventive recommendations to follow during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated by means of an anonymous self-completed survey. Results: mean age of 13.8 years (SD: 1.3). A total of 88.6% (95% CI: 87.1-90.1) were aware of the recommendations; 43.4% (95% CI: 41.2-45.7) complied with all the measures during confinement and 31.3% (95% CI: 29.2-33.5) during the rest of the pandemic. The worst considered measure was early closure of establishments (36.1%), followed by closure between cities (35%) and avoiding meetings (26.6%). Using logistic regression, variables independently associated with a better attitude towards the measures during the pandemic were: younger age (OR: 1.14), not consuming alcohol (OR: 2.11), familiarity with the recommendations (OR: 2.11) and the belief that there will be negative consequences for the country (OR: 1.48). Conclusions: young people showed a positive attitude towards the measures against COVID-19 and most were aware of them. By and large they complied with the preventive recommendations, although not in their entirety; compliance was higher during confinement. Opinion about the measures was related to age, attitude towards alcohol, knowledge of the measures and possible consequences of the pandemic.

Resumo Nos últimos tempos políticos, ativistas ambientais, jornalistas e outros líderes de opinião direcionaram suas armas contra os plásticos. Este equívoco é o resultado de mudanças no ambiente resultantes da utilização de novas fontes de energia, tanto nuclear como os combustíveis fósseis e para o desenvolvimento da indústria petroquímica em plásticos particulares dados a partir da descoberta de óleo. No entanto, apesar das considerações ambientais, o plástico construiu nosso mundo até o ponto em que hoje é difícil imaginar nossa vida sem ele. Muitos designers têm mantido desde meados do século XX, que itens de boa qualidade podem ser bonitos e não precisam custar muito dinheiro. O casamento de estilistas formados por Charles e Ray Eames propunha proporcionar às pessoas o melhor ao menor preço possível, por isso usavam em seus projetos alumínio compensado, alguns outros materiais e principalmente plástico. A opinião do designer francês Philipe Starck, concorda com a de seus antecessores. Ele gosta desse material por causa de suas possibilidades democráticas e porque, ao contrário dos materiais naturais, é um produto da inteligência humana, perfeito para nossa civilização humana. Ele argumenta que, desde uma perspectiva ecológica, é preferível usar plástico em vez de madeira. O designer dinamarquês Verner Panton não foi inspirado por fibras naturais ou madeira. Ele imaginava formas orgânicas e cores berrantes. Ele foi atraído pelos novos materiais que surgiram após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, perfis de aço, compensados e especialmente plásticos. No início dos anos sessenta, ele já tinha uma reputação por seus projetos lúdicos. Ele mobiliou um hotel com painéis de plástico infláveis, projetou painéis de parede de plástico retroiluminados, lâmpadas e cadeiras em forma de UFO com cilindros de metal laminados e, graças tecnologia de moldagem por injeção de plástico, criou sua famosa cadeira de uma peça. Com uma aparência mais crítica, muitos objetos de plástico foram questionados por pessoas do mesmo setor. Uma evolução mais econômica da cadeira de uma peça foi a cadeira monobloco na qual é usado o material mínimo possível. Rolf Fehlbaum, presidente de estados Vitra Design diz que se pode perceber a ideia de baixo preço implícito no produto, a cadeira sugere um mínimo moral: tornálos o mais barato possível para durar alguns anos e, em seguida, pode jogar. Em seguida, a questão de saber se é possível proteger o meio ambiente sem sacrificar as vantagens oferecidas pelos plásticos e suas propriedades e estes novamente ser considerados uma solução para os problemas ambientais como foi em 1936, quando uma mulher disse depois de visitar a exposição Wonderful of Chemistry, “É maravilhoso como a DuPont está melhorando a natureza”. Como toda a indústria de plásticos admite que isso tem que ser mais sustentável, o futuro dos plásticos e da indústria depende de tornálos mais seguros para as pessoas e para o planeta. Há muitas tentativas para obter os chamados “plásticos verdes”. Este é o setor da indústria que cresce mais rápido, aproximadamente 10% ao ano. Há aqueles que estão experimentando matérias-primas renováveis, retornando a indústria às suas raízes usando material vegetal como na era do celulóide. Se estas propostas forem bem sucedidos, talvez o nosso futuro não está no caminhão de lixo e pode promover uma maior utilização de plástico limpo para manter a liberdade de design que caracteriza estes materiais redefinindo o que um crítico alemão chamado Plastikoptimismus.

