RESUMO O estresse salino limita o crescimento e a fisiologia da capuchinha (Tropaeolum majus), devido a distúrbios bioquímicos, fisiológicos e anatômicos. A aplicação de ácido salicílico é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos prejudiciais do estresse salino, no entanto, em capuchinha os estudos são escassos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de ácido salicílico via foliar em capuchinha cultivada sob estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, referente a 0 (sem estresse) 50 (estresse salino moderado) e 100 (estresse salino severo) mM de NaCl e aplicação de 0, 0,5 e 1 mM de ácido salicílico, com seis repetições. O crescimento (altura de planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas), trocas gasosas (condutância estomática, fotossíntese, transpiração, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência intrínseca do uso da água, eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação) e os índices de clorofila e fluorescência da clorofila a foram avaliados. O estresse salino afetou as variáveis analisadas neste estudo. A aplicação de ácido salicílico teve um efeito positivo na mitigação dos efeitos do estresse salino severo, resultando em um aumento significativo no número de folhas, sendo a dose mais eficaz a concentração de 1 mM, levando ainda, a melhorias notáveis na eficiência no uso da água e na eficiência fotoquímica. No entanto, as demais combinações de salinidade e ácido salicílico reduziram o crescimento e as trocas gasosas nas plantas de capuchinha.

ABSTRACT Salt stress hampers the growth and physiology of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), due to biochemical, physiological, and anatomical disruptions. The application of salicylic acid stands as an alternative to alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress, but studies on nasturtium are scarce. Thus, the aim of present study was to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on nasturtium cultivated under salt stress. The experiment followed a completely randomized design in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with 0 (no stress), 50 (moderate salt stress), and 100 (severe salt stress) mM of NaCl, and application of 0, 0.5, and 1 mM of salicylic acid, each with six replications. Growth (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves), gas exchange (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency), as well as chlorophyll indices and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. Salt stress affected the variables analyzed in this study. The application of salicylic acid had a positive effect on mitigating the effects of severe salt stress, resulting in a significant increase in the number of leaves. The most effective dose was 1 mM, also leading to notable improvements in water use efficiency and photochemical efficiency. However, other combinations of salinity and salicylic acid reduced growth and gas exchange in nasturtium plants.

RESUMO As espécies do gênero Capsicum, principalmente pimentão, possuem grande relevância econômica e são amplamente consumidas em todo o mundo. A aplicação de dejetos animais como fertilizante orgânico é uma técnica simples e barata de distribuição de nutrientes ao solo. O esterco bovino em associação com substâncias húmicas pode estimular o metabolismo das plantas, resultando no aumento da absorção e assimilação de nutrientes. Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar doses de esterco bovino associado a substâncias húmicas para estimular o metabolismo vegetal, a morfofisiologia e a nutrição em pimentões. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3, referente a quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Substâncias húmicas (12 kg ha-1) estimularam as trocas gasosas, aumentando a fotossíntese líquida (34,2%), a condutância estomática (12,7%), a eficiência instantânea do uso da água (15,87%), a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (37,37%) e a eficiência efetiva da absorção conversão de energia (23,53%). O esterco bovino supriu adequadamente as necessidades nutricionais da cultura, enquanto as substâncias húmicas aumentaram o número e a espessura dos pelos radiculares do pimentão. A combinação de manejo mais eficaz para aumentar a atividade fotossintética em pimentões é 38 t ha-1 de esterco combinado com 8 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. As substâncias húmicas estimularam respostas morfofisiológicas positivas no cultivo de pimentão orgânico, o que resultou no aumento da produção.

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Capsicum, especially peppers, are economically important and widely consumed worldwide. The application of animal waste as organic fertilizer is a simple and cost-effective technique for applying nutrients to the soil. Combining cattle manure with humic substances can stimulate plant metabolism, resulting in increased nutrient absorption and assimilation. Therefore, the objective in this study was to evaluate doses of cattle manure combined with humic substances for stimulating plant metabolism and morphophysiological and nutritional processes in pepper plants. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement consisting of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances (12 kg ha-1) enhanced gas exchange, increasing net photosynthesis (34.2%), stomatal conductance (12.7%), instantaneous water use efficiency (15.87%), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (37.37%), and absorbed energy conversion efficiency (23.53%). Cattle manure adequately met the crop’s nutritional requirements, while humic substances increased the number and thickness of plant root hairs. The most effective combination to increase photosynthetic activity in pepper plants was 38 Mg ha-1 of cattle manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Humic substances stimulated positive morphophysiological responses in organic pepper crops, which resulted in increased production.

