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ABSTRACT New viruses of the Picornavirales order have been discovered with the increase in the number of sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing, as well as human stool-associated RNA virus (husavirus [HuV]), found in human stool samples. However, there is much to be clarified about HuV. Its cellular host, evolutionary history, and other biological characteristics are still unknown. Therefore, samples collected from human beings and environmental samples in a watershed in Southern Brazil were processed for the metagenomic library. Upon metagenomic analysis, we identified a HuV (husavirus LMM_67754 OP019707) genome with 8,846 bp, which was reported for the first time in Southern Brazil. The new genome presents only 37% of nucleotide identity with Brazilian strains and more than 90% with genomes from China, Vietnam, Venezuela, and the Netherlands. The HuV phylogeny presents significant differences among genomes, probably because multiple introductions of the virus may have occurred. Many questions still need to be answered about HuV. Therefore, more sequences and studies on this virus are necessary to improve the comprehension of the unknown origin of Picornavirales.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202365005

Chikungunya virus infection in the southernmost state of Brazil was characterised by self-limited transmission (2017-2019) and a larger 2021 outbreak
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Gregianini, Tatiana Schäffer

; Salvato, Richard Steiner

; Barcellos, Regina Bones

; Godinho, Fernanda Marques

; Ruivo, Amanda Pellenz

; de Melo, Viviane Horn

; Schroder, Júlio Augusto

; Martiny, Fernanda Letícia

; Möllmann, Erica Bortoli

; Favreto, Cátia

; Baethgen, Ludmila Fiorenzano

; Ferreira, Vithoria Pompermaier

; de Lima, Lívia Eidt

; Piazza, Cláudia Fasolo

; Machado, Taís Raquel Marcon

; Becker, Irina Marieta

; Ramos, Raquel Rocha

; Frölich, Guilherme Carey

; Rossetti, Alana Fraga

; Almeida, Lucas da Cunha

; Rodrigues, Tahiana Machado Antunes

; Bragança, Isabella Tabelli

; Campos, Aline Alves Scarpellini

; Manzoni, Verônica Baú

; Machado, Lais Ceschini

; da Silva, Luisa Maria Inácio

; de Oliveira, André Luiz Sá

; Paiva, Marcelo Henrique Santos

; Nunes, Zenaida Marion Alves

; de Almeida, Paula Rodrigues

; Demoliner, Meriane

; Gularte, Juliana Schons

; da Silva, Mariana Soares

; Filippi, Micheli

; Pereira, Vyctoria Malayhka de Abreu Góes

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

; da Veiga, Ana Beatriz Gorini

; Wallau, Gabriel Luz

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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2023, Volume 118 elocation e220259

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

BACKGROUND Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that has been causing large outbreaks in the Americas since 2014. In Brazil, Asian-Caribbean (AC) and East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotypes have been detected and lead to large outbreaks in several Brazilian states. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the southernmost state of Brazil, the first cases were reported in 2016. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We employed genome sequencing and epidemiological investigation to characterise the Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) burden in RS between 2017-2021. FINDINGS We detected an increasing CHIKF burden linked to travel associated introductions and communitary transmission of distinct lineages of the ECSA genotype during this period. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Until 2020, CHIKV introductions were most travel associated and transmission was limited. Then, in 2021, the largest outbreak occurred in the state associated with the introduction of a new ECSA lineage. CHIKV outbreaks are likely to occur in the near future due to abundant competent vectors and a susceptible population, exposing more than 11 million inhabitants to an increasing infection risk.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760220259

Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover
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ELLWANGER, JOEL HENRIQUE

; FEARNSIDE, PHILIP MARTIN

; ZILIOTTO, MARINA

; VALVERDE-VILLEGAS, JACQUELINE MARÍA

; VEIGA, ANA BEATRIZ G. DA

; VIEIRA, GUSTAVO F.

; BACH, EVELISE

; CARDOSO, JÁDER C.

; MÜLLER, NÍCOLAS FELIPE D.

; LOPES, GABRIEL

; CAESAR, LÍLIAN

; KULMANN-LEAL, BRUNA

; KAMINSKI, VALÉRIA L.

; SILVEIRA, ETIELE S.

; SPILKI, FERNANDO R.

; WEBER, MATHEUS N.

