ABSTRACT: Carrier water quality is one of the main characteristics for an efficient and safe spraying of pesticides. Overall related to the levels of pH and hardness. The objective was to evaluate the interaction between water pH and storage time of the spray, containing 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D choline and dicamba, on the visible efficacy in Ipomoea triloba, Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis; and water hardness on I. triloba. Three studies were carried out in a greenhouse. Study 1 with a 3x5 factorial, which factor A being pH of 2, 6 and 10 and factor B being 0, 2, 6, 24 and 36 hours of application after the mixture. Study 2 was a 3x5 factorial for each herbicide, whith factor A being the levels of pH (2, 6 and 10) and factor B being 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of application after the mixture. The study 3 is a 3x7 factorial, with factor A being the herbicides and factor B levels of water hardness: 0, 65, 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 parts per million. The pH of all solutions remained stable for 48 hours after preparation. However, did not interfere in efficacy of dicamba in I. triloba. Also, longer time between preparing the spray with 2,4-D formulations and application caused reduction efficacy on I. triloba. Also, the level of water hardness decreased control on I. triloba. The pH of carrier water did not affect efficacy of 2,4-D and dicamba on the weeds; however, longer time of the spray application reduce the visible efficacy. ABSTRACT pesticides 2,4D 24D D 2,4 4 amine triloba pilosa viridis I greenhouse x 3x 0 mixture herbicide (2 12 65 125 250 500 75 100 million preparation However Also weeds however 4D ( 25 50 7 5

RESUMO: A qualidade da água é uma das principais características para uma aplicação eficiente e segura de pesticidas. De maneira geral, a qualidade da água está relacionada aos níveis de pH e dureza. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a interação entre o pH da água e tempo de mistura da calda contendo os herbicidas 2,4-D amina, 2,4-D colina e dicamba, na eficácia visível em Ipomoea triloba, Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis; além dos níveis de dureza da água em I. triloba. Três estudos feitos em estufa. Estudo 1 em fatorial 3x5 sendo o fator A pH de 2, 6 e 10 e o fator B 0, 2, 6, 24 e 26 horas da mistura até a aplicação. Estudo 2 em fatorial 3x5 para cada herbicida, sendo o fator A pH de 2, 6 e 10 e o fator B 0, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas da mistura até a aplicação. Estudo 3 em fatorial 3x7 sendo o fator A os herbicidas e o fator B níveis de dureza da água: 0, 65, 125, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 partes por milhão. O pH manteve-se estável nas 48 horas. Entretanto, não interferiu na eficácia de dicamba em I. triloba. Além disso, maior tempo entre o preparo da calda com as formulações de 2,4-D e a aplicação causou redução da eficácia em I. triloba. Ainda, a dureza da água diminuiu o controle sobre I. triloba. O pH não afetou 2,4-D e dicamba sobre as plantas, entretanto, maior tempo de aplicação reduz a eficácia. RESUMO pesticidas geral Assim 2,4D 24D D 2,4 4 amina triloba pilosa viridis I estufa x 3x 0 herbicida 12 65 125 250 500 75 100 milhão mantevese manteve se Entretanto disso Ainda plantas entretanto 4D 25 50 7 5

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos herbicidas 2,4-D e dicamba sobre a resposta fisiológica da clorofila a em mudas de oliveira (Olea europaea). As seguintes oito doses dos herbicidas 2,4-D (670 g a.e. ha-1) e dicamba (720 g a.e. ha-1) foram aplicadas: 0, 1,56, 3,13, 6,25, 12, 25, 50 e 100% das recomendadas para dessecação. Os herbicidas foram aplicados a 80 cm acima das mudas, por meio de um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2, com 150 L ha-1 de volume de calda. A troca gasosa das plantas foi medida por meio de um medidor portátil analisador de gases por infravermelho. A fluorescência da clorofila a foi avaliada por meio de um fluorômetro portátil de luz modulada. A aplicação de ambos os herbicidas causou diminuição no processo de assimilação de CO2 pelas plantas, o que reduziu a fotossíntese líquida e a condutância estomática. O herbicida 2,4 D causou os efeitos mais severos nas variáveis relacionadas à fluorescência da clorofila a. Baixos valores de rendimento quântico máximo foram observados após a aplicação dos herbicidas, dos quais o dicamba foi o mais prejudicial. Ambos os herbicidas danificam o aparelho fotossintético das mudas de oliveira. 2,4D 24D 2 4 Olea europaea. europaea . europaea) 670 (67 ae a.e ha1 ha 1 720 (72 aplicadas 0 156 56 1,56 313 3 13 3,13 625 6 25 6,25 12 5 100 dessecação 8 CO 15 ha- calda infravermelho modulada estomática 24 2, prejudicial 4D 67 (6 72 (7 1,5 31 3,1 62 6,2 10 ( 7 1, 3, 6,

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba on the physiological response of chlorophyll a in olive (Olea europaea) seedlings. The following eight rates of the 2,4 D (670 g a.e. ha-1) and dicamba (720 g a.e. ha-1) herbicides were applied: 0, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12, 25, 50, and 100% of the recommended for burndown. The herbicides were applied at 80 cm above the seedlings using a CO2 pressurized back sprayer with a 150 L ha-1 spray volume. Plant gas exchange was measured using a portable infrared gas analyzer. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was evaluated using a portable modulated light fluorometer. The application of both herbicides caused a decrease in the process of CO2 assimilation in the plants, reducing net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The 2,4-D herbicide caused the most severe effects on the variables related to chlorophyll a fluorescence. Low values of maximum quantic yield were observed after the application of the herbicides, of which dicamba was the most harmful. Both herbicides damage the photosynthetic apparatus of olive seedlings. 2,4D 24D 2 4 Olea europaea 24 2, 670 (67 ae e a.e ha1 ha 1 720 (72 0 156 56 1.56 313 3 13 3.13 625 6 25 6.25 12 50 100 burndown 8 CO 15 ha- volume analyzer fluorometer plants conductance harmful 4D 67 (6 72 (7 5 1.5 31 3.1 62 6.2 10 ( 7 1. 3. 6.