Abstract In recent times, politicians, environmental activists, journalists and other opinion leaders have directed their weapons against plastics. This bad concept was born as a result of the changes in the environment as a result of the use of new sources of energy, both nuclear and fossil fuels and the development of the petrochemical industry, especially the plastics that occurs from the discovery of the oil. However, despite environmental considerations, plastic has built our world to the point where today it is difficult to imagine our life without it. Many designers have argued since the midtwentieth century, that good quality items can be beautiful and do not have to cost a lot of money. The couple of designers formed by Charles and Ray Eames proposed to provide people the best at the lowest possible price. They used in their designs aluminum, plywood, some other materials and mainly plastic. French designer Philipe Starck, agrees with his predecessors. He likes this material because of its democratic possibilities and because unlike natural materials it is a product of human intelligence, perfect for our human civilization. He argues that from an ecological perspective it is better to use plastic instead of wood. The Danish designer Verner Panton was not inspired by natural fibers or wood. He imagined organic forms and garish colors. He was attracted by the new materials that emerged after the Second World War, steel profiles, plywood and especially plastics. At the beginning of the sixties he already had a reputation for his playful designs. He furnished a hotel with inflatable plastic furniture, designed retrolit plastic wall panels, UFO-shaped lamps and chairs with rolled metal cylinders and, thanks to plastic injection molding technology, created his famous one-piece chair. With a more critical look, many plastic objects have been questioned by people in the same industry. One inexpensive evolution of the one-piece chair was the monoblock chair in which the minimum possible material is used. Rolf Fehlbaum, president of Vitra Design says that you can perceive the idea of low price implicit in the product, that the chair suggests a moral minimum: how to make them as cheap as possible so that they last a few years and then you can throw them away. Then it is possible to ask if it is possible to protect the environment without dispensing with the advantages presented by plastics and their properties and that these are once again considered a solution to environmental problems as they were in 1936 when a woman said after visiting the exhibition The Wonderful World of Chemistry, “It’s wonderful how DuPont is improving nature.” Since the entire plastics industry admits that this has to be more sustainable, the future of plastics and that of the industry depends on making them safer for people and for the planet. There are a lot of attempts to obtain the socalled “green plastics”. This is the sector of the industry that grows the fastest, approximately 10% per year. There are those who are experimenting with renewable raw materials, returning the industry to its roots by using plant material as in the celluloid era. If these proposals are successful maybe our future is not in the garbage truck and we can promote a greater use of nonpolluting plastics that preserve the freedom to design that characterizes these materials redefining what a German critic called Plastikoptimismus.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is characterized by multiple manifestations, among which fever, cough, and shortness of breath are the most frequent. However, an increasing presence of different skin lesions has been observed, which may persist over the whole course of the disease, and which in certain cases are the main or only symptom. The connection of the presence or the degree of affectation of these cutaneous manifestations with prognosis has not been confirmed. We present the case of a 25-year-old woman, who had had fever for five days, together with respiratory symptoms. After those symptoms had resolved, a maculopapular rash appeared, lasting for twelve days. The emergence of new diseases, especially those with the severity and epidemiological significance of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, compels the Family Medicine specialist to consider any type of symptomatology in their suspected diagnosis, even if it is not included among the usual symptoms of the new disease.

