Resumo Hymenophyllaceae compreende um grupo de samambaias com cerca de 450 espécies organizadas em nove gêneros. Nessa família, o tamanho de genoma e número cromossômico têm sido explorados em estudos taxonômicos e evolutivos. Contudo, não existe atualmente uma compilação desses dados. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi compilar dados sobre o número cromossômico e tamanho do genoma para Hymenophyllaceae. Foi construído um panorama destacando os padrões encontrados nos gêneros e subgêneros. Também discutimos as áreas geográficas amostradas e questões metodológicas que permeiam a aquisição de dados. A pesquisa incluiu o número cromossômico e tamanho de genoma para 158 e 15 espécies, respectivamente. Essas características apresentaram uma grande variação, o número cromossômico variou de 2n = 22 a 356 e o tamanho do genoma variou de 2C = 21,47 pg a 73,2 pg. Nos gêneros Callistopteris, Polyphlebium, Vandenboschia, Crepidomanes e Hymenophyllum o valor mais frequente foi 2n = 72 e múltiplos deste, já em Trichomanes e Cephalomanes as espécies apresentaram principalmente 2n = 64 (ou múltiplos), e em Didymoglossum a maioria tem 2n = 68 (ou múltiplos). Por fim, esperamos que esta revisão possa auxiliar no desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras, proporcionando o melhor entendimento da evolução e taxonomia da família. 45 família evolutivos Contudo Assim subgêneros 1 respectivamente variação n 2 35 C 2147 21 47 21,4 732 73 73, Callistopteris Polyphlebium Vandenboschia 7 6 ou múltiplos, , múltiplos) múltiplos. . fim futuras 4 3 214 21,

Abstract Hymenophyllaceae is a fern family comprising around 450 species distributed among nine genera. Genome size and chromosome number have been recurring research target for Hymenophyllaceae in taxonomic and evolutionary studies. However, there is currently a lacks a thorough compilation for this information. The objective of this study was to compile data on chromosome number and genome size for Hymenophyllaceae. A panorama was constructed in order to highlight the observed patterns for the genera and subgenera. The discussed topics also included the geographic areas sampled and the methodological challenges surrounding data acquisition. This study included data on chromosome number and genome size for 158 and 15 species. The family displayed great variation for these characteristics, ranging from 2n = 22 to 356 for chromosome number and from 2C = 21.47 pg to 73.2 pg for genome size. The genera Callistopteris, Polyphlebium, Vandenboschia, Crepidomanes and Hymenophyllum have 2n = 72, or multiples of this value, as the most frequent numbers, Trichomanes and Cephalomanes mainly have 2n = 64 (or multiples), and Didymoglossum has mostly 2n = 68 (or multiples). We hope that this review will assist in the development of future research, seeking a better understanding of evolution and taxonomy for the Hymenophyllaceae. 45 studies However information subgenera acquisition 1 characteristics n 2 35 C 2147 21 47 21.4 732 73 73. Callistopteris Polyphlebium Vandenboschia 72 value numbers 6 multiples, , multiples) multiples. . 4 3 214 21. 7

Abstract Polyploidy is often related with phenotypic variation, as observed in Herbertia lahue, a geophyte species. This study examined the H. lahue polyploid series and departure in cytogenetic, morphometric, and pollen data. Diploids (2n=2x=14) present bimodal karyotype with two long and five short chromosome pairs, while hexaploids (2n=6x=42) and octoploids (2n=8x=56) present a gradual decrease in chromosome size. All cytotypes have CMA+/DAPI- bands co-localized with 18S rDNA sites in the satellite region (no DAPI+ bands in any cytotype). Unlike diploids and octoploids, 5S rDNA interstitial sites in hexaploids are not in a syntenic position with 18S rDNA sites. Genome size is effective as an indirect predictor of the cytotypes since 2C-values increased according to ploidy level. The reduction in the number of the rDNA sites in polyploids associated with their lower 1Cx-values compared to diploids may suggest a genome downsizing process. Morphometric analysis revealed significant differences among cytotypes, and discriminant analysis identified three morphometric groupings corresponding to the cytotypes. The phenotypic variation observed in pollen grains, bulbs, and ovary characters suggested the gigas effect. Concluding, remarkable differentiation was observed at both genomic and phenotypic characters in all the cytotypes analyzed, suggesting a possible ongoing speciation process in H. lahue. species H cytogenetic data 2n=2x=14 2n2x14 nx 2n 2x 14 n x (2n=2x=14 pairs 2n=6x=42 2n6x42 6x 42 (2n=6x=42 2n=8x=56 2n8x56 8x 56 (2n=8x=56 CMA+/DAPI CMADAPI CMA DAPI colocalized co localized S no cytotype. cytotype . cytotype) 2Cvalues Cvalues 2C values C level 1Cxvalues Cxvalues 1Cx Cx grains bulbs effect Concluding analyzed 2n=2x=1 2n2x1 1 (2n=2x=1 2n=6x=4 2n6x4 4 (2n=6x=4 2n=8x=5 2n8x5 5 (2n=8x=5 2n=2x= 2n2x (2n=2x= 2n=6x= 2n6x (2n=6x= 2n=8x= 2n8x (2n=8x= 2n=2x (2n=2x 2n=6x (2n=6x 2n=8x (2n=8x

