Resumen El presente trabajo se inscribe en los estudios sobre las migraciones contemporáneas a Chile, campo iniciado en los años noventa al momento de una transición democrática y una economía presentada como exitosa. Expone breves referencias a la migración hacia Chile proveniente de Haití y algunos elementos de la historia de Haití que conforman una situación migratoria particular. El objetivo es identificar el racismo presente en las interacciones entre profesionales de los centros de la red pública de salud y pacientes haitianos/as que acuden a ellos en Santiago de Chile. Este trabajo proviene de un proyecto mayor que analizó la sociabilidad y las competencias culturales de estos profesionales al interactuar con migrantes. Desde una metodología cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la red pública de salud y grupos focales a pacientes haitianos. El marco de referencia se centra en el racismo como sistema y como relación social, en la discriminación racial y sus efectos en las personas. Se analizan las palabras de los/as pacientes y los/as profesionales, se presentan algunas conclusiones sobre el racismo y la violencia registradas como forma de sociabilidad, entendiéndola como el modo en que se da el trato entre dos actores, uno de ellos en una posición superior. Estos procesos precisan ser reflexionados para dar cuenta del sufrimiento producido en hombres, mujeres y niños/as haitianos que buscan atención en la red de salud pública. Por último, se avanzan algunas orientaciones tendientes a superarlos.

Abstract The present work is inscribed within the field of contemporary migration studies in Chile, a line of investigation initiated during the nineties. At the time, various people from South America and the Caribbean arrived to the country, which was undergoing a democratic transition and presented itself as a successful economic model. Twenty-five years later, migrants from Haiti began arriving. Despite not constituting the largest group of migrants, they have become one of the most targeted by Chilean society, the media, the political class and government authorities. Since the election of Sebastián Piñera in 2018, certain measures were taken that signaled a policy aimed towards reducing Haitian presence in the country: namely, a “humanitarian” return plan exclusively for Haitians and the creation of a consular visa as the main permit in order to enter the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they were singled out as disobedient to the measures imposed by the state of emergency and the sanitary restrictions put in place. Chilean society agrees with restrictive norms and policies and looks with suspicion at a migrant group that it perceives as different. Chile, a country colonized in the name of humanist and republican values, which upholds cultural homogeneity, does not look favorably on the arrival of migrants from elsewhere in the region, and even less so on a migrant group whose skin color has been negatively evaluated, to the point of linking it to physical, cultural and psychological characteristics. This work makes brief references of the context of migrating to Chile, of doing so from Haiti, and of some elements of Haiti’s history that make up this particular migratory situation. The proposed objective is to identify racism present within the interactions between public health workers and Haitian patients who approach them for help or treatment in the city of Santiago. This work stems from a larger project that analyzed the sociability and cultural skills of different public health professionals interacting with migrants. Employing a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals from the public health service and focus groups were organized with Haitian patients. The frame of reference focuses on racism as a system and as a social relationship, on racial discrimination and its effects on people. The words of patients and professionals are analyzed and conclusions are drawn in regards to racism and registered violence as forms of sociability, the latter understood as the way in which two actors interact when one of them is in a position of superiority. These processes need to be reflected upon in order to account for the damages caused to Haitian men, women and children seeking care in the public health network. Considering the importance of the right to migrate in current times and the multiple obstacles that impede it, Haitian life in Chile emerges as a “problem” when it comes to being attended, cared for or assisted to by health professionals, an issue that is linked to the fact that contemporary migrations have been repeatedly characterized as a “problem” and not as a social phenomenon that needs to be seriously analyzed with academic accuracy. Racist criticism emerges violently, offending and harming Haitian migrants who, in order to avoid it, sometimes prefer not to go public health centers, to look for alternatives when dealing with the ailments that afflict them, or straightforwardly abandon the possibility of being attended at all. Finally, some guidelines are advanced which may help to overcome these situations by training professionals in order to improve communications between them and Haitian migrants.

ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the 20th century and up to the present day, the concept of stereotype has been frequently used in academic studies on racism and discrimination; however, over the course of time its use has opened up to different disciplinary traditions, it has reached different definitions, it has permeated common sense, and in some cases it has been used without deepening on its conceptualization. This obliges us to maintain an attitude of epistemological vigilance against the possibility that the use of the concept of stereotype remains at the level of a spontaneous sociology, it is uncritical or it falls into methodologism. Here we seek to interrogate the concept of stereotype, theoretically, historically and methodologically by reviewing studies carried out at higher education institutions from this concept, through a systematic analysis of articles that work on this problem. Based on this analysis, we critically reflect on the conceptualization of stereotype, the historical conditions in which its form and contents emerge, and the risk of methodologism, to conclude on the relevance of monitoring the use of concepts in order not to reproduce academic racism.