; ALMEIDA, SABRINA E. DE MATOS

; HORA, VANUSA P. DA

; CHIES, JOSÉ ARTUR B.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2022, Volume 94 elocation e20211530

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211530

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A perspective from environmental virology
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Demoliner, Meriane

; Gularte, Juliana Schons

; Girardi, Viviane

; Almeida, Paula Rodrigues de

; Weber, Matheus Nunes

; Eisen, Ana Karolina Antunes

; Fleck, Juliane Deise

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Genetics and Molecular Biology

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2021, Volume 44 Nº 1 elocation e20200228

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract December 2019 marked the beginning of the current Coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent of a viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The alarming spread levels and clinical severity elevated the status of COVID-19 to the global pandemic by the World Health Organization. In 6 months, more than 25 million cases of infected people and more than 890,000 deaths by COVID-19 had been reported worldwide. The main goal of this review is to shed light upon the current COVID-19 epidemic situation in Brazil with a health approach highlighting some unique environmental, animal and epidemiological aspects.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0228 1077 downloads

Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant in Southern Brazil and reinfection of the same patient by P.2
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Silva, Mariana Soares da

; Demoliner, Meriane

; Hansen, Alana Witt

; Gularte, Juliana Schons

; Silveira, Flávio

; Heldt, Fágner Henrique

; Filippi, Micheli

; Pereira, Vyctoria Malayhka de Abreu Góes

; Silva, Francini Pereira da

; Mallmann, Larissa

; Fink, Pietra

; Silva, Luana Letícia da

; Weber, Matheus Nunes

; Almeida, Paula Rodrigues de

; Fleck, Juliane Deise

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2021, Volume 63 elocation e58

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Multiple variants of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) have been constantly reported across the world. The B.1.1.28 lineage has been evolving in Brazil since February 2020 and originated the P.1 variant of concern (VOC), recently named as the Gamma variant by the newly WHO nomenclature proposal, and P.2 as a variant of interest (VOI). Here we describe an early case of P.1 primary infection in Southern Brazil in late November 2020, soon after the emergence of the variant in Manaus, Northern Brazil. The same male patient was reinfected by another B.1.1.28 variant, namely P.2, in March, 2021. The genomic analysis confirmed genetically significant differences between the two viruses recovered in both infections, the P.1 lineage in the first episode and P.2 in the reinfection. Due the very early detection of P.1, we have also investigated the circulation of P.1 in the same region by differential RT-qPCR, showing that this was an isolated case of P.1 at the time of detection, and this variant has disseminated and became prominent from late January to the end of March, 2021. SARS-CoV-2 recent reports of reinfection have raised critical questions on whether and how well a first infection protects against reinfection.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202163058 374 downloads

Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health
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ELLWANGER, JOEL HENRIQUE

; KULMANN-LEAL, BRUNA

; KAMINSKI, VALÉRIA L.

; VALVERDE-VILLEGAS, JACQUELINE MARÍA

; VEIGA, ANA BEATRIZ G. DA

; SPILKI, FERNANDO R.

; FEARNSIDE, PHILIP M.

; CAESAR, LÍLIAN

; GIATTI, LEANDRO LUIZ

; WALLAU, GABRIEL L.

; ALMEIDA, SABRINA E.M.

; BORBA, MAURO R.

; HORA, VANUSA P. DA

; CHIES, JOSÉ ARTUR B.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2020, Volume 92 Nº 1 elocation e20191375

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Amazonian biodiversity is increasingly threatened due to the weakening of policies for combating deforestation, especially in Brazil. Loss of animal and plant species, many not yet known to science, is just one among many negative consequences of Amazon deforestation. Deforestation affects indigenous communities, riverside as well as urban populations, and even planetary health. Amazonia has a prominent role in regulating the Earth’s climate, with forest loss contributing to rising regional and global temperatures and intensification of extreme weather events. These climatic conditions are important drivers of emerging infectious diseases, and activities associated with deforestation contribute to the spread of disease vectors. This review presents the main impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious-disease dynamics and public health from a One Health perspective. Because Brazil holds the largest area of Amazon rainforest, emphasis is given to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, potential solutions to mitigate deforestation and emerging infectious diseases are presented from the perspectives of researchers in different fields.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020191375 16314 downloads

Emerging Porcine adenovirus PAdV-SVN1 and other enteric viruses in samples of industrialized meat by-products
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Souza, Fernanda Gil de