RESUMO O pimentão é uma olerícola de importância mundial. O uso de substâncias húmicas pode elevar a eficiência de absorção nutricional reduzindo a quantidade de resíduos orgânicos aplicados no solo. Assim sendo, objetivou-se avaliar doses de esterco bovino associadas a substâncias húmicas para elevar a produção de pimentão. O delineamento em blocos casualizados distribuído em arranjo fatorial com quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), quatro repetições foi utilizado. As substâncias húmicas influenciaram nas características produtivas, obtendo-se valores máximos de peso médio de fruto (140,02 g), diâmetro de fruto (75,73 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 8 g ha-1 de substâncias húmicas, como também, obteve-se valor máximo de comprimento de fruto (80,94 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A produção máxima de 1,2 kg por planta e 60,14 t ha-1, obteve-se aplicando 38 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A associação de substâncias húmicas com esterco bovino aumentou a produção orgânica de pimentão nas condições edafoclimáticas do Semiárido.

ABSTRACT Bell pepper is a globally important vegetable. The use of humic substances can enhance nutrient absorption efficiency, reducing the amounts of organic residues applied to the soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate cattle manure rates combined with humic substance rates to increase bell pepper production. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement consisted of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances affected bell pepper production characteristics; the highest mean fruit weight per plant (140.02 g) and fruit diameter (75.73 mm) were obtained when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Similarly, the greatest fruit length (80.94 mm) was found when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The highest yields (1.2 kg per plant and 60.14 Mg ha-1) were obtained when applying 38 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The combination of humic substances and cattle manure increased the organic production of bell peppers under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Semiarid region of Brazil.

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender o desenvolvimento do trabalho docente da Educação Física (EF) nas instituições de educação infantil dos municípios da Grande Vitória /ES, bem como analisou as relações que estabelecem com as políticas educacionais oficiais, os saberes da área da EF contidos nesses documentos e o ensino da temática referente à educação para as relações étnico-raciais na infância. A pesquisa foi metodologicamente orientada pela Análise da Atividade com base na Ergologia (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz e Durrive, 2007). Os resultados indicam o distanciamento entre as diretrizes oficiais da educação infantil, os docentes de Educação Física e aos conteúdos étnico-raciais. Por outro lado, os/as docentes ancoram-se em grande medida aos saberes experienciais ligados às suas trajetórias de vida e à infância para desenvolver a atividade docente na Educação Infantil.

Abstract This study sought to understand the development of Physical Education (PE) teaching work in early childhood education institutions in the cities of Grande Vitória (Espirito Santo, Brazil), and also to analyze the relationships established with official educational policies, the knowledge in the area of PE included in these documents, and the teaching of content related to education that was oriented to ethnic-racial relations in childhood. The research was methodologically guided by Activity Analysis based on Ergology (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz and Durrive, 2007). The results indicate a distance between the official guidelines of early childhood education, Physical Education teachers and ethnic-racial knowledge. On the other hand, teachers rely heavily on experiential knowledge linked to their life trajectories and childhood to develop teaching activity in early childhood education.

Abstract The skimmed goat milk was submitted to the nanofiltration process using a volume reduction factor (VRF) equal to 2. It was verified a rapid decrease of the permeate flux at a low time, with a continuous flux, caused by the reversible resistance, which is characterized by the standard and complete blocking. The combined fouling model was evaluated, including complete pore blocking and cake filtration mechanism, which described the skimmed goat milk nanofiltration behavior. For the VRF equal to 2 was determined the total solids, protein, lactose, ash, mineral fraction content, which increased successfully with the nanofiltration process. The Power Law and Herschel-Buckley models were fitting to describe the flow behavior for retentate, which presented the higher apparent viscosity.

Abstract This study sought to understand the development of Physical Education (PE) teaching work in early childhood education institutions in the cities of Grande Vitória (Espirito Santo, Brazil), and also to analyze the relationships established with official educational policies, the knowledge in the area of PE included in these documents, and the teaching of content related to education that was oriented to ethnic-racial relations in childhood. The research was methodologically guided by Activity Analysis based on Ergology (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz and Durrive, 2007). The results indicate a distance between the official guidelines of early childhood education, Physical Education teachers and ethnic-racial knowledge. On the other hand, teachers rely heavily on experiential knowledge linked to their life trajectories and childhood to develop teaching activity in early childhood education.

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender o desenvolvimento do trabalho docente da Educação Física (EF) nas instituições de educação infantil dos municípios da Grande Vitória /ES, bem como analisou as relações que estabelecem com as políticas educacionais oficiais, os saberes da área da EF contidos nesses documentos e o ensino da temática referente à educação para as relações étnico-raciais na infância. A pesquisa foi metodologicamente orientada pela Análise da Atividade com base na Ergologia (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz e Durrive, 2007). Os resultados indicam o distanciamento entre as diretrizes oficiais da educação infantil, os docentes de Educação Física e aos conteúdos étnico-raciais. Por outro lado, os/as docentes ancoram-se em grande medida aos saberes experienciais ligados às suas trajetórias de vida e à infância para desenvolver a atividade docente na Educação Infantil.