RESUMEN: Desde principios del siglo XX y hasta el día de hoy, el concepto de estereotipo ha sido frecuentemente utilizado en estudios académicos sobre racismo y discriminación, sin embargo, en el transcurso del tiempo su uso se ha abierto a distintas tradiciones disciplinares, ha alcanzado distintas definiciones, ha permeado al sentido común, y en algunos casos ha sido utilizado sin que se profundice en su conceptualización. Esto obliga a mantener una actitud de vigilancia epistemológica ante la posibilidad de que el uso del concepto de estereotipo se mantenga en el nivel de una sociología espontánea, sea acrítico o caiga en el metodologismo. Aquí buscamos interrogar teórica, histórica y metodológicamente el concepto de estereotipo en investigaciones que se realizan en instituciones de educación superior desde dicho concepto, mediante un análisis sistemático de artículos que trabajan este problema. Sobre este análisis, se reflexiona críticamente en torno a la conceptualización del estereotipo, a las condiciones históricas en que emergen su forma y contenidos, y al riesgo del metodologismo, para concluir sobre la relevancia de vigilar el uso de conceptos en aras de no reproducir el racismo académico.

Abstract In recent years, Latin America and the Caribbean have experienced a radicalization of the political conditions for the production of precarious migrant subjects. While in countries of origin the crises that incite the departure of people have intensified, many govern ments of the receiving countries of the region have taken a turn towards intensifying border control and increasing restrictions on access to rights. The case of Chile is paradigmatic, while it has received a significant migratory flow from the region and has promoted a restrictive migratory reform. In this research we show, on the one hand, that restrictive policies are related to the precariousness and illegalization of migrants, and on the other, how the State, at the government level, deploys them on the basis of arbitrary actions, contrary to international regulations and bordering on legality or directly illegal.

Resumen En los últimos años, América Latina y el Caribe han experimentado una radicalización de las condiciones políticas para la producción de sujetos migrantes precarizados. Mientras que en los países de origen se han intensificado las crisis que incitan la salida de personas, cada vez más los gobiernos de los países receptores de la región han dado un giro hacia la intensificación del control fronterizo y el incremen to de las restricciones en el acceso a los derechos. El caso de Chile es paradigmático, pues a la par que ha recibido un flujo migratorio significativo desde la región, ha impulsado una reforma migratoria de carácter restrictivo. En esta investigación se señala, por una parte, que las políticas restrictivas guardan relación con la precarización e ilegalización de las personas migrantes, y por otra, cómo el Estado en el nivel del gobierno, la despliega en base a acciones arbitrarias, contrarias a la normativa internacional y colindantes con la legalidad o directamente ilegales.

ABSTRACT: This article aims to provide elements for reflection on the migrant body seen against the current of the ideal body. Taking into consideration the state policies of identification of the population, as well as the growing individualism, the body is located in a significant place in the construction of identities. The body as a product of socialization is transformed into an object of care, of dietetic cult, of beauty and of practices that identify it to an identity and a specific place within the logics of order. But this too is the object of rejection and can quickly become a stigma when it does not comply with the «ideal canon» or does not conform to the prevailing «cultural forms». In the absence of education politics on cultural diversity, what proliferates are rather the prejudices from the permanent «difference» to the other «stranger». This is what usually happens with immigrants, and their children in the school context, visible not only because of their denomination of «immigrants» but also because of their body as a sign and mark of racial discrimination.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo busca entregar elementos para la reflexión sobre el cuerpo migrante visto a contracorriente del cuerpo ideal. Tomando en consideración las políticas estatales de identificación de la población, como así también el creciente individualismo, el cuerpo se ubica en un lugar significativo en la construcción de identidades. El cuerpo como producto de la socialización se transforma en objeto de cuidado, de culto dietético, de belleza y de prácticas que lo identifican a una identidad y a un lugar determinado dentro de las lógicas de orden. Pero también es objeto de rechazo y puede convertirse rápidamente en estigma cuando no cumple con el «canon ideal» o no se adecua a las «formas culturales» imperantes. A falta de políticas de educación sobre la diversidad cultural, lo que prolifera son más bien los prejuicios desde la «diferencia» permanente frente a un otro «extraño». Es lo que suele ocurrir con los inmigrantes, y los hijos de estos en el contexto escolar, visibles no solo por su denominación de «inmigrantes» sino además por su cuerpo en tanto es signo y marca de una discriminación racial.

Public schools in segregated neighbor hoods of Santiago are being emptied of chilean students whose parents relocate in other schools, but thanks to the arrival of immigrant children, schools manage to continue operating. They are schools located downtown, in sectors that account for the abandon of the state and the agony of paved streets and noble mansions, now converted into budget accommodation for immigrants. In this scenario, children of immigration become secondary players, but because of the crisis are finally protagonists of the survival of the educational institution. Use ful children that allow continuity of schools while they are mistreated by their origin. The purpose of this article is to describe everyday racism experienced by Peruvian immigrant children based on the speech that adults of the educational community that welcomes them display. How are they characterize, how are they evaluated? Is the foreignness inherited from their parents, the frontier that prevents the irintegration?.