; Lima, Artur Fogaça

; Girardi, Viviane

; Machado, Thalles Guillem

; Brandalise, Victória

; Filippi, Micheli

; Henzel, Andréia

; Almeida, Paula Rodrigues de

; Rigotto, Caroline

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Ciência Rural

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2020, Volume 50 Nº 12 elocation e20180931

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: As doenças transmitidas por alimentos são frequentemente descritas e relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos ou água contaminados, sendo alguns agentes virais importantes fontes de contaminação e frequentemente encontrados em alimentos de origem animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar patógenos entéricos emergentes em amostras de alimentos industrializados de origem animal coletados em estabelecimentos da região sul do Brasil. Nas amostras analisadas, não foi detectado o genoma do vírus da Hepatite E (HEV). No entanto, 21,8% (21/96) das amostras foram positivas para Rotavírus (RV) e 61,4% (59/96) para adenovírus (AdV), incluindo Adenovírus humano-C (HAdV-C), Adenovírus porcino-3 (PAdV-3) e novo tipo de suíno adenovírus PAdV-SVN1. No presente trabalho, é descrito pela primeira vez em alimentos a presença de PAdV-SVN1. A presença desses vírus pode estar relacionada à falta de higiene em locais de preparo de alimentos, manipulação de produção.

ABSTRACT: Foodborne diseases are often related to consumption of contaminated food or water. Viral agents are important sources of contamination and frequently reported in food of animal origin. The goal of this study was to detect emerging enteric viruses in samples of industrialized foods of animal origin collected in establishments from southern of Brazil. In the analyzed samples, no Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome was detected. However, 21.8% (21/96) of the samples were positive for Rotavirus (RVA) and 61.4% (59/96) for Adenovirus (AdV), including Human adenovirus-C (HAdV-C), Porcine adenovirus-3 (PAdV-3) and new type of porcine adenovirus PAdV-SVN1. In the present research, PAdV-SVN1 was detected in foods for the first time. The presence of these viruses may be related to poor hygiene in sites of food preparation, production or during handling.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180931 664 downloads

Soil contamination of a public park by human and canine mastadenovirus, as well as hookworms and Toxocara spp eggs
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Eisen, Ana Karolina Antunes

; Demoliner, Meriane

; Oliveira, Kelen Gras de

; Troian, Eduardo Artur

; Mallmann, Larissa

; Filippi, Micheli

; Almeida, Paula Rodrigues de

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2019, Volume 61 elocation e60

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Public parks are leisure environments widely used by both, adults and children, often accompained by their pets. Soil contamination of these environments by enteric viruses and intestinal parasites occurs through these animals feces. The aim of this work was to detect Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-1) and different species of Mastadenovirus in soils samples from a park located in a medium-sized city in Brazil and evaluate the presence of helminth eggs and larvae in 18 points of a public park soil samples, as well as feces found on this site during six months. Parasitological analyzes were conducted through flotation and sedimentation techniques, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for viral detection. Of the 216 soil and 16 feces samples, 49% (106/216) and 12% (2/16) were positivefor nematodes larvae, respectively, through sedimentation techniques. Toxocara spp eggs were found in one soil sample and one feces sample, Trichuris spp eggs were found in only one feces sample and Hookworms eggs were found in four soil samples. After reconstruction work in the streets near the park, 30% (64/216) of the samples were positive for Human Mastadenovirus C (HAdV-C), 1.4% (3/216) for HAdV-E and 0.4% (1/216) for Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV-A). The parasitic forms found in this study have demonstrated that the contamination of the park’s soil pose a threat to human and animal health. This was the first study to report the presence of HAdVs and CAdVs in soil samples.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201961060 889 downloads

Low occurrence of Hepatitis A virus in water samples from an urban area of Southern Brazil
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Souza, Fernanda Gil de

; Silva, Francini Pereira da

; Staggemeier, Rodrigo

; Rigotto, Caroline

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2018, Volume 60 elocation e69

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of Picornaviridae family, is the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in the world, mainly in developing countries. HAV may be present in contaminated water and food and its presence is often associated to a lesser extent with socioeconomic factors and environmental quality. The main goals in the present study were to standardize a cell culture combined to a polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection and quantification of viral viability and analyze whether the virus could be found in water samples collected in four urban streams of Sinos River watershed. Virus recovery was assayed from known virus concentrations measured in experimentally contaminated raw and ultrapure water (MilliQ®). Recovery rates ranged from 270% in raw water to 15,000% in ultrapure water. In a second step, a qPCR coupled to a previous passage in cells, demonstrated more analytical sensitivity when compared to samples assayed without a previous passage in cell cultures. HAV genome was detected in only 1 of 84 samples analyzed, pointing to a very low occurrence of HAV in water samples in the studied region. These findings are remarkable, since no more than 5% of the domestic sewage in this area is treated pointing to a low occurrence of HAV in the population living nearby during the study period.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201860069 1020 downloads

10.