RESUMEN La infección por SARS-CoV-2 se caracteriza por manifestaciones múltiples, entre las que las más habituales son la fiebre, la tos y la dificultad respiratoria. Sin embargo, se ha observado la presencia, cada vez más frecuente, de diferentes lesiones cutáneas que pueden persistir durante el curso de toda la enfermedad, constituyendo la principal o única sintomatología en determinados casos. No se ha demostrado que la presencia ni el grado de afectación de estas manifestaciones cutáneas estén relacionados con el pronóstico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 25 años, con fiebre de cinco días de evolución, acompañada de clínica respiratoria. Tras la desaparición de dicha sintomatología, comenzó con un exantema maculopapular, de doce días de duración. La aparición de nuevas enfermedades, especialmente con la gravedad e importancia epidemiológica de la infección ocasionada por SARS-CoV-2, obliga al especialista en Medicina de Familia a considerar en su sospecha diagnóstica cualquier tipo de sintomatología, aunque no se incluya entre la que habitualmente caracteriza a la nueva patología.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, of each of its components, and of other cardiovascular risk (CVR) modifiers in hypertensive patients ≤ 65 years of age, as well as to analyze its relationship with the degree of control of blood pressure (BP). Material y métodos: Descriptive cross-sectional observational study carried out in 267 adults aged ≤ 65 years, diagnosed with arterial hypertension (European Guidelines criteria for hypertension and cardiovascular risk), seen in family medicine consultations in four Basic Health Zones. The main variable was the presence of metabolic syndrome (ATPIII / AHA-2004). Sociodemographic variables, health problems, drug consumption, therapeutic compliance, physical activity (IPAQ-brief and BPAAT), tobacco consumption, analytical determinations, cardiovascular risk, blood pressure readings and their degree of control were collected. Resultados: Average age 56.7 years (SD: 6.6). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.4% (95% CI: 34.4%-46.5%). 76.8% showed abdominal obesity, 36.7% hypertriglyceridemia, 25.8% decreased HDL-c, and 26.2% hyperglycemia. 55.8% had dyslipidemia, 54.3% obesity, 24.7% diabetes, and 21.3% smoked. 40.2% (95% CI: 33.9%-45.8%) did not show adequate BP control. Using logistic regression, variables associated with inadequate blood pressure control were: lower BPAAT-questionnaire score (OR: 1.19; p = 0.027), fewer health problems (OR: 1.20; p = 0.009), therapy non-compliance (OR: 1.93; p = 0.043) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.85; p<0.001). Conclusions: More than one third of hypertensive adults have metabolic syndrome and three quarters have abdominal obesity. Metabolic syndrome is not only a modifying factor of CVR, but it should also be considered in the control of BP in hypertensive adults along with therapeutic compliance, comorbidity and physical activity.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico, de cada uno de sus componentes y de otros modificadores del riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) en hipertensos ≤ 65 años, así como analizar su relación con el grado de control de la presión arterial (PA). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional transversal realizado en 267 adultos de ≤ 65 años, diagnosticados de hipertensión arterial (criterios Guías Europeas hipertensión y riesgo cardiovascular), atendidos en consultas de medicina de familia de cuatro Zonas Básicas de Salud. La variable principal fue la presencia de síndrome metabólico (ATPIII/AHA-2004). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, problemas de salud, consumo de fármacos, cumplimiento terapéutico, actividad física (IPAQ-breve y BPAAT), consumo de tabaco, determinaciones analíticas, riesgo cardiovascular, cifras de presión arterial y su grado de control. Resultados: Edad media 56,7 años (DE: 6,6). La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue del 40,4% (IC95%: 34,4%-46,5%). Un 76,8% mostró obesidad abdominal, 36,7% hipertrigliceridemia, 25,8% c-HDL disminuido y 26,2% hiperglucemia. El 55,8% presentaba dislipemia, 54,3% obesidad, 24,7% diabetes y 21,3% fumaba. Un 40,2% (IC95%: 33,9%-45,8%) no mostró adecuado control de PA. Mediante regresión logística, fueron variables asociadas a inadecuado control de presión arterial: menor puntuación cuestionario-BPAAT (OR:1,19; p=0,027), menor número de problemas de salud (OR:1,20; p=0,009), incumplimiento terapéutico (OR:1,93; p=0,043) y síndrome metabólico (OR:2,85; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Más de un tercio de hipertensos adultos presentan síndrome metabólico y tres cuartos obesidad abdominal. El síndrome metabólico no sólo es un factor modificador de RCV, sino que también se debe considerar en el control de la PA en adultos hipertensos junto con el cumplimiento terapéutico, la comorbilidad y la actividad física.

Abstract Important pre-Inca civilizations, known by their great political and religious structures, inhabited the northern coast of Peru. Archeological and anthropological studies have shown that people from these villages have hierarchical strata, but the genetic structure has been poorly studied. Here, we aimed to perform a molecular characterization of the Amerindian maternal lineages and the amelogenin gene in skeletons collected from three archeological sites in Lambayeque. Ancient DNA (aDNA) samples were analyzed with conventional PCR to assess the nine-base pair (9 bp) deletion corresponding to mitochondrial haplogroup B and the identification of haplogroups A, C, and D were obtained with PCR-RFLP experiments. The sex was characterized via amplification of the AMEL(X/Y) locus. Haplogroup frequencies were compared with available data from other ancient and modern civilizations from the Peruvian coast and highlands using statistical methods. Our results showed that haplogroup C had the highest frequency, while haplogroup B showed variable diversity in the analyzed populations. The meta-analysis revealed a positive correlation among some coastal villages. We concluded that ancient populations analyzed in our study showed the presence of four Amerindian mitochondrial haplogroups, which is consistent with previous studies.