Abstract This study’s main highlight to the effect of replacement of milk by different proportions of concentrated whey in the elaboration of ice creams and the characterization of their physicochemical and microstructural properties. Ice creams have high levels of total solids, acidity, and low pH values. All ice creams exhibited Newtonian fluid behaviors while the Power and Casson Law model adequately explained the flow properties. Viscosity and hysteresis area increased as a higher ratio of concentrated whey was added. Ice cream formulations containing a higher proportion of milk showed greater brightness, the ice creams showed a greenish-yellow coloring tendency. The overrun values ranged from 27 to 44%, and ice cream with partial replacement of milk by concentrated whey showed greater resistance to melting. The addition of concentrated whey did not influence the size of the ice crystals, fat globules, and air bubble diameters. However, the higher total solids content influenced the texture of the ice creams, promoting smoother and creamy ice creams. These results highlight the application of concentrated whey on the 50% substitution level, thus being an attractive alternative for the food industry, mainly about the cost-benefit and added value to the product, by enhancing the color, flavor, and texture.

Abstract Fermented milks, with diverse manufacturing, fermentations and specific strains, have been consumed around the world, with a millennial knowledge of their production. These dairy products have a potential nutritional value, taking food industries to invest, nowadays, in dairy products with a functional and healthy appeal due to the changes in the habits and diet of the population. The addition of natural ingredients from vegetables and fruits into fermented milks is a tendency nowadays. The inclusion of natural additives may change the texture, composition, sensory attributes and increase of the shelf life since some compounds are related to have a high antioxidant activity, which decreases the development of deteriorating microorganisms. These called bioactive compounds are synthesized by plants and also may contribute to the fermented milk formulation, in special from fruits, which increase the sensory acceptance. Several classes of fruits bioactive compounds are associated to several health benefits and are a base of many studies about functional fermented milks, reported in this review. This theory background becomes essential for future studies and dairy products development.

Abstract Freeze concentration process was used to concentrate milk until the third stage of freeze concentration. Thus, two samples of ice creams were manufacture, one with milk and the other with concentrated milk from the first stage of block freeze concentration, and denominated ice cream 1 and ice cream 2, respectively. Both ice creams were characterized according to physicochemical characteristics, overrun, microscopy, melting rate, texture, color, and rheological properties. The use of concentrated milk influenced the physicochemical properties of ice cream 2, promoting an increase in the total solids, protein, carbohydrates, and ashes content. Moreover, it was noted that ice cream 2 had a higher overrun, lower firmness, smaller ice crystals, and tended to color greenish and yellowish, however had a higher melting rate and larger hysteresis area. The models of the Power Law and Casson satisfactorily described the rheological behavior of ice creams, which proved to be a Newtonian fluid.

Abstract The skimmed milk was previously concentrated by the block freeze concentration and, thus, used in the manufacture of an ice cream sample with Bifidobacterium BB-12 addition. This sample was compared with two control samples, one ice cream manufactured with skimmed milk, and the other an MRS broth, which supplies an excellent base for comparison of the bacterial survival. All three samples were submitted to the in vitro gastrointestinal assays from the mouth to the large intestine. The initial Bifidobacterium BB-12 viable cell count (> 8 log CFU/g or mL) of both ice cream samples ensured their classification as probiotic products. This behavior was noted during all in vitro steps (from the mouth until the colon). From the mouth to the ileum was observed that both ice creams showed a slight oscillatory probiotic count. For the ice cream manufactured with concentrated milk, it was observed a high bifidobacteria protective effect in the descending colon, with probiotic viable cells count and recovery rate values equal to 9.88 log CFU/g and 112.02%, respectively. Finally, it was possible to conclude that as well as the ice cream with milk, the concentrated milk served as a succesful probiotic carrier.

Abstract This study’s main highlight refers to the utilization of concentrated whey, obtained from freezing concentration processes in ice cream manufacturing. The second important point refers to the comparison between dairy and whey concentrated ice creams’ Bifidobacterium BB-12’s protective effects under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Both ice cream types showed bifidobacteria viable cell counts higher than the recommendation for a product to be considered a probiotic. The incorporation of such bacteria into both ice cream varieties showed the most important probiotic characteristic, which is survivability. Bifidobacterium BB-12 demonstrated survival rates higher than 90% after the upper digestive tract passage into the colon. In addition to that, the best protective effect was pointed out from whey-based ice cream testing. Considering such statements, the addition of probiotic bacteria and concentrated whey on ice cream manufacturing could be decisive when producing functional foods, providing benefic effects on the consumer.