Efficacy of a solar still in destroying virus and indicator bacteria in water for human consumption
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Nascimento, Felipe Tiago do

; Nascimento, Carlos Augusto do

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

; Staggemeier, Rodrigo

; Lauer Júnior, Cláudio Marcos

Revista Ambiente & Água

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2018, Volume 13 Nº 4 elocation e2084

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo A destilação natural da água pode destruir e/ou inativar microorganismos que são sensíveis ao calor e a radiação ultravioleta (UV). Este método é utilizado, atualmente, para fornecer água potável em navios e para dessalinização de água salobra. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, um destilador solar em escala piloto foi construído e instalado na região sul do Brasil de forma a se verificar a eficiência do equipamento na desinfecção de água. A verificação de eficiência do equipamento foi baseada na determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli bem como no número de cópias de DNA do adenovírus humano tipo 5 (HAdV-5) em amostras de água antes e após a destilação. Os resultados demonstraram que houve 100% de remoção de coliformes totais e E. coli e 4,5 log (99,997%) de remoção de HAdV-5 após a destilação, o que está de acordo com o padrão microbiológico de potabilidade determinado pela legislação brasileira, pela USEPA e pela HEALTH CANADA.

Abstract Natural water distillation can destroy and/or inactivate microorganisms that are sensitive to heat and ultraviolet radiation (UV). This method is currently used to provide fresh water in ships and in the desalination of brackish water. For the development of this research, a pilot-scale solar still was built and installed in the southern region of Brazil, in order to assess its efficiency in water disinfection, which was based on the most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms and Escherichia coli, in addition to the DNA copy number of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) in raw, undistilled samples and in treated distilled water. Results showed that the distillation process removed 100% of total coliform and Escherichia coli and 4.5 log (99.997%) of HAdV-5, which meets the microbiological standards for drinking water according to national Brazilian regulations, as well as USEPA and HEALTH CANADA requirements.

https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2084 2715 downloads

11.

Contaminação viral e bacteriana em águas subterrâneas na porção aflorante do Aquífero Guaraní, município de Ivoti, RS
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Luz, Roger Bordin da

; Staggemeier, Rodrigo

; Fratta, Leila Xavier Sinigaglia

; Longo, Larisse

; Schutz, Rafael

; Soliman, Mayra Cristina

; Kluge, Mariana

; Fabres, Rafael Bandeira

; Schenkel, Guilherme Corrêa

; Bruni, Fabrício Prestes

; Fleck, Juliane Deise

; Picoli, Simone Ulrich

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Revista Ambiente & Água

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Out 2017, Volume 12 Nº 5 Páginas 871 - 880

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo O abastecimento de água do município de Ivoti provém unicamente de origem subterrânea. A potabilidade da água subterrânea do município foi avaliada através da análise de marcadores bacterianos (Escherichia coli e coliformes totais) e virais (adenovírus, enterovírus e rotavírus) de contaminação. Vinte e sete amostras de água provenientes de poços artesianos, poços cavados e fontes foram coletadas entre fevereiro e abril de 2011. A determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de E. coli e coliformes totais em 100 mL foi realizada pelo método dos tubos múltiplos. Os marcadores virais foram analisados em alíquotas de 500 mL por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Coliformes totais foram encontrados em 66,6% das amostras. A contaminação encontrada para coliformes termotolerantes foi de 25,9%, 40,7% para adenovírus e 22,2% para rotavírus. Nenhuma amostra apresentou enterovírus. A presença de coliformes e de vírus nas amostras indica contaminação fecal da água subterrânea no local de estudo, situado na porção aflorante do Aquífero Guarani e alerta para a necessidade de precaução quanto ao uso destes mananciais para abastecimento público, captação individual e cultivo de hortaliças.