Abstract Introduction: Children with trisomy 21 face a wide range of conditions in the head and neck region, for which it is important that physicians are aware and have a strong understanding of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders, and their management as well. Methods: Retrospective case series of pediatric patients with trisomy 21. The spectrum of otolaryngological manifestations, their management, and outcomes of each case were analysed. Results: One hundred and seventeen pediatric patients were included. The mean age was 7.2 ± 4.2 years. More than half of the patients (63 %) had hearing loss (HL). The most frequent presentation was conductive HL, predominating the mild and bilateral type. The most common otological manifestations found were external ear canal stenosis and Eustachian tube dysfunction. Up to 75 % of the patients with otologic involvement required some surgical procedure. The most common rhinological manifestations were chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was present in 30% of all patients, which main treatment was tonsillectomy, followed by continuous positive and biphasic positive airway pressure treatments. Less than 5 % of the patients presented a laryngeal compromise. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with trisomy 21 systematically should be referred to periodic ENT assessment due to the high incidence of manifestations in this region. Timely treatments should be offered in order to improve the health and the quality of life of the patient.

Resumen Introducción: Los niños con trisomía 21 enfrentan una amplia gama de problemas en la región de la cabeza y el cuello, por lo cual es importante reconocer las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas que presentan, así como su apropiado manejo. Métodos: Estudio de serie de casos retrospectivo de pacientes pediátricos con trisomía 21. De cada caso se analizó el espectro de manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas, el manejo establecido y los resultados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 niños. La edad media de la primera valoración por otorrinolaringología en la institución fue de 7.2 ± 4.2 años. Las manifestaciones otológicas más frecuentes fueron la estenosis del conducto auditivo externo y la disfunción de la trompa de Eustaquio. Más de la mitad de los pacientes (63 %) presentaron hipoacusia, principalmente de tipo conductivo bilateral, y hasta el 75 % de los pacientes con afectación otológica requirieron algún procedimiento quirúrgico. Las manifestaciones rinológicas más comunes fueron la rinosinusitis crónica y la rinitis alérgica. La apnea obstructiva del sueño estuvo presente en el 30% de los pacientes. El tratamiento principal fue la amigdalectomía, seguida del tratamiento con dispositivos de presión positiva de la vía aérea. Menos del 5 % de los pacientes presentaron un compromiso laríngeo. Conclusiones: Los pacientes pediátricos con trisomía 21 deben ser remitidos sistemáticamente a una evaluación otorrinolaringológica periódica, debido a la alta incidencia de manifestaciones en esta región. Se deben ofrecer tratamientos oportunos para mejorar su salud y calidad de vida.

Abstract: Background: Airway hemangiomas are congenital neoplasms of low incidence. Its clinical presentation consists of obstruction of the upper airway with progressive dyspnea and stridor and the life of the patient at risk. Infantile hemangiomas have an incidence at birth of 2%, increasing to 9% at 12 months of life. Almost 60% of childhood hemangiomas affect the head and neck region. However, localization in the upper airway is not as frequent and it is only reported in 1.8% of patients with cutaneous hemangiomas. The traditional treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas has been the administration of systemic corticosteroids for long periods, endolaryngeal surgery with CO2 laser, open surgery, tracheostomy or, recently, oral propranolol. Case report: Five cases of subglottic hemangioma treated with systemic propranolol are presented. The therapeutic time of response with the satisfactory control of obstructive symptoms and assurance of the airway was evaluated. In these cases, propranolol was shown to be an effective and safe option for the treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas with a therapeutic response time of 48 to 72 hours. Conclusions: In recent years, the treatment with oral propranolol has become the first therapeutic option due to its high efficacy and safety profile.