Las escuelas públicas de los barrios segregados de Santiago se han ido vaciando de alumnos chilenos cuyos padres reubican en otras escuelas, pero gracias a la llegada de niñas y niños hijos de inmigrantes, consiguen seguir funcionando. Son escuelas situadas en el centro de la ciudad, en sectores que dan cuenta del abandono del Estado y de la agonía de calles adoquinadas y casonas señoriales ahora convertidas en alojamientos baratos para inmigrantes. En este escenario, los niños provenientes de la inmigración devienen actores secundarios, pero debido a las crisis son finalmente protagonistas de la sobrevida de la institución escolar. Niños útiles, que permiten la continuidad de las escuelas al mismo tiempo que son maltratados por su origen. El propósito de este artículo es dar cuenta del racismo cotidiano que viven los hijos de inmigrantes peruanos a partir del habla que despliegan los adultos de la comunidad educativa que los acoge. ¿Cómo los caracterizan, cómo los evalúan? ¿Es acaso la extranjeridad heredada de sus padres la frontera que impide su integración?.

As escolas públicas dos bairros segregados de Santiago foramesvaziados de estudantes chilenos que os pais mudaram para outras escolas, mascom a chegada de crianças filhos de imigrantes, eles conseguem continuar operando. Estas escolas estão localizadas no centro da cidade, em setores que representam o abandono do estado e da agonia de ruas e mansões, agora transformada emalojamento barato para imigrantes. Neste cenário, as crianças de imigração setornarem jogadores secundários, mas devido à crise são protagonistas em últimaanálise, da sobrevivência da escola. Crianças útil, permitindo a continuidade dasescolas, enquanto eles são maltratados por sua origem. O objetivo deste artigo édescrever o racismo cotidiano vivido por filhos de imigrantes peruanos a partir dodiscurso adulto da comunidade educativa implantada que os acolhe. Como caracterizar-los, como avaliá-los? É a estranheza que herdou de seus pais a fronteira queimpede a sua integração?.

This article puts forward a view of Hip Hop in Chile as a pluralmovement which can be thought of in terms of tactics and strategies of resistance.For that it starts with a general characterization of this practice, considering itsdifferent components -music, dance and graffiti- followed by a description of itshistorical origins and its social context of tensions associated with segregation andurban stigmatization. Then from a review of various researches adopted from historyand sociology it address its development in our country, which allows identifyingits singularities and its capacity of protest in our recent history. Next we deal withthe question of Hip Hop as a popular art taking into account various dimensions inwhich is expressed the creative capacity of its authors and its public. Finally, weaddress the political potential of hip hop, exploring its possibilities by beingunderstood as an art of resistance.

El siguiente artículo propone una presentación del Hip Hop enChile, comprendido como un movimiento plural que puede ser pensado en términos de tácticas y estrategias de resistencia. Para ello se comienza por una caracterización general de esta práctica considerando sus diversos componentes -música,danza y grafiti- seguida de una descripción de sus orígenes históricos y de su contexto social de emergencia asociado a la segregación y a la estigmatización urbanas. Luego, a partir de la revisión de diversas investigaciones provenientes de lahistoria y de la sociología se aborda su desarrollo en nuestro país, lo que permiteindagar sus singularidades y su poder de contestación en nuestra historia reciente.Posteriormente se trata la cuestión del como un arte popular teniendo en cuentadiversas dimensiones en las que se expresa la capacidad creativa de sus autores yde su comunidad de públicos. Por último se aborda el potencial político del HipHop explorando sus posibilidades para ser comprendido como un arte de resistencia que opera tácticamente.

O artigo propõe uma apresentação de Hip Hop, no Chile, entendido como um movimento plural que pode ser pensado em termos de táticas eestratégias de resistência. Isto irá começar com uma caracterização geral destaprática, considerando suas diversas componentes da música, dança e grafite, seguida por uma descrição do seu contexto histórico e social da segregação urbanaassociados a emergência e estigmatização. Então, depois de uma revisão de váriosestudos da história e da sociologia é abordado seu desenvolvimento em nosso país,que permite investigar suas singularidades e sua resposta à nossa história recente.Posteriormente é tratado como a questão de uma arte popular, considerando asvárias dimensões em que é expressada a capacidade criativa dos autores e dacomunidade do público. Por último, é discutido o potencial político do Hip Hopexplorando suas possibilidades de ser entendida como uma arte de resistência queopera taticamente.