Abstract A continuous increase in levels of atmospheric pollution and emission restrictions has forced scientists and engineers to adopt new strategies to improve and develop internal combustion engines. One strategy is based on the development of new simulation methodologies using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques, proposed in the present article. In this study,the dynamic loop methodology with ANSYS Fluent code is proposed to perform the numerical simulation ofa four-stroke spark ignition engine. The complexity of the real case was first simplified with three-dimensional CAD geometry, which was then discretized in ANSYS Meshing, whereby a hybrid mesh was created using prismatic and tetrahedral elements. Simulations for in-cylinder analyses were performed in cold flow and employing common flow parameters, such as swirl and tumble. The mesh quality results were classified as good or excellent, being higher than 0.79 for orthogonal quality criteria and lower than 0.36 for skewness criteria. Turbulent effects were introduced concerning the opening and closing of the valves. It was found that the turbulence increases during the intake stroke up to 90°, and during the power stroke, wherein the of the piston bowl, had a great contributionthat can be seen from the swirl and tumble profile for the engine cycle. In the case of the turbulence intensity, a sharp increase was registered during the admission step up to 90°, at which point the turbulence intensity was 4.0. It canbe concluded that this is an innovative approach, capable of simulating the engine motion profile in cold flow.

RESUMO O gênero Capsicum pertencente à família das Solanaceae, é originário da América do Sul sendo cultivado em todo o mundo. As pimentas Capsicum são acometidas por diversas doenças. Dentre estas, destaca-se a podridão do colo, causada pelo fungo Fusarium solani. O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar na coleção Capsicum constituída por 18 acessos, fontes de resistência ao patógeno F. solani. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento utilizado de blocos casualizados com 18 tratamentos, 3 blocos e 3 plantas por unidade experimental. Para a inoculação foram utilizadas plantas com 51 dias de idade. A metodologia utilizada foi de imersão de raízes com desbaste em uma suspensão de conídios com 1x106 conídios/ml pelo período de 24 horas e transplante em substrato comercial. As notas foram transformadas por índice de McKinney, para o cálculo da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott e dispersão gráfica. Os acessos resistentes ao patógeno, foram: UNEMAT – 115 (C. frutescens) e UNEMAT- 173 (C.chinense). Os acessos que apresentaram maior suscetibilidade ao patógeno foram; UNEMAT- 134 (C. baccatum var. pendulum) e UNEMAT- 140 (C. frutescens). Conclui-se que há variabilidade genética na coleção quanto à resistência ao patógeno e que a metodologia da imersão (dipping) foi eficaz na discriminação da resistência/suscetiblidade Capsicum spp. ao patógeno.

ABSTRACT The genus Capsicum belongs to the family Solanaceae, was originated in the South America and has been cultivated all over the world. Capsicum peppers are affected by several diseases. Among these diseases is collar rot, caused by the fungus Fusarium solani. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying, in the Capsicum collection constituted of 18 accessions, sources of resistance to the pathogen F. solani. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design with 18 treatments, 3 blocks and 3 plants per experimental unit. For inoculation, 51-day-old plants were used. The adopted methodology was root immersion with thinning in a conidial suspension of 1x106 conidia / ml for the period of 24 hours and transplantation in commercial substrate. The scores were transformed by using McKinney’s index to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were grouped according to Scott-Knott test and graphic dispersion. Accessions resistant to the pathogen were: UNEMAT - 115 (C. frutescens) and UNEMAT - 173 (C.chinense). Accessions that presented greater susceptibility to the pathogen were: UNEMAT-134 (C. baccatum var. Pendulum) and UNEMAT-140 (C. frutescens). We can conclude that there is genetic variability in the collection regarding resistance to the pathogen and that the methodology of dipping was effective in discriminating between resistance / susceptibility of Capsicum spp. to the pathogen.

RESUMO O maracujazeiro azedo é uma importante fruteira amplamente produzida e consumida no Brasil. A produção e produtividade estão ameaçadas por vários problemas fitossanitários. Uns dos mais importantes é a fusariose, causada pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. Esta doença não tem controle eficiente. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de plantas, em estágio de muda, de 14 espécies de Passiflora mediante a inoculação de F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae cultivadas em solução nutritiva. As espécies utilizadas no Screening foram: P. quadrangularis, P. nitida, P. foetida, P. tenuifila, P. alata, P. setacea, P. cincinnata, P. mucronata, P. micropetala, P. suberosa, P. morifolia, P. eichleriana P. edulis e P. coccinea. Quatro mudas de cada genótipo foram inoculadas por imersão das raízes numa suspensão de 1x106 esporos mL-1, durante 24 horas e, em seguida, transplantada para potes contendo solução nutritiva. As plantas foram avaliadas diariamente por 40 dias para a ocorrência de sintomas de murcha e morte. Foram obtidos o período de sobrevivência e a taxa de mortalidade. O método de imersão das raízes por 24 horas e a substituição de solo por solução nutritiva foi eficiente na distinção dos genótipos resistentes. Houve variabilidade intraespecíficas em relação a doença. As espécies mais resistentes foram P. foetida. P. mucronata. