RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever as origens, distribuições e ramificações dos nervos isquiáticos no tamanduá-bandeira, disponibilizando, assim, dados anatômicos que possam não só elucidar os aspectos evolutivos como também fornecer informações importantes para áreas afins. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes preparados por meio da perfusão de formaldeído 10% via artéria femoral, para conservação e dissecação. As origens dos nervos isquiáticos direito e esquerdo no tamanduá-bandeira foram provenientes dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais lombares três e sacrais um, dois e três, sendo simétricos em todos os animais estudados. As distribuições e ramificações ocorreram nos músculos glúteos superficial, médio e profundo; gêmeo; piriforme; quadrado femoral; tensor da fáscia lata; abdutor crural caudal; bíceps femoral parte cranial; bíceps femoral parte caudal; adutor; semitendíneo; semimembranáceo parte cranial e semimembranáceo parte caudal. Notou-se que houve uma migração caudal na localização deste nervo nos animais mais recentes na escala evolutiva, devido a uma reconfiguração do plexo lombossacral decorrente do aumento no número de vértebras lombares, não havendo uma homologia total quanto à inervação dos músculos.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to describe the origin, distribution, and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater and to provide anatomical data which could explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information for other related works. For the present study, four specimens were used, prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde solution via the femoral artery, for conservation and dissection. The origin of the right and left ischiadicus nerves in the giant anteater from the ventral ramification of the third lumbar (L3) and the first (S1), second (S2), and third (S3) sacral spinal nerves. These nerves were symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred to the superficial, middle, and deep gluteal, gemelli, piriform, quadratus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, caudal crural abductor, cranial and caudal parts of the biceps femoris, adductor, semitendinous, and cranial and caudal parts of the semimembranous muscles. Based on the origins of the ischiadicus nerves, there is a caudal migration in the nerve location in animals in a more recent position on the evolutionary scale due to reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus, resulting from the increase in a number of lumbar vertebrae. There is no complete homology of the muscle innervation.

One of the main activities in the medical forensic area is the evaluation of aesthetic damage. There are different methods reported in the literature to perform this evaluation, but only three are intended solely for the aesthetic damage caused by scarring. We propose, in this paper, a method for evaluation the damage forensic aesthetic scars: initially three parameters are evaluated and given a numerical value: the area of the body, the length in cm and distance at which the scar is seen. Each of these parameters is pondered differently in the overall evaluation of aesthetic damage. The result may be increased or decreased depending on the degree of deformity and scar color, applying a crossed table. The final result (out of 100) can be divided by two to assimilate the RDL 8/2004 containing the scale, currently applicable to the assessment of the consequences of an accident.

Una de las principales actividades en el ámbito médico forense es la valoración del perjuicio estético. Son diferentes los métodos recogidos en la literatura para efectuar esta valoración, pero sólo tres son dirigidos exclusivamente al daño estético ocasionado por cicatrices. Proponemos en este trabajo un método para la valoración médico legal del perjuicio estético por cicatrices: inicialmente se valoran y puntúan tres parámetros: zona del cuerpo donde está la cicatriz, longitud en centímetros y distancia a la que se ve la cicatriz. Cada uno de estos parámetros se pondera de forma diferente en la valoración global del perjuicio estético. El resultado podrá incrementarse o reducirse en función del grado de deformidad y del color de la cicatriz, aplicando una tabla cruzada. La puntuación final (sobre 100) se puede dividir por dos para asimilarla al RD Legislativo 8/2004 que contiene el baremo, actualmente vigente para la valoración de secuelas de un accidente de tráfico.

Background: The effects of aging on people must be evaluated to adequate sanitary actions. Aim: To assess the characteristics of older subjects living in Antofagasta, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of 602 subjects without dementia, aged more than 60 years (55% females). A socioeconomic and medical history was obtained and Barthel, Lawton, Yesavage depression, Tromp fall risk and Folstein Mini mental scales were applied. Results: Sixty eight percent of subjects had more than six years of studies. Forty six percent had hypertension, 28% had osteoarticular problems, 20% had hypercholesterolemia and 17% diabetes mellitus. Four percent had depression and falls were reported by 35%. Seventy four percent were independent in basic and instrumental activities. Ninety four percent had normal cognitive functions. Age was an important determinant of functional capacity. Conclusions: The main problems detected in this sample were the risk of falls and the presence of chronic diseases.