Abstract Background: The evaluation of selective herbicides for weed control in winter cereals is extremely important. Simple methods to evaluate alterations caused by herbicides in the growth and development of winter cereals can be performed with vegetation indices. Objective: Evaluate the potential of different vegetation indices by optical sensors to detect phytotoxicity caused by herbicides in winter cereals. Methods: The experiment was conducted under field conditions, in a randomized block design with four replications. Herbicides were sprayed when the plants were at Z24. The phytotoxicity was evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference red edge index (NDRE) at 16, 22 and 37 DAT. Results: The herbicide 2,4-D was less phytotoxic to winter cereals, while metribuzin and saflufenacil caused higher percentages (up to 50%) of visible injuries. The NDRE discriminated more precisely than NDVI the variations in winter cereals, showing alteration in the chlorophyll content due to the phytotoxicity caused by the herbicides. The canonical correlation analysis found an inverse relationship between phytotoxicity and vegetation indices. Conclusions: The winter cereals studied were tolerant to herbicides, enabling the recovery of growth and development. The NDRE index was the most sensitive and showed greater potential in identifying injuries caused by herbicides. The canonical correlation analysis confirmed the inverse relationship between phytotoxicity and the reduction of vegetation indices.

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo ajustar os modelos não lineares Gompertz e Logístico, para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea e indicar o modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento de duas cultivares de centeio em cinco épocas de semeadura e caracterizar o crescimento das cultivares em relação às massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea. Dez ensaios de uniformidade foram conduzidos com a cultura do centeio no ano de 2016. A partir do período que as plantas apresentavam uma folha expandida, iniciou-se, semanalmente, a coleta e avaliação de 10 plantas de cada ensaio. Em cada planta foram pesadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea. Foram ajustados os modelos Gompertz e Logístico em função da soma térmica acumulada, a partir das médias de cada caractere, em cada avaliação. Também, estimaram-se os parâmetros a, b e c para cada modelo e calculou-se o intervalo de confiança para cada parâmetro e os pontos de inflexão, aceleração máxima, desaceleração máxima e desaceleração assintótica. A qualidade do ajuste dos modelos foi verificada pelo coeficiente de determinação, critério de informação de Akaike e desvio padrão residual. Foi quantificada a não linearidade intrínseca e a não linearidade do efeito dos parâmetros. Ambos os modelos descrevem satisfatoriamente o comportamento das massas de matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea. O modelo Logístico descreve melhor o crescimento das cultivares de centeio. O crescimento das cultivares BRS Progresso e Temprano é distinto entre as épocas de semeadura. A cultivar BRS Progresso necessita menor soma térmica até atingir 50% de seu crescimento quando comparada com a cultivar Temprano.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to adjust the Gompertz and Logistic nonlinear models for the fresh and dry matter of aerial part and indicate the model that best describes the growth of two rye cultivars in five sowing seasons, as well as to characterize the growth of the cultivars regarding the fresh and dry matter of aerial part. Ten uniformity trials were conducted with the rye crop in 2016. A weekly sampling and evaluation of 10 plants per trial was performed from the time the plants presented one expanded leaf. For each plant, the fresh and dry matter of aerial part were weighed. The Gompertz and Logistic models were adjusted to the accumulated thermal time based on the measures of each trait in each assessment. Also the parameters a, b, and c for each model were estimated and calculated the interval of confidence for each parameter, as well as the inflection points, maximum acceleration, maximum deceleration and asymptotic deceleration. The quality of the model adjustments was verified using the coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion, and residual standard deviation. The intrinsic nonlinearity and nonlinearity of the parameter effect was quantified. Both models satisfactorily describe the behavior of the fresh and dry matter of aerial part. The Logistic model best describes the growth of rye cultivars. The growth of the cultivars BRS Progresso and Temprano is distinct between sowing seasons. Cultivar BRS Progresso requires a lower thermal time until reaching 50% of its growth when compared to the Temprano cultivar.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh matter of aerial part of dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), cultivar IAPAR 43 (Aratã), in scenarios formed by combinations of numbers of treatments, number of replications, and precision levels. The fresh matter of aerial part was weighed on basic experimental units of 1 m × 1 m in three uniformity trials with size of 24 m × 12 m (288 m2 in each trial). The soil heterogeneity index of Smith was estimated. Also, the optimum plot size was determined by Hatheway’s method in scenarios formed by combinations of i treatments (i = 5, 10, 15, and 20), r replications (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, and 10), and d precision levels (d = 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). In experiments designed on randomized block design with 5 to 20 treatments and four replications, plots with 9 m2 were enough to identify significant differences among treatments regarding the fresh matter of aerial part in dwarf pigeon pea at 5% probability of 30% of the experiment overall mean.