Abstract The water supply of the municipality of Ivoti comes solely from an underground source. The potability of groundwater in the municipality was evaluated by analyzing bacterial (Escherichia coli and total coliforms) and viral (adenovirus, enterovirus and rotavirus) markers for contamination. Twenty-seven water samples from artesian wells, dug wells and springs were collected between February and April 2011. The determination of the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and total coliforms in 100 mL was performed by the multiple-tube method. Viral markers were analyzed in 500 mL aliquots by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total coliforms were found in 66.6% of samples. Contamination found for E. coli was 25.9%, 40.7% for adenovirus and 22.2% for rotavirus. Enterovirus was not found. The presence of coliform bacteria and viruses in the samples indicates fecal contamination of groundwater at the study site, located in the recharge portion of the Guarani Aquifer and suggests the need of caution regarding the use of these water sources for public water supply, individual water catchment and farming.

https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2068 3281 downloads

12.

Variáveis intervenientes na existência de comitês de bacias hidrográficas no Brasil
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Feil, Alexandre André

; Strasburg, Vírgilio José

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Revista Ambiente & Água

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Abr 2017, Volume 12 Nº 2 Páginas 340 - 350

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo A gestão de bacias hidrográficas por meio de comitês é essencial na mediação entre a oferta e a demanda de água para consumo doméstico, industrial, agrícola, lazer, entre outros usos da água. Uma gestão exitosa pode ocorrer por meio da identificação e compreensão das características socioeconômicas, demográficas, entre outras, e assim formatar as práticas adotadas pelos comitês. Neste contexto, o escopo central deste estudo consistiu em analisar as variáveis intervenientes relacionadas aos aspectos geográficos, demográficos, socioeconômicos e a existência de comitê de bacias. A metodologia consiste na abordagem quantitativa, empregando-se uma pesquisa documental secundária e sua análise ocorreu por meio da aplicação da estatística descritiva e do teste de correlação de Pearson. Os principais resultados evidenciam que a explicação da existência de comitês de bacias hidrográficas relaciona-se com o tamanho da população que promove maior pressão à medida que aumenta. Além disso, evidenciou-se que a existência de comitês de bacias correlaciona-se com: crescimento econômico, quantidade de conflitos pelos múltiplos usos, coleta de esgotos e nível de degradação da qualidade ambiental. Conclui-se, portanto, que de fato existem variáveis intervenientes para a existência de comitês de bacias e que eles são necessários para a gestão eficiente destas variáveis.

Abstract Watershed management through committees is essential in mediating between water supply and demand for domestic consumption, as well as industrial, agricultural, leisure, and other uses of water. Successful management can occur through the identification and comprehension of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, among others, and therefore, these help shape the practices adopted by the committees. In this context, the central objective of this study was to analyse the intervening variables related to the geographic, demographic, socioeconomic aspects and the existence of a basin committee. The methodology consisted of a quantitative approach, using previously published documents and analysis applying descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation test. The main results showed that the existence of a watershed committee is correlated with the size of the population, which promotes greater pressure as it increases. In addition, it was observed that the creation of committees is related to economic growth, number of conflicts for multiple uses, sewage collection and level of environmental quality degradation. We conclude, therefore, that in fact there are intervening variables for the existence of river basin committees and that the committees are necessary for the efficient management of those variables.

https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1828 1669 downloads

13.

Detection and quantification of human adenovirus genomes in Acanthamoeba isolated from swimming pools
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STAGGEMEIER, RODRIGO

; ARANTES, THALITA

; CAUMO, KARIN S.

; ROTT, MARILISE B.

; SPILKI, FERNANDO R.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2016, Volume 88 Páginas 635 - 641

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Acanthamoeba é a mais comum ameba de vida livre no ambiente, pode atuar como um importante veículo para vários micro-organismos que vivem no mesmo ambiente, tais como vírus, e pode ser patogênica para humanos. Este estudo objetivou detectar e quantificar adenovírus humano (HAdV) em Acanthamoebas isoladas de amostras de águas coletadas de piscinas na cidade de Porto Alegre, no sul do Brasil. Amebas de vida livre do gênero Acanthamoeba foram isolados de amostras de água, e os isolados (n = 16) foram usados para investigar a ocorrência de HAdVs. Detecção de HAdV foi realizada usando reação em cadeia de polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) em tempo real. HAdVs foram detectados em 62.5% (10/16) dos isolados de Acanthamoeba, variando de 3.24 x 103 a 5.14 x 105 cópias de DNA por mililitro de isolado. As cargas virais de HAdV encontradas nesse estudo não são negligenciáveis, especialmente porque infecções por HAdV são associadas com diferentes doenças humanas, incluindo gastrenterites, doenças respiratórias e oculares. Este estudo reforça o conceito que Acanthamoeba poderia atuar com um reservatório e promover a transmissão de HAdV através da água.