ABSTRACT Grassland ecosystems present patterns of plant-pollinator interactions that may be linked to habitat heterogeneity, plant composition and disturbances. Most studies about plant-pollinator interactions in the Neotropics were conducted in forest, savanna-like, or Andean vegetation. However, the current increase in the number of studies about interactions in grassland vegetation promises a better understanding of the pollination ecology of these landscapes. In this systematic review, we summarised information from 24 articles about plant-pollinator interactions in South Brazilian grasslands. We highlighted patterns of plant-pollinator interactions, indicating their particularities compared to other grassland communities in South America. Bees are important pollinators of many plant species in these grasslands and most plants are visited by more than one group of pollinators. Among the plant species visited by a single pollinator group, most were visited by bees. However, many types of pollinators, plant species, habitats, and regions have, thus far, received little sampling effort. Pollination by groups other than bees, such as nocturnal pollinators, flies, beetles, and birds, is particularly understudied. The information provided in this review summarizes data that could be used to foster more detailed pollination studies to understand the diversification and maintenance of grassland floras of South Brazil.

ABSTRACT South Brazilian grasslands are among the most species-rich grasslands worldwide yet they have been suffering ongoing degradation due to land-use. Little is known about the reproductive ecology of the native species of these grasslands. Thus, our goal was to characterize seed traits and germination requirements of three native species of the tribe Tigridieae (Iridaceae, Iridoideae) due to its richness in the Pampa biome and the contrasting morphology, cytogenetics, and geographic distributions of its representatives. We tested if closely related species possess similar seed traits and whether species with wider distributions have broader germination requirements. Seed production and mass were estimated, and morphological analyses, germination experiments and viability tests were performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe correlations between seed traits and species’ distributions. Germination was assessed using time-to-event analysis and the Cox model. All seed traits differed among the analyzed species/cytotypes. Final germination percentage (FGP) averaged 39.1 % and with overall viability of 89.9 %. Germination tests showed that seeds benefit from negative photoblasty. Species/cytotypes with wider distributions and heavier and larger seeds generally had better germination performances than narrower distributed species/cytotypes with lighter and smaller seeds.

A família Polygalaceae está representada por cinco gêneros no Sul do Brasil: Acanthocladus, Bredemeyera, Monnina, Polygala e Securidaca. O gênero Polygala é o mais abundante da família Polygalaceae, com aproximadamente 725 espécies mundialmente distribuídas nos mais diversos ambientes. Na flora brasileira são conhecidos 140 táxons de Polygala. Foram reconhecidas 39 espécies de Polygala para a região Sul do Brasil, pertencentes aos subgêneros Hebeclada, Ligustrina e Polygala, sendo o último o que concentra o maior número de espécies, 31. São fornecidas descrições dos táxons, ilustrações, chaves de identificação, dados sobre hábitat, distribuição geográfica e observações ecológicas.

In Southern Brazil, the Polygalaceae family is represented by five genera: Acanthocladus, Bredemeyera, Monnina, Polygala, and Securidaca. The genus Polygala is the largest of the Polygalaceae family, with approximately 725 species widely distributed in the world, in all types of environment. Approximately 140 taxa of Polygala are known in the Brazilian flora. The survey recorded 39 species of Polygala to Southern Brazil, representing the subgenera Hebeclada, Ligustrina and Polygala, the last one with 31 species. Full descriptions, illustrations, analytical keys, data on habitat, geographic distribution, and ecological observations are provided.

O trabalho trata do estudo taxonômico do gênero Monnina na Região Sul do Brasil. A metodologia apresentou uma revisão bibliográfica e de herbários nacionais e internacionais, coletas nos Estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, bem como observações das espécies em seus diferentes ambientes de ocorrência. Foram reconhecidas nove espécies para a Região Sul do Brasil: Monnina cardiocarpa A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. cuneata A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. dictyocarpa Griseb., M. itapoanensis Vianna & Marques, M. oblongifolia Arechav., M. resedoides A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. richardiana A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. stenophylla A. St.-Hil. & Moq. e M. tristaniana A. St.-Hil. & Moq. Neste trabalho são fornecidas descrições dos táxons, ilustrações, chaves analíticas, hábitat, distribuição geográfica, observações ecológicas e comentários adicionais.

Here we present a taxonomic study of the genus Monnina in Southern Brazil, based on a literature survey and herbaria revision, field work in Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states, and observation of specimens in their native habitats. Nine species were recognized for Southern Brazil: Monnina cardiocarpa A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. cuneata A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. dictyocarpa Griseb., M. itapoanensis Vianna & Marques, M. oblongifolia Arechav., M. resedoides A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. richardiana A. St.-Hil. & Moq., M. stenophylla A. St.-Hil. & Moq. and M. tristaniana A. St.-Hil. & Moq. Descriptions, illustrations, analytical keys, data on habitat, geographic distribution, ecological observations and additional comments are presented.