Background: Petcoke is a remmant of the oil refiningprocess that contains Ni and other heavy metáis. Undesired human exposure to these compounds may result from petcoke combustión in plants located in the vicinity ofthe cities. Aim: To compare levéis of urinary Ni in schoolchildren residing in cities exposed and not exposed to petcoke pollution. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was done in schoolchildren aged 7 to 8 years oíd in two cities in northern Chile: Mejillones (n = 59), near to a petcoke plant and Tocopilla (n = 56) as the reference city. First, morning urinary samples were collected and urinary Ni was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Socioeconomic and environmental exposure information of families was obtained applying a questionnaire to parents. Múltiple linear regression was performed to identify other variables that may explain urinary Ni differences among the cities. Results: Median level of Ni was higher in Mejillones (4.9 fig/L) than in Tocopilla (3.9 fig/L). Residing in the exposed city was the most important explaining factor (B = 0.26; IC 0.107 - 0.428). Additionally years of residency was associated with urinary Ni (B = 0.03; IC 0.004 - 0.060). Conclusions: Urinary Ni in schoolchildren is higher in the city exposed to petcoke emissions. The difference does not imply that there are concrete hazards for the population s health. However, it warns about the existence of a higher exposure in places where petcoke is used.

Tuberculosis rates in Chile are higher than expected during the last years. This is directly related to the increase of immunodeficiency associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is the sixth in frequency of extra pulmonary localizations. We report an HIV(+) 55 year-old male, that presented with fever and epigastric pain. In an upper GI endoscopy small elevated lesions were described in the esophagus. Pathological study was suggestive of tuberculous infection. The definitive diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis was obtained by a PCR test of the biopsy sample. Antituberculous therapy was started and one year later there was a regression but not disappearance of esophageal lesions and granulomas in the pathological study

É discutido o fenômeno da fotoluminescência à temperatura ambiente observada em compostos amorfos do tipo (TR)NiO3 (TR = La, Y, Er, Ho, Nd e La1-xYx). Pós com essas composições foram preparados a partir de precursores poliméricos. A presença de uma banda de emissão fotoluminescente larga à temperatura ambiente está associada ao aumento da ordenação estrutural com a adição de íons de terras raras ao sistema.

The nature of visible photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature in amorphous (RE)NiO3 (RE=La, Y, Er, Ho, Nd and La1-xYx) is discussed. Powders of this system were prepared by the polymeric precursor technique. The presence of broad PL band emission spectra at room temperature indicated increasing structural order with addition of rare earth elements.

Óxido de ferro foi dopado com íons de terras raras (ítrio e lantânio) para a produção de pigmentos cerâmicos com colorações que variaram de laranja a marrom. Os pigmentos foram produzidos na forma de pós sintetizados pelo método Pechini a partir de precursores poliméricos e calcinados entre 900 ºC e 1100 ºC. Os materiais resultantes foram caracterizados por BET, difração de raios X, colorimetria, UV-visível, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), análise granulométrica e térmica. A cor dos pós de La/Fe foi alterada a medida que a temperatura de calcinação aumentou de 900 ºC a 1100 ºC. As correspondentes coordenadas colorimétricas L* a* b* mudaram de 49,003; 10,541; 12,609 para 31,279; 6,096; 6,877. Por outro lado pós do sistema Y/Fe demonstraram maior estabilidade colorimétrica com a mudança da temperatura de calcinação. Nesse caso, as coordenadas colorimétricas L* a* b* mudaram de 45,230; 17,315; 28,750 para 51,631; 15,726; 25,825. O tamanho do íon de terra rara usado na dopagem também afetou a estrutura do material. A presença de lantânio estabilizou a estrutura perovisquita ABO3 após calcinação a 900 °C, enquanto a adição de ítrio resultou em uma mistura de óxidos calcinados.

Iron oxide has been doped with rare earth ions (yttrium or lanthanum) aiming at producing ceramic pigments with hues that vary from orange to brown. The powders were synthesized from polymeric precursors using the Pechini method and subsequently calcined between 900 and 1100 ºC. The resulting pigments were characterized by BET, X ray diffraction, colorimetric analysis, UV-visible, infrared (FTIR), particle size distribution and thermal analysis. The color depicted by La/Fe powders changed as the calcination temperature increased from 900 ºC to 1100 ºC, as established by the corresponding changes in the values of the colorimetric coordinates from L* a* b* = 49.003, 10.541, 12.609 to L* a* b* = 31.279, 6.096, 6.877. On the other hand, Y/Fe powders were little affected by similar changes in the calcination temperature, revealing the effect of yttrium on the color stability of the powder. The values of the colorimetric coordinates in this case varied from L* a* b* = 45.230, 17.315, 28.750 to L* a* b* =51.631, 15.726, 25.825. Structural changes were also noticed as a function of the size of the rare earth ion added to the structure. Upon calcination at 900°C, lanthanum stabilized the ABO3-type perovskite structure whereas the presence of yttrium resulted in a mixture of oxides.