ABSTRACT Acanthamoeba is the most common free-living environmental amoeba, it may serve as an important vehicle for various microorganisms living in the same environment, such as viruses, being pathogenic to humans. This study aimed to detect and quantify human adenoviruses (HAdV) in Acanthamoebas isolated from water samples collected from swimming pools in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba were isolated from water samples, and isolates (n=16) were used to investigate the occurrence of HAdVs. HAdV detection was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). HAdVs were detected in 62.5% (10/16) of Acanthamoeba isolates, ranging from 3.24x103 to 5.14x105 DNA copies per milliliter of isolate. HAdV viral loads found in this study are not negligible, especially because HAdV infections are associated with several human diseases, including gastroenteritis, respiratory distress, and ocular diseases. These findings reinforce the concept that Acanthamoeba may act as a reservoir and promote HAdV transmission through water.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150151 2527 downloads

14.

Seasonal variation on the presence of adenoviruses in stools from non-diarrheic patients
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Vetter, Michele Regina

; Staggemeier, Rodrigo

; Vecchia, Andréia Dalla

; Henzel, Andréia

; Rigotto, Caroline

; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Set 2015, Volume 46 Nº 3 Páginas 749 - 752

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Human adenoviruses (HAdV), members of the Adenoviridae family, are excreted through the fecal route and may be present in the feces of humans consuming contaminated food or water. The presence of HAdV from different serotypes in the feces of healthy individuals was already reported using conventional polymerase chain reaction; however, real-time PCR (qPCR) may reveal not only the rates of detection as well as demonstrate the viral loads excreted by healthy persons. Aiming to identify and characterize the presence of adenoviruses in stool samples, 147 fecal samples from patients with no records of diarrhea were analyzed (74 from winter season and 73 from summer) by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional PCR. HAdV genome was present in 43.8% (32/73) of stools samples collected during summer season and 21.6% (16/74) during winter. The rate of detection of genomic copies (gc) ranged from 4.04×102 to 6.72×105gc/g of feces among the 147 samples analyzed, of which the ranged of genomic copies of DNA HAdV was major in summer. All samples were negative when tested for rotaviruses (RV) and noroviruses (NoV) by PCR conventional and qPCR respectively. HAdV is excreted constantly by infected individuals in the absence of clinical signs and the occurrence may vary seasonally.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838246320140718 1638 downloads

15.

Bioaccumulation of animal adenoviruses in the pink shrimp
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Luz, Roger B.

; Staggemeier, Rodrigo

; Fabres, Rafael B.

; Soliman, Mayra C.

; Souza, Fernanda G.

; Gonçalves, Raoni

; Fausto, Ivone V.

; Rigotto, Caroline

; Heinzelmann, Larissa S.

; Henzel, Andréia

; Fleck, Juliane D.

; Spilki, Fernando R.

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Set 2015, Volume 46 Nº 3 Páginas 715 - 723

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Adenoviruses are among the most promising viral markers of fecal contamination. They are frequently found in the water, sediment and soil of regions impacted by human activity. Studies of the bioaccumulation of enteric viruses in shrimp are scarce. The cities located in the northern coast of the lake systems in Southern Brazil have high urbanization and intensive farming rates, and poor sewage collection and treatment. One hundred (n = 100) Farfantepenaeus paulensis pink-shrimp specimens and 48 water samples were collected from coastal lagoons between June 2012 and May 2013. Water samples were concentrated and the shrimp, mashed. After DNA extraction, samples were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in order to detect and quantify viral genomes. Thirty-five percent of shrimp samples were positive for contamination, predominantly by avian adenoviruses. A total of 91.7% of water samples contained adenoviruses DNA, with the human form being the most frequent. Our results provided evidence of significant bioaccumulation of adenoviruses in shrimp, showing the extent of the impact of fecal pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838246320140323 1740 downloads

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