A oxigenação da água constitui-se em importante fator no desenvolvimento do fenômeno de autodepuração de rios. A reposição do oxigênio dissolvido pode ser representada pelo coeficiente de reaeração (K2). Neste trabalho foi testado o uso do GLP como fonte do traçador gás propano em ensaios de reaeração. Foram executados 15 ensaios em trechos de rios com características hidrodinâmicas distintas. Os experimentos mostraram que a utilização do GLP como fonte do traçador gasoso é viável, tanto do ponto de vista analítico, quanto do ponto de vista econômico. Do ponto de vista analítico, os resultados foram equiparáveis e até superiores à técnica tradicional de traçador gasoso. Do ponto de vista econômico, houve redução do custo para a realização de cada ensaio.

The water oxygenation constitutes an important factor in the development of self-purification phenomenon in rivers. The replenishment of dissolved oxygen in water can be represented by the reaeration coefficient (K2). This work was used propane contained in the GLP as tracer in reaeration tests. The tests showed that the use of LPG is feasible, both from analytical point of view, as of the economic. From an analytical standpoint, the results were comparable and even superior to the traditional technique of tracer gas. From an economic standpoint, the cost to perform each test has been reduced.

Glyphosate was determined in runoff and leaching waters in agricultural soil that received an application of active ingredient and was exposed to simulated intensive rain conditions. The concentrations decreased during the simulation period and the concentrations of the runoff were higher than those achieved in the samples of leaching waters. The concentrations were lower than the pattern in the Brazilian Regulation MS N. 518/2004 for drinking water. The transported load of the applied active ingredient by the leaching was of 15.4% (w/w) and for the runoff was of 1.7% (w/w).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água utilizada para a rizicultura, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da planta, no sistema de plantio pré-germinado. Foram analisadas as águas de irrigação e de drenagem no processo de cultivo. Foram escolhidas três áreas de amostragens, localizadas no Município de Gaspar, SC, que apresentam técnicas de cultivo semelhantes. A água utilizada para irrigação é retirada de um curso de água e devolvida após o uso no quarteirão, para o mesmo curso. Neste sistema não existem aportes de poluentes externos intermediários. Para avaliar a qualidade da água, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade de Água de Bascarán (IQAb). De acordo com os resultados, a água utilizada para irrigação apresenta qualidade imprópria (IQAb 40-50). A água de drenagem foi classificada, de modo geral, como desagradável (IQAb 30-40). Os parâmetros que mais influenciaram a diminuição do IQAb na água de drenagem foram a turbidez, fosfatos e DQO. Constatou-se que a fase de preparo do solo é a que provoca maior degradação da qualidade da água, na cultura orizícola.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the water used for rice irrigation, considering different periods of the plants growth, using the pre-germinated seeds planting technique. Irrigation and drainage water were analyzed during the process of tillage. Three sites of sampling located around the City of Gaspar SC, Brazil were chosen. All three sites presented similar techniques of tillage. The water used for the irrigation was collected from a watercourse and returned after it passed through the tillage. In this system there are no external or intermediary pollutant conductors. To evaluate the quality of water it was used the Quality of Water Index from Bascarán (IQAb). The results demonstrate that the water used for irrigation, enters in the tillage area with an improper quality (IQAb 40-50). Drainage water was classified as disagreable (IQAb 30-40). The parameters that influenced the decrease of IQAb in drainage water were the turbidity, phosphates and QOD. The decrease of drainage water quality was influenced by the vegetative period. This study determined that the major degradation of the quality of the water is due to the preparation of the soil.

This paper provides a review on voltammetric and polarographic methods for the speciation analysis of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds in different matrices. A discussion on the main advantages of electroanalytical methods in comparison with other analytical methods employed for arsenic speciation is presented. The mechanistic aspects of the most relevant techniques employing cathodic and anodic stripping voltammetry as well as polarographic methods published in the last twenty five years are summarized and discussed. The bibliographic references cited in this work were selected from the Web of Science (published by the ISI) and the main journals of analytical chemistry.

Brometo, sulfato, selenito e selenato foram encontrados formando pontes na cavidade dos complexos mononucleares e binucleares de Obisdien:Zn(II) e Obisdien:Mg(II) em solução aquosa a 25 °C e m = 0,100 M (KCl). Medidas de equilíbrio potenciométrico foram realizadas para determinar as constantes de formação das espécies formadas nestes sistemas na faixa de pH de 2 a 12. Para os complexos do Obisdien:Zn(II): ânions, foram detectadas quatro espécies com o íon brometo, cinco espécies com o íon sulfato, seis espécies com o íon selenito e quatro espécies com o íon selenato. Os complexos binucleares hidróxidos predominam sobre todas as outras espécies e a constante de associação diminui na seqüência: SeO4(2-) > SeO3²> SO4(2-) > Br-. O sistema envolvendo os complexos de Obisdien:Mg(II) apresenta três espécies com o íon brometo, quatro espécies com o íon sulfato, cinco espécies com o íon selenito e cinco com o íon selenato. A variação da constante de associação para este sistema é o mesmo observado no sistema anterior: SeO4(2-) > SeO3² > SO4(2-) > Br-. Cálculos de mecânica molecular mostram que os complexos de Obisdien dizinco(II) e dimagnésio(II) adotam várias conformações de baixa energia com diferentes separações Zn-Zn e Mg-Mg permitindo a coordenação dos ânions SeO4(2-), SeO3(2-), SO4(2-), Br- e OH-.

Bromide, sulfate, selenite and selenate were found to form bridges in the cavity of mononuclear and binuclear Obisdien:Zn(II) and Obisdien:Mg(II) complexes in aqueous solution at 25.0 °C and m = 0.100 M (KCl). Potentiometric equilibrium measurements were used to determine the formation constants of the species formed in these systems in the pH range 2-12. For the Obisdien: Zn2+:anions complexes, we have established the existence of four species for bromide ion, five species for sulfate ion, six species for selenite ion and four species for selenate ion. We found that the hydroxo binuclear complexes predominate over the others species, and the binding strength decreases in the sequence: SeO4(2-) > SeO3(2-) > SO4(2-) > Br-. The Obisdien:Mg(II) system presents three species in case of binding with bromide ion, four with sulfate ion, five with selenite ion and five with selenate ion. Variation of the binding strength in the Obisdien:Mg(II) complexes is the same as in the Obisdien:Zn(II) complexes: SeO4(2-) > SeO3(2-) > SO4(2-) > Br-. Molecular mechanics calculations show that the dizinc(II)- and dimagnesium(II)-Obisdien complexes adopt several low energy conformations differing in their Zn to Zn and Mg to Mg separations that allow the coordination of SeO4(2-), SeO3(2-), SO4(2-), Br- and OH- anions.