Abstract The concentration of dairy products is widely applied in dairy manufacturing due to obtaining products with the high dry matter, added value, reduced volume, and an increase in shelf-life. Traditional thermal concentration processes are the most applied in dairy industries, however, high temperatures can damage the bioactive compounds in milk, in addition to modifying the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of concentrated products. This review summarizes the importance of replacing traditional concentration methods with unconventional non-thermal processes, which can bring an option to dairy industries due to the concentration enabling the preservation of proteins, enzymes, vitamins, color, and flavor of the product. Alternative methods, such as freeze concentration, membrane separation processes, and freeze-drying, compose recent works about new methodologies to concentrate dairy products without changing specific properties and increase the quality, which is one of the main purposes for the dairy industries. Through a comparative study with recent researches, this overview highlights some alternative concentration processes that can improve the yield and increase the quality of concentrated dairy products. With new environmentally sustainable methods and the possibility of reducing the costs of the concentration process, these emerging concentration methods become attractive for dairy industries from a technological and economic perspective.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência da velocidade de execução na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume de repetições em diferentes velocidades. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 voluntários do sexo masculino (23,4 ± 5,4 anos), com no mínimo 6 meses de experiência no treinamento de força. Os participantes realizaram 8 séries de até 8 repetições com intensidade de 60% de 1RM em diferentes velocidades de execução de movimento: cadência lenta (6020), cadência moderada (2020) e cadência livre. Foram avaliadas a PSE (escala OMNI-RES) e o volume de repetição executadas em cada condição. Resultados: O número de repetições executadas nos protocolos de cadência lenta e moderada foi menor quando comparada ao protocolo livre (p < 0,05) a partir da 2ª e 6ª séries, respectivamente. A PSE no protocolo de cadência lenta foi maior quando comparado com as outras cadências (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os protocolos de cadência lenta e moderada reduzem significativamente o número de repetições realizadas e resultam em maior percepção subjetiva de esforço quando comparado com cadência livre.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of execution velocity on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and on volume of repetitions at different velocities. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 male volunteers (23.4 ± 5.4 years old) with at least 6 months of experience in strength training. The participants performed 8 sets of up to 8 repetitions with an intensity of 60% of 1RM at different velocities of movement execution: slow cadence (6020), moderate cadence (2020) and free cadence. RPE (OMNI-RPE scale) and volume of repetitions performed in each condition were assessed. Results: The number of repetitions executed in the slow- and moderate-cadence protocols was smaller compared to that in the free protocol (p <0.05), as of the 2nd and 6th sets, respectively. RPE in the slow-cadence protocol was higher compared to that in the other cadences (p <0.05). Conclusion: The slow- and moderate-cadence protocols significantly reduce the number of repetitions performed and result in a greater rating of perceived exertion in comparison with free cadence.

Resumo Atualmente cerca de dois milhões de trabalhadores estão envolvidos com o transporte rodoviário, a principal modalidade logística do Brasil, sendo a maioria deles, autônomos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a percepção que os caminhoneiros brasileiros têm de si próprios. Oito condutores experientes foram entrevistados a partir da questão “como é ser caminhoneiro no Brasil?” e seus depoimentos foram analisados de acordo com a investigação social de discurso. Cinco categorias principais foram encontradas, com subdivisões específicas, relacionadas com motivações para o trabalho, elementos contextuais, autoimagem positiva, grupal e negativa. Conclui-se que os autoestereótipos exercem importante papel na manutenção da situação de desvantagem e de precárias condições laborais deles.

Abstract Close to two million people currently work in Brazil's road transport sector, the country's leading logistical area. Most are self-employed individuals. The objective of this research project was to garner an understanding of the perceptions that Brazilian truck drivers hold regarding themselves. Eight experienced drivers were interviewed, starting from the question â"What is it like being a truck driver in Brazil?", and their responses were analyzed in accordance with social discourse studies. Five main categories – with specific subdivisions – were identified, relating to motivations to work in this area, contextual elements, and positive, group, and negative self-image. It is concluded that self-stereotypes play an important role in maintaining the situation of disadvantage and precarious working conditions that affect truck drivers.

ABSTRACT Unlike some countries, Brazil has a predominantly hydraulic energy matrix, a clean and renewable source. But, in recent years, both the non-renewal of the normal volumes of water in the reservoirs and the lack of consciousness in the consumption of water and energy have placed the country in a critical state of energy supply leading to many intensive policies to reduce its consumption. In contrast, energy from Photovoltaic (PV) on-Grid Systems has grown dramatically in recent years. In this sense, this study presents an analysis of the contribution of the energy generated by a PV on-Grid Systems to be installed in CINDACTA II, in order to make re-contracting a lower demand possible and also reduce electric energy consumption and its cost.