Obesity is one of the rising public health problems characterized as a risk factor for many chronic diseases in adulthood. Early life events such as intrauterine growth restriction, as well as life style, are associated with an increased prevalence of this disease. The present study was performed to determine if intrauterine growth restriction interacts with overweight at primary school age to affect body mass index (BMI) in young adults. From June 1, 1978 to May 31, 1979, 6827 singleton liveborns from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, corresponding to 98% of all births at the 8 maternity hospitals, were examined and their mothers were interviewed. Samples from the initial cohort were examined again at primary school age (8 to 11 years of age) and at the time of military service (18 years of age). There were 519 male individuals with complete measurements taken in the three surveys. Intrauterine growth-restricted individuals had a BMI 0.68 kg/m² lower than that of individuals who were not restricted (95%CI = -1.34 to -0.03) and overweight at primary school age showed a positive and strong effect on BMI at 18 years of age (coefficient 5.03, 95%CI = 4.27 to 5.79). However, the increase in BMI was much higher - 6.90 kg/m² - when the conscript had been born with intrauterine growth restriction and presented overweight at primary school age (95%CI = 4.55 to 9.26). These findings indicate that the effect of intrauterine growth restrictionon BMI at 18 years of age is modified by later weight gain during school age.

An Autonomous Mobile Robot battery driven, with two traction wheels and a steering wheel is being developed. This Robot central control is regulated by an IPC, which controls every function of security, steering, positioning localization and driving. Each traction wheel is operated by a DC motor with independent control system. This system is made up of a chopper, an encoder and a microcomputer. The IPC transmits the velocity values and acceleration ramp references to the PIC microcontrollers. As each traction wheel control is independent, it's possible to obtain different speed values for each wheel. This process facilities the direction and drive changes. Two different strategies for speed velocity control were implemented; one works with PID, and the other with fuzzy logic. There were no changes in circuits and feedback control, except for the PIC microcontroller software. Comparing the two different speed control strategies the results were equivalent. However, in relation to the development and implementation of these strategies, the difficulties were bigger to implement the PID control.

O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa-CNPAF, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), em Latossolo Vermelho perférrico textura argilosa, submetido a três sistemas de preparo, durante seis anos consecutivos (1992-1998), e cultivado com milho no verão e feijão no inverno, sob irrigação por pivô central. O objetivo foi determinar, para diferentes características químicas do solo, a profundidade de amostragem no sistema plantio direto que apresenta valores correspondentes aos obtidos na profundidade de amostragem recomendada para o solo preparado com arado (sistema convencional) e com grade aradora. As amostras foram coletadas com 40repetições em cada sistema de preparo: nas profundidades de 0-10, 0-20, 5-20 e 10-20cm no solo sob plantio direto, 0-20cm sob preparo com arado de aiveca e 0-15cm sob grade aradora. Empregou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os valores de P e de K apresentaram as maiores variabilidades e os de pH, as menores. Para pH, Ca, Mg e K, a amostragem na profundidade de 0-10cm de solo no plantio direto apresentou valores semelhantes aos obtidos na profundidade de 0-20cm no sistema convencional com arado. Para o P, a profundidade de amostragem no plantio direto que teve o mesmo valor de disponibilidade do elemento no sistema convencional foi a de 10-20cm.

This study was carried out at EMBRAPA-CNPAF, Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), Brazil, in a clayey Oxisol, under three soil tillage systems, from 1992 to 1998.Corn was grown in the summer and common bean in the winter, under center pivot sprinkler irrigation.The objective was to compare the values of pH, Ca, Mg, P, and K of the soil, sampled at different depths under no-tillage to those from soil under moldboard plough tillage (conventional) and harrow tillage.Forty replicates were collected at 0-10, 0-20, 5-20, and 10-20cm soil depth under no-tillage, 0-20cm soil depth under moldboard plough tillage, and 0-15cm soil depth under harrow tillage.The Tukey test was used to compare the means of the chemical characteristics.The values of pH, Ca, Mg, and K varied according to the tillage system.The P and K had the highest variability while pH had the lowest.Sampling at 0-20cm depth under moldboard plough tillage showed pH, Ca, Mg, and K values similar to sampling at 0-10cm depth under no-tillage.For P, the correspondent sample depth under no-tillage was 10-20cm.

