A determinação da habilidade competitiva de cultivares de cevada com plantas daninhas torna-se relevante para a adoção do método de manejo cultural; desse modo, podemse diminuir os custos de produção, bem como os impactos ambientais causados por outros métodos de manejo, como o químico. Este trabalho comparou as habilidades competitivas relativas de três cultivares de cevada e um biótipo de azevém. Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação na estação de crescimento 2008/09, utilizando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série de substituição e constituíram-se de cinco proporções de plantas de cevada e do azevém competidor com a cultura: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100. A cevada foi representada pelos cultivares BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, e o competidor, pelo azevém. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos, mais uso de índices de competitividade relativa. As variáveis estudadas foram: afilhamento, estatura, área foliar e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. O azevém afetou o afilhamento, a área foliar e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea de plantas dos cultivares de cevada BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, demonstrando grande habilidade competitiva com a cultura pelos recursos disponíveis no meio. Entre os cultivares de cevada avaliados, BRS Elis foi o mais competitivo na presença do azevém, que é uma das espécies daninhas que necessitam de controle mesmo quando presente em baixas proporções na cultura da cevada.

Characterization of the competitive ability of barley varieties against weed species is relevant for the adoption of the cultural method of weed control; thus, it is possible to reduce both the production costs and environmental impacts caused by other management methods, including the use of chemicals. This work assessed the competitive ability of barley varieties against ryegrass. Trials were installed under greenhouse conditions at the 2008/2009 cropping season, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series design constituted by five proportions of plants of both species: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Barley varieties BRS Greta, BRS Elis and BRS 225 were tested against ryegrass as the competitor. The competitive analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to the substitutive design, plus determination of relative competitiveness indexes. Plant height, tillering, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of ryegrass reduced tillering, leaf area and dry mass accumulation for all varieties of barley tested, showing to be an aggressive competitor. Among the barley varieties tested, BRS Elis showed the highest competitive ability against ryegrass. Ryegrass requires the adoption of control techniques even when present at low proportions in the field.

We examined the effect of exercise training (Ex) without (Ex 0%) or with a 3% workload (Ex 3%) on different cardiac and renal parameters in renovascular hypertensive (2K1C) male Fisher rats weighing 150-200 g. Ex was performed for 5 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. Ex 0% or Ex 3% induced similar attenuation of baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP, 119 ± 5 mmHg in 2K1C Ex 0%, N = 6, and 118 ± 5 mmHg in 2K1C Ex 3%, N = 11, vs 99 ± 4 mmHg in sham sedentary (Sham Sed) controls, N = 10) and heart rate (HR, bpm) (383 ± 13 in 2K1C Ex 0%, N = 6, and 390 ± 14 in 2K1C Ex 3%, N = 11 vs 371 ± 11 in Sham Sed, N = 10,). Ex 0%, but not Ex 3%, improved baroreflex bradycardia (0.26 ± 0.06 ms/mmHg, N = 6, vs 0.09 ± 0.03 ms/mmHg in 2K1C Sed, N = 11). Morphometric evaluation suggested concentric left ventricle hypertrophy in sedentary 2K1C rats. Ex 0% prevented concentric cardiac hypertrophy, increased cardiomyocyte diameter and decreased cardiac vasculature thickness in 2K1C rats. In contrast, in 2K1C, Ex 3% reduced the concentric remodeling and prevented the increase in cardiac vasculature wall thickness, decreased the cardiomyocyte diameter and increased collagen deposition. Renal morphometric analysis showed that Ex 3% induced an increase in vasculature wall thickness and collagen deposition in the left kidney of 2K1C rats. These data suggest that Ex 0% has more beneficial effects than Ex 3% in renovascular hypertensive rats.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos de ametryn e trifloxysulfuronsodium, em aplicações isoladas ou em mistura, sobre as características associadas à eficiência do uso da água em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram compostas pelos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pela mistura formulada de ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, aplicados aos 65 dias após o plantio, além de uma testemunha sem presença de plantas daninhas; e as subparcelas, pelos genótipos RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB867515, RB947520 e SP80-1816. Decorridos 15 dias da aplicação dos herbicidas, foram realizadas as avaliações de condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs), gradiente entre temperatura da folha e do ar (ΔT) e taxa de transpiração (E), sendo calculada ainda a eficiência do uso da água (WUE). Foi determinada também a matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. O genótipo RB855113 foi o que apresentou maiores danos à eficiência do uso da água e transpiração, sendo, por isso, considerado o mais sensível aos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium, enquanto os genótipos SP80-1816 e RB867515 estiveram entre os mais tolerantes. Condutância estomática, temperatura da folha, transpiração e eficiência de uso da água são características eficientes para identificar danos de herbicidas a plantas cultivadas, principalmente aqueles com efeito sobre a taxa fotossintética. Os genótipos de cana-de-açúcar avaliados diferiram quanto à sensibilidade aos herbicidas aplicados; as variedades SP80-1816 e RB867515 destacaram-se como as menos afetadas pelo ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium, isolados ou em mistura, enquanto RB855113 foi a mais sensível.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied alone or in mixture, on the characteristics associated to water use efficiency in sugarcane varieties under field conditions. The trial was installed in a completely randomized block design with split-plots and four replications. Plots were composed by the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium or a commercial mixture of ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied 65 days after planting, plus a control mechanically free of weed infestation; split-plots were composed by sugarcane varieties (RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB867515, RB947520 and SP80-1816). Fifteen days after herbicide application, stomatal conductance (Gs), temperature gradient between leaf and air (DT) and transpiration rate (E) were evaluated, and water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained as a function of photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Plant shoots were also collected for dry matter determination. Variety RB855113 presented the greatest damage to water use efficiency and transpiration and was thus considered the most sensitive to ametryn and trifloxysulfuron, while varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the most tolerant. In these varieties, herbicides caused only minor changes in water use efficiency and thermal gradient. Stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, transpiration and water use efficiency were effective in identifying herbicide damage to crops, mainly those caused by photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides; sugarcane genotypes showed a different behavior in relation to herbicide susceptibility and varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the less affected by the herbicide treatments; on the other hand, RB855113 was the most severely affected.