Abstract Microalloyed steels have a maximum of 2% in alloying elements and are used in the automotive and petrochemical industries. The microstructure and mechanical properties of these steels depend on chemical composition, processing and addition of molybdenum, niobium, titanium and vanadium. To evaluate the molybdenum effect in microstructure and mechanical properties, two microalloyed steels, with similar levels of niobium, titanium and vanadium, were prepared and forged. The steels have 0.056 and 0.160 percent by weight of molybdenum. The bars were homogenized, quenched and tempered. The specimens were machined for tensile and impact tests, hardness and microstructural analyzes by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. The ThermoCalc software was used to evaluate the carbides characteristics. The results show that steel with 0.160% Mo presents greater amount of bainite and austenite retained. It’s possible that formation of carbides by the secondary hardening mechanism increase in mechanical strength and a reduction in toughness.

The HSLA (High-Strength Low Alloy) steels are used in the production of pipes, flanges and connectors to build ducts for ore, oil and gas transport. The conventional processes are the rolling or forging. In the transport of ore and heavy oil, the abrasive particles impair the surfaces and reduce the pipelines lifetime. Therefore, besides the mechanical properties as API 5L, it is important to verify the wear resistance of these steels. In this context, two microalloyed steels were forged in the form of square bars. Thereafter, specimens of these bars were annealed at 930 ºC, quenched at 900 ºC and tempered at 600 ºC. Tensile and wear tests were performed. The results show that molybdenum and niobium present similar effects on phase transformation of steels, promoting a desired acicular ferrite/bainite microstructure and fulfill the mechanical strength of API 5L-X70 standard. The molybdenum has dominating effect in the hardenability when in solid solution, however, after tempering, thermodynamic simulation by FactSage software indicates that niobium probably promotes secondary hardening.

RESUMO Nos aços microligados da série API (American Petroleum Institute) utilizados na fabricação de dutos de grande diâmetro, a resistência mecânica deve ser suficiente para suportar as elevadas pressões do fluido transportado na indústria petroquímica. O aumento da resistência mecânica e da tenacidade para permitir a operação da linha em pressões mais elevadas, sem a ocorrência de colapso da estrutura, é o principal requisito para os aços utilizados nestes dutos. No Brasil, as empresas produzem estes aços por meio da laminação de tiras a quente ou chapas grossas, com adição de nióbio, titânio e vanádio, conforme os requisitos da norma API 5L. Considerando a complexidade geométrica dos componentes utilizados na indústria petroquímica, tais como flanges e centralizadores de tubos, é importante desenvolver um processo alternativo para fabricação de acessórios com as exigências desta norma. Dentro deste contexto e com o objetivo de avaliar novas técnicas de processamento, foi elaborado um aço com composição química similar à de um API 5L X70. O metal líquido foi vazado em uma lingoteira e forjado em barras com secção quadrada. As barras foram recozidas e amostras foram cortadas para confecção de corpos de prova que foram submetidos à têmpera e revenimento em diferentes temperaturas. As análises microestruturais e propriedades mecânicas de dureza e tração, após os tratamentos térmicos, foram comparadas às existentes na literatura para tubos de aços laminados. Os resultados mostram que as condições dos tratamentos térmicos são importantes para desenvolver uma rota alternativa de forjamento controlado, para aços com características da norma API 5L.

ABSTRACT In API (American Petroleum Institute) microalloyed steels used in the manufacture of large diameter pipelines, the mechanical properties must be sufficient to withstand the high pressure of the transported fluid in the petrochemical industry. The increased of yield strength and toughness to allow operation at higher line pressure, without collapse of the structure, is the main requirement for these steels. In Brazil, industries produce these steels by hot rolling of strips or plates, with the addition of niobium, titanium and vanadium, as the requirements of API 5L standard. Due to the geometric complexity of the components, such as flanges and pipes connections, it is important to develop an alternative process for the manufacture of these accessories. Regarding this context and in order to evaluate a new processing, one steel was developed with chemical composition as an API 5L X70. The liquid metal was poured into an ingot mold and forged bars were manufactured with square section. The bars were annealed and samples were cut. The samples were submitted to quenching and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness measurements, microstructural analysis and mechanical properties, after quenching and tempering treatments were compared with literature results for the rolled steel tubes. Preliminary results show that the heat treatments conditions are important to develop an alternative route by controlled forging for steels, with standard API 5L characteristics.

Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels containing 0.2% and 0.5% niobium were evaluated with respect to the microstructures, microhardness, pitting potential resistance, electrochemical impedance and wearing tests. Niobium is an alphagenic element and has a great influence on phase transformation of duplex stainless steels. In the present investigation, the samples were annealed at 1050 ºC and aged at 850 ºC to promote the formation of sigma phase. The pitting potential resistance and electrochemical impedance were evaluated in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution. The wear coefficients were calculated by micro-wear tests conducted using a fixed ball machine and aluminum oxide as abrasive. The results show that the niobium content lead to increase on Laves phase formation. This phase, in association with the sigma phase, causes a significant increase in the hardness and wear resistance with a decrease on corrosion resistance of the austenitic-ferritic stainless steels.

Os aços inoxidáveis austeno-ferríticos apresentam melhor combinação de propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão que os inoxidáveis austeníticos e ferríticos. A microestrutura desses aços depende da composição química e tratamentos térmicos. Nos aços inoxidáveis austeno-ferríticos, a solidificação inicia a 1450ºC com a formação de ferrita, austenita a 1300ºC e fase sigma na faixa de 600 a 950ºC. Esta última compromete a resistência à corrosão e a tenacidade desses aços. Conforme a literatura, o nióbio tem grande influência na transformação de fases dos aços inoxidáveis austeno-ferríticos. Essa pesquisa avaliou o efeito do nióbio na microestrutura, dureza e resistência de transferência de carga de um aço inoxidável austeno-ferrítico. As amostras foram solubilizadas a 1050ºC e envelhecidas a 850ºC, para promover a formação da fase sigma. Os ensaios de corrosão foram realizados em meio de saliva artificial. Os resultados mostram que a adição de 0.5% Nb no aço provoca a formação da fase de Laves. Essa fase, associada à fase sigma, aumenta a dureza do aço, reduzindo, porém, os valores da resistência de transferência de carga.

The austenitic-ferritic stainless steels present a better combination of mechanical properties and stress corrosion resistance than the ferritic or austenitic ones. The microstructures of these steels depend on the chemical compositions and heat treatments. In these steels, solidification starts at about 1450ºC with the formation of ferrite, austenite at about 1300ºC and sigma phase in the range of 600 to 950ºC.The latter undertakes the corrosion resistance and the toughness of these steels. According to literature, niobium has a great influence in the transformation phase of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. This study evaluated the effect of niobium in the microstructure, microhardness and charge transfer resistance of one austenitic-ferritic stainless steel. The samples were annealed at 1050ºC and aged at 850ºC to promote formation of the sigma phase. The corrosion testes were carried out in artificial saliva solution. The addition of 0.5% Nb in the steel led to the formation of the Laves phase.This phase, associated with the sigma phase, increases the hardness of the steel, although with a reduction in the values of the charge transfer resistance.

OBJETIVO: desenvolver uma metodologia para fabricação de fios ortodônticos de aço inoxidável austeno-ferrítico SEW 410 Nr. 14517 por meio dos processos convencionais de laminação e trefilação. MÉTODOS: o aço austeno-ferrítico foi elaborado em um forno elétrico de indução. A qualidade dos fios foi avaliada por ensaios de tração e medidas de microdureza. A ductilidade e a manuseabilidade foram analisadas por meio da confecção de componentes ortodônticos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os valores encontrados mostraram que os fios de aço inoxidável austeno-ferrítico atenderam às normas BS 3507:1976 e ISO 5832-1, e apresentaram ótima ductilidade para confecção de componentes ortodônticos com dobras complexas.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method to manufacture austenitic-ferritic stainless steel orthodontic wires (SEW 410 Nr. 14517) using conventional rolling and wiredrawing processes. METHODS: Austenitic-ferritic steel was produced in an induction furnace. Traction trials and microhardness measurements were used to evaluate wire quality. Orthodontic parts were fabricated to assess ductility and malleability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Austenitic-ferritic stainless steel wires meet the BS 3507:1976 and ISO 5832-1 norms and have excellent ductility for the fabrication of orthodontic parts with complex folds.