Resumen: Introducción: Los hemangiomas de la vía aérea son neoplasias congénitas de baja incidencia. Su presentación clínica consiste en una obstrucción de la vía aérea superior con disnea progresiva y estridor, ocasionando una obstrucción grave, aguda y grave de la vía aérea. Los hemangiomas infantiles tienen una incidencia al nacimiento del 2%, incrementándose al 9% a los 12 meses de vida. Casi el 60% de los hemangiomas infantiles afectan la región de la cabeza y el cuello. Sin embargo, la localización en la vía aérea superior no es tan frecuente y solo se informa en el 1.8% de los pacientes con hemangiomas cutáneos. El tratamiento tradicional de los hemangiomas laríngeos ha sido la administración de corticoides sistémicos por periodos largos, la cirugía endolaríngea con láser de CO2, la cirugía abierta, la traqueostomía y, recientemente, el propranolol oral. Casos clínicos: Se presentan cinco casos de hemangiomas subglóticos tratados con propranolol sistémico y la evaluación del tiempo de respuesta terapéutica, definido como el control satisfactorio de los síntomas obstructivos y aseguramiento de la vía aérea. En estos casos, el propranolol mostró ser una opción efectiva y segura para el tratamiento de hemangiomas laríngeos, con un tiempo de respuesta terapéutica de 48 a 72 horas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con propranolol oral se ha convertido en los últimos años en la primera opción terapéutica debido a su alta eficacia y su buen perfil de seguridad.

Resumen El artículo examina la historia de la Nueva Organización Anticomunista (NOA), un escuadrón de la muerte paraestatal que existió en Guatemala entre 1967 y 1968, teniendo como objetivo central el análisis de la violencia política y, específicamente, del papel que ejerció en la represión de las disidencias políticas de la época. Para cumplir con tal propósito, se plantea, en primer término, un abordaje teórico que busca definir las características de los escuadrones como actores represivos. A continuación, se presenta el contexto y desarrollo del complejo contrainsurgente represivo que dio origen a la NOA durante la presidencia de Julio César Méndez Montenegro (1966-1970). Posteriormente y con base en fuentes de época y biblio grafía especializada, se traza el devenir de la organización, atendiendo sus objetivos, composición social, mecanismos de actuación y repercusiones de sus crímenes. La investigación muestra cómo la violencia de la NOA fue capital en la propagación del terror a finales de la década de 1960 y en el desarrollo de un consenso conservador que posibilitó el retorno de los militares a la presidencia nacional en 1970; razones que resaltan la importancia de atender el conflicto armado interno partiendo del estudio de los llamados perpetradores.

Resumo O artigo examina a história da Nova Organizaçao Anticomunista (NOA), um esqua drão da morte paraestatal que existiu em Guatemala entre 1967 e 1968, tendo como objetivo central o análise da violência política e, especificamente, o papel que des empenhava na repressão da dissidência política da época. Para cumprir com esse propósito, propõe-se, em primer lugar, uma abordagem teórica que procura definir as características das esquadras como actores repressivos. Depois, presenta-se o contexto e desenvolvimento do complexo da contra-insurgência repressiva que deu origem à NOA durante o governo de Julio César Méndez Montenegro (1966-1970). Posteriormente e com base em fontes da época e bibliografía especializada, traza-se a evolução da organização, atendendo os seus sus objetivos, composição social, mecanismos de ação o impacto dos seus crimes. A pesquisa mostra como a violência da NOA foi fundamental para a propagação do terror no final da década de 1960 e no desenvolvimento de um consenso conservador que possibilitou o retorno dos milita res à presidência nacional em 1970; razões que destacam a importância de abordar o conflito armado interno desde o estudo dos chamados perpetradores.

Abstract The article examines the history of the New Anti-Communist Organization (NOA), a pa rastatal death squad that existed in Guatemala between 1967 and 1968, with the main purpose of analyzing political violence and, specifically, the role it played in repression of the political dissidents of the time. In order to fulfill this purpose, a theoretical approach is proposed, which seeks to define the characteristics of the squads as repressive actors. The context and development of the repressive counterinsurgency complex that gave rise to NOA during the presidency of Julio César Méndez Montenegro (1966-1970) is then presented. Subsequently, and based on sources and specialized bibliography, the article traces the future of the organization, according to its goals, social composition, mechanisms of action, and the consequences of its crimes. The research shows how the violence of the NOA was central to the spread of terror in the late 1960s and in the development of a conservative consensus that made possible the return of the military to the presidency in 1970; reasons that highlight the importance of approaching the internal armed conflict from the study of the so-called perpetrators.

After a long series of terms used to define the displacement of disc material (either the nucleus pulposus or the fibrous ring), herniated discs were classified as bulging, focal protrusion, extrusion and sequestration. Herniated discs represent from 1% to 3% of all causes of low back pain. However, not all herniated discs are necessarily symptomatic: the presence or absence of symptoms depend on the size, location and extent of the herniated disc material in relation to the spinal canal, and whether or not it compromises the nerve roots. Several studies using magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans were performed during the 1980s and 1990s to asymptomatic individuals, and a significant number of these individuals who did not have any type of pain had disc protrusion and bulging.

Tras una larga serie de términos empleados para definir el desplazamiento del material discal (ya sea del núcleo pulposo o del anillo fibroso), se clasificó a las hernias discales en abombamiento, protrusión focal, extrusión y secuestro. La hernia discal representa entre el 1% al 3% de todas las causas de lumbalgia. Sin embargo, no todas las hernias discales son necesariamente sintomáticas: la presencia o ausencia de sintomatología depende del tamaño, localización y extensión del material discal herniado en relación con el conducto raquídeo, y de si compromete o no las raíces nerviosas. Durante la década de los 80 y 90 se realizaron numerosos estudios de resonancias magnéticas y tomografías a personas asintomáticas, descubriéndose que un número significativo de estas personas que no padecían ningún tipo de dolor tenían protrusiones y abombamiento de discos.

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou propor e implementar um modelo conceitual de sistema inteligente em um ambiente georreferenciado para dimensionar a frota de transporte de madeira. Para isso, foi utilizada a teoria dos sistemas multiagentes, a qual é uma sub-área da Inteligência Artificial Distribuída. O modelo proposto considera a utilização do mapeamento de talhões e estradas florestais, bem como de informações sobre as capacidades de carga de diferentes tipos de caminhões. O sistema foi idealizado para se adaptar às mudanças que ocorrem durante a operação de transporte florestal, tal como modificações no volume de madeira demandado ou inclusão de restrições das rotas utilizadas pelos veículos. Para seu desenvolvimento, foi utilizada a linguagem de programação Java considerando-se a biblioteca LPSolve para os cálculos de otimização do sistema, a plataforma JADE para desenvolvimento dos agentes e a ArcGIS Runtime para determiner as rotas ótimas de transporte. Cinco agentes foram modelados: transportador, controlador, roteador, carregador e descarregador. O modelo foi capaz de determiner a quantidade ótima de caminhões dentre os diferentes tipos disponíveis de forma a attender a demanda de madeira e considerando a disponibilidade de rotas, com foco na minimização dos custos totais do transporte da madeira. O sistema também foi capaz de se rearranjar após alterações nas rotas de transporte.

ABSTRACT This study aims to propose and implement a conceptual model of an intelligent system in a georeferenced environment to determine the design of forest transport fleets. For this, we used a multi-agent systems based tool, which is the subject of studies of distributed artificial intelligence. The proposed model considers the use of plantation mapping (stands) and forest roads, as well as information about the different vehicle transport capacities. The system was designed to adapt itself to changes that occur during the forest transport operation process, such as the modification of demanded volume or the inclusion of route restrictions used by the vehicles. For its development, we used the Java programming language associated with the LPSolve library for the optimization calculation, the JADE platform to develop agents, and the ArcGis Runtime to determine the optimal transport routes. Five agents were modelled: the transporter, controller, router, loader and unloader agents. The model is able to determine the amount of trucks among the different vehicles available that meet the demand and availability of routes, with a focus on minimizing the total costs of timber transport. The system can also rearrange itself after the transportation routes change during the process.

Este artículo tiene como propósito recuperar la obra evangélica y educativa del fraile Pedro de Gante en la Nueva España del siglo XVI. Menos conocido que otras figuras misioneras, Gante fue el primero en asumir como compromiso serio la enseñanza y la conversión de los indígenas del Nuevo Mundo, razón por la cual se atienden varios de sus aspectos: la primera escuela de enseñanza europea en la ciudad de Texcoco, el colegio y capilla abierta de San José de los Naturales y los diversos mecanismos utilizados para su labor evangelizadora que demuestran el sincretismo cultural al que debió proceder para su tarea. Se presentan también los problemas a los que se enfrentó en su misión, principalmente, la denuncia de los abusos encomenderos que impedían la conversión indígena al cristianismo, así como el impacto de su legado en las posteriores acciones misionales.

This article is intended to recover the evangelical and educational work of Friar Pedro de Gante in sixteenth-century New Spain. Less well known than other missionary figures, Gante was the first to take as serious commitment with the education and the conversion of the natives of the New World, which is why many aspects of it are attended: the first school of European studies in the city of Texcoco, the school and the open chapel of San José de los Naturales and various mechanisms for their evangelizing labour demonstrating the cultural syncretism that should proceed to their task. The problems they faced in his mission, mainly the complaint of the trustees abuses that prevented the indigenous conversion to Christianity, and the impact of his legacy in later missionary works are also presented.