Este trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), em Latossolo Vermelho perférrico, sob pivô central, por seis anos consecutivos, durante os quais se efetuaram 12 cultivos. Estudaram-se os efeitos de quatro sistemas de preparo do solo e seis rotações de culturas sobre o pH em água, Al e Ca + Mg trocáveis, teor de matéria orgânica, P extraível e K trocável . Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de preparo: arado/grade, arado, grade e plantio direto; as subparcelas, pelas rotações: (a) arroz-feijão, (b) milho-feijão, (c) soja-trigo, (d) soja-trigo-soja-feijão-arroz-feijão, (e) arroz consorciado com calopogônio-feijão e (f) milho-feijão-milho-feijão-arroz-feijão. As rotações a, b, c e e foram anuais e as d e f, trienais. As diferenças observadas entre os sistemas de preparo do solo, quanto aos valores de pH, Al e Ca + Mg trocáveis, deveram-se à profundidade de mobilização do solo e à incorporação do calcário. A distribuição do K trocável e do P extraível no perfil do solo variou com a profundidade do solo mobilizada pelos diferentes sistemas de preparo, especialmente no caso do P, em que a menor mobilização causou maior concentração na camada superficial. Os sistemas de rotação que incluíram soja propiciaram maiores valores de pH e Ca + Mg trocáveis e menores de Al trocável. Os sistemas de preparo do solo e de rotação mantiveram, após 12 cultivos, teores de matéria orgânica do solo semelhantes aos iniciais.

An experiment, covering 12 cultivations, was carried out at Embrapa Rice & Beans Research Center, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil, in an Oxisol under center pivot, for six consecutive years. The effects of four soil tillage systems and six crop rotations on pH in water, exchangeable Al and Ca + Mg, organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K were evaluated, using a completely randomized design, in a splitplot arrangement, with three replications. The tillage treatments were: moldboard plough/harrow disc, moldboard plough, harrow disc, and no-tillage. Tillage treatments constituted the main plots and the rotation treatments, the subplots. The crop rotations were: (a) upland rice-common bean, (b) corn-common bean, (c) soybean-wheat, (d) soybean-wheat-soybean-common bean-upland rice-common bean, (e) upland rice associated to calopogonium-common bean, and (f) corn-common bean-corn-common bean-upland rice-common bean. Crop rotations a, b, c, and e were annuals and d and f were of three years'duration. Differences observed among soil tillage treatments in relation to pH and exchangeable Al and Ca + Mg were due to the depth of soil turnover and lime incorporation. The distribution of exchangeable K and extractable P in the soil profile varied with the depth of soil turnover. Tillage systems that cause less soil turnover improved P concentration at upper soil surface layer. Crop rotations including soybean showed higher pH and exchangeable Ca + Mg and lower exchangeable Al than other rotations. Soil tillage systems and rotations maintained soil organic matter at initial level after 12 cultivations.

O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), em Latossolo Vermelho perférrico, sob pivô central, por seis anos consecutivos, durante os quais se efetuaram 12 cultivos. Estudaram-se os efeitos de quatro sistemas de preparo do solo e seis rotações de culturas sobre a densidade e porosidade do solo. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de preparo: arado/grade, arado, grade e plantio direto e as subparcelas pelas rotações: (a) arroz-feijão, (b) milho-feijão, (c) soja-trigo, (d) soja-trigo-soja-feijão-arroz-feijão, (e) arroz consorciado com calopogônio-feijão e (f) milho-feijão-milho-feijão-arroz-feijão. As rotações a, b, c e e foram anuais e as d e f, trienais. O plantio direto ocasionou maior valor de densidade do solo e menores de porosidade total e macroporosidade na camada superficial, enquanto o preparo do solo com grade aradora propiciou o menor valor de densidade e maior de porosidade total. Nas camadas mais profundas, o preparo do solo com arado de aiveca propiciou os menores valores de densidade do solo e maiores de porosidade total e macroporosidade. Na camada superficial do solo, os sistemas de rotação que incluíram soja e trigo levaram a maiores valores de densidade do solo e microporosidade e menores de macroporosidade, enquanto o sistema arroz consorciado com calopogônio-feijão propiciou maior valor de macroporosidade e menor de microporosidade.

