RESUMEN Este estudio describe las técnicas ecográficas frecuentemente utilizadas para evaluar el pancreas del perro. La ecografía fue el primer método que permitió la visualización directa del páncreas en seres humanos y que luego se aplicó en animales. Es actualmente el método de elección para la evaluación del páncreas y es esencial como herramienta diagnóstica en la detección de anomalías, especialmente tumores. La tecnología innovadora de los equipos, llevó a la aparición de técnicas complementarias al modo B, tales como Doppler, elastografía, ecografía de contraste, que han permitido realizar diagnósticos más precisos. El Doppler proporciona información sobre la arquitectura vascular y aspectos hemodinámicos de los vasos sanguíneos en múltiples órganos. La elastografía ARFI ofrece imágenes detalladas de las alteraciones detectadas en exámenes convencionales (método cualitativo) y ayuda a diferenciar entre procesos benignos y malignos (método cuantitativo). Los agentes de contraste con microburbujas permiten determinar parámetros relacionados con el llenado homogéneo o heterogéneo de los órganos, principalmente áreas nodulares, definiendo, por tanto, patrones de alta o baja intensidad.

ABSTRACT This study describes the ultrasonographic techniques currently used in the evaluation of the canine pancreas. Ultrasonography was the first method to enable direct visualization of the pancreas in humans and it has been subsequently applied to animals. Currently, it is the method of choice for pancreatic evaluation and is essential as a diagnostic tool in the detection of abnormalities, especially tumors. Innovative equipment technology has led to the emergence of techniques complementary to B-mode ultrasound; such as Doppler, elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which have enabled more accurate diagnosis. Doppler provides information on vascular architecture and the hemodynamic aspect of blood vessels in multiple organs. ARFI elastography provides detailed images of the alterations detected by conventional examination (qualitative method) and assists in differentiating between benign and malignant processes (quantitative method). Microbubble contrast agents determine parameters related to homogeneous and heterogeneous filling of organs with microbubbles, mainly nodular areas, thus defining high and low intensity patterns.

Classification of biodiesel by oilseed type using pattern recognition techniques is described. The spectra of the samples were performed in the Visible region, requiring noise removal by use of a first derivative by the Savitzky-Golay method, employing a second-order polynomial and a window of 21 points. The characterization of biodiesel was performed using HCA, PCA and SIMCA. For HCA and PCA methods, one can observe the separation of each group of biodiesel in a spectral region of 405-500 nm. SIMCA model was used in a test group composed of 28 spectral measurements and no errors are obtained.

Este artigo apresenta seis fungos conidiais isolados de folhedo misto coletado no município de Cubatão, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O folhedo passou pela técnica de lavagem sucessiva e incubação dos detritos em câmaras-úmidas. Os fungos foram montados em lâminas permanentes e encontram-se depositados no Herbário SP. Os hifomicetos Dendryphion comosum Wall., Graphium calicioides (Fr.) Cooke & Massee, Mycoleptodiscus disciformis Matsush., Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis, Polyschema olivaceum (Ellis & Everh.) M.B. Ellis e Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones são descritos e ilustrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil.

This article presents six conidial fungi isolated from leaf litter collected at the municipality of Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil. The plant debris were prepared by the successive washing method with sterile distilled water and incubated in moist chambers. The fungi were mounted in permanent slides and deposited in SP Herbarium. The hyphomycetes Dendryphion comosum Wall., Graphium calicioides (Fr.) Cooke & Massee, Mycoleptodiscus disciformis Matsush., Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis, Polyschema olivaceum (Ellis & Everh.) M.B. Ellis and Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones are described and illustrated for the first time to Brazil.

Com o objetivo de verificar quais Hyphomycetes participam da decomposição de briófitas, foram feitas coletas esporádicas de exemplares das plantas no Instituto de Botânica, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP e na Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba, Santo André, SP, de setembro/2001 a fevereiro/2006. Foram coletadas oito espécies de briófitas e aplicada a técnica da lavagem sucessiva de substratos para isolamento dos fungos. Foram identificados 17 táxons de Hyphomycetes. Os fungos obtidos já foram encontrados no folhedo de várias plantas vasculares mas estão sendo referidos, no Brasil, pela primeira vez sobre briófitas. Merece destaque o isolamento de Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresen. e Monacrosporium aphrobrochum (Drechsler) Subram., que apresentam estruturas para aprisionar nematóides, mostrando que em briófitas em decomposição ocorrem representantes de fungos conidiais predadores de nematóides.

Bryophyte specimens were collected occasionally at the Botanical Institute, Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, São Paulo, SP and Paranapiacaba Biological Reserve, Santo André, SP, from September 2001 to February 2006, aiming to verify which Hyphomycetes take part in bryophyte decomposition. Eight species of bryophytes were collected and the technique of successive washing was applied to plant material to isolate the fungi. Seventeen taxa of Hyphomycetes were isolated. These fungi were previously recorded on leaf litter of vascular plants but this is the first time they are reported on bryophytes in Brazil. It is relevant to note that Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresen. and Monacrosporium aphrobrochum (Drechsler) Subram. were isolated and these fungi have structures to capture nematodes, showing that nematode predatory conidial fungi can occur on dead bryophytes.

Hyphomycetes são freqüentemente isolados de material vegetal em decomposição participando ativamente da degradação de folhas. Folíolos de Caesalpinia echinata foram coletados em duas áreas no Estado de São Paulo: Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera e Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu, de fevereiro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006. Os folíolos foram tratados pela técnica de lavagem sucessiva de substratos, colocados em câmaras-úmidas e deixados a temperatura ambiente. Trinta e dois Hyphomycetes foram isolados. Destes, quatro espécies são descritas pela primeira vez no Brasil, sete são novas para o Estado de São Paulo e dezessete são novas ocorrências nesse substrato.

Hyphomycetes were abundant on plant debris and play a part on decomposition of these substrates. Samples of Caesalpinia echinata leaf litter were collected in two areas of State of São Paulo, at "Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera" and "Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu", from February 2005 to February 2006. The leaves were prepared by washing with serial changes of sterile distilled water and incubated in moist chambers at environment temperature. Third-two Hyphomycetes were isolated. Of these, four species are described for the first time to Brazil, seven are new records to São Paulo State and seventeen are cited for the first time to Brazil-wood leaf litter.