Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência cumulativa dos fatores de risco para a doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica numa amostra de adolescentes iranianos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 1000 meninas e 1000 meninos, com idade entre 11 e 18 anos, selecionados através de uma amostragem aleatória multietapas à base de conglomerados das áreas urbana e rural de três cidades iranianas. RESULTADOS: As taxas de prevalência de inatividade física, dislipidemia, tabagismo, pressão arterial alta e obesidade (índice de massa corporal >P95) foram 66,6, 23,7, 8,7, 5,7 e 2,2%, respectivamente. Dentre os indivíduos estudados, 79,1% apresentaram pelo menos um e 24,6% tiveram dois fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. A prevalência de inatividade física foi significativamente menor entre os meninos que entre as meninas [53,9 contra 79,3%, respectivamente, OR IC95%, 0,44 (0,39-0,51)]. A prevalência de tabagismo foi maior nos meninos que nas meninas [13,1 contra 4,2%, respectivamente, OR IC95%, 3,4 (2,4-4,9)]. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando a alta prevalência de fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em adolescentes, deve-se garantir intervenções que sejam adequadas à idade e sensíveis a aspectos culturais para que medidas preventivas possam ser tomadas em tempo hábil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cumulative prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in a representative sample of Iranian adolescents. METHODS: The subjects of this cross-sectional study were 1,000 girls and 1,000 boys, ages 11-18 years, selected by multi stage-random cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of three cities in Iran. RESULTS: The prevalence of physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, smoking, high blood pressure and obesity (body mass index >95th percentile) were 66.6, 23.7, 8.7, 5.7 and 2.2%, respectively. Of subjects studied, 79.1% had at least one and 24.6% had two cardiovascular disease risk factors. The prevalence of physical inactivity was significantly lower in boys than girls [53.9 vs. 79.3%, respectively, OR 95%CI, 0.44 (0.39-0.51)]. The prevalence of smoking was higher in boys than girls [13.1 vs. 4.2%, respectively, OR 95%CI, 3.4 (2.4-4.9)]. CONCLUSION: Considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents, age-appropriate and culturally sensitive interventions for lifestyle change are warranted, so that preventive measures can be taken in a timely manner.