This study, covering 12 cultivations, was carried out at Embrapa Rice & Beans Research Center, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil, in an Oxisol, under center pivot, for six consecutive years. The effects of four soil tillage systems and six crop rotations on bulk density and soil porosity were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, using a splitplot arrangement, with three replications. The tillage treatments were: moldboard plough/harrow disc, moldboard plough, harrow disc, and no-tillage. Tillage treatments constituted the main plots and rotation treatments, the subplots. The crop rotations were: (a) upland rice-common bean, (b) corn-common bean, (c) soybean-wheat, (d) soybean-wheat-soybean-common bean-upland rice-common bean, (e) upland rice associated to calopogonium-common bean, and (f) corn-common bean-corn-common bean-upland rice-common bean. Crop rotations a, b, c, and e were annuals and d and f were of three years'duration. The soil under no-tillage at the surface layer (0-10 cm) showed the highest bulk density value and the lowest total porosity and macroporosity values. Whereas the soil under harrow treatment showed the lowest bulk density and the highest total porosity values. Under moldboard plough, the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers had the lowest bulk density values and the highest total porosity and macroporosity values. On the surface layer, crop rotations composed by soybean and wheat showed the highest bulk density and microporosity values and the lowest macroporosity values while the crop rotation composed by upland rice associated to calopogonium and common bean showed the highest macroporosity value and the lowest microporosity value .

RESUMO Foram estudados 300 pacientes (100 em Brasília, 100 em São Paulo e 100 em Teresina), de 40 a 89 anos, 50% mulheres, nos meses de junho a agosto de 1993, com o objetivo de determinar a freqüência de olho seco e avaliar a influência de fatores ambientais: temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Foram coletados dados de identificação, fatores ambientais, sintomatologia e realizada avaliação biomicroscópica, testes de Schirmer I, Rosa Bengala e break up time (BUT). Dos 200 olhos examinados em cada cidade, foram encontrados 38 olhos em Brasília, 30 em São Paulo e 2 em Teresina com teste de Schirmer I positivo; 2 olhos em Brasília, 37 em São Paulo e 10 em Teresina com Rosa Bengala positivo; 136 olhos em Brasília, 60 em São Paulo e 14 em Teresina com BUT positivo. A temperatura média em Brasília foi de 21ºC, variando de 14ºC a 29ºC; em São Paulo a média foi de 17,5ºC, variando de 12ºC a 23ºC; e em Teresina a média foi de 30ºC, variando de 28ºC a 32ºC. A umidade relativa do ar média em Brasília foi de 49,5, variando de 12% a 87%; a média em São Paulo foi de 70,5%, variando de 43% a 98%; a média em Teresina foi de 58%, variando de 46% a 70%. Foram determinados como olhos secos aqueles olhos que apresentaram pelo menos 2 dos 3 testes positivos (Schirmer I 5mm, Rosa Bengala II ou II e BUT, 10 segundos). Foram constatados 49 olhos secos em Brasília, 42 em São Paulo e 5 em Teresina. Os resultados não mostram a influência da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar na síndrome do olho seco. Os casos positivos foram mais freqüentes em mulheres, em média de 60%. Pacientes mais jovens em São Paulo apresentaram uma incidência maior de olhos secos, fato atribuido talvez a fatores do meio ambiente não avaliados, possivelmente a poluição do ar. O número de pacientes com sintomas visuais foi maior em Brasília, fato atribuído à baixa umidade relativa do ar.

SUMMARY A series of individuais (age range 40 to 89 years), 50% women (100 in Brasília, 100 in São Paulo and 100 in Teresina) was studied from June to August 1993, with the purpose of determining the frequency of dry eye and the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity of the air. Identification and environment factors were collected as well as biomicroscopic evaluation, Schirmer I test, Rose Bengal and the determination of break up time (BUT) performed. Out of the 200 eyes examined in each city, it has was found 38 eyes in Brasília, 30 in São Paulo and 2 in Teresina with a positive Schirmer I test; 22 eyes in Brasília, 37 in São Paulo and 10 in Teresina presented a positive Rose Bengal; and 136 eyes in Brasília, 60 eyes in São Paulo and 14 in Teresina presented a positive BUT. The average temperatures were: Brasília 21ºC (range l4ºC to 29ºC), São Paulo 17,5ºC (range 12ºC to 23ºC) and Teresina 30ºC (range 28ºC to 32ºC) The average relative humidities were: Brasília 49,5% (range 12% to 87%), São Paulo 70,5% (range 43% to 98%) and Teresina 58% (range 46% to 70%). Dry eye was as the ones with at least 2 positive tests out of the 3 (Schirmer I<5mm, Rose Bengal II or III and BUT<10 Seconds). According to those parameters 44 dry eyes in Brasília, 42 in São Paulo and 5 in Teresina were found. The results did not show the injluence of the temperature or the relative humidity of the air in the diagnosis of the dry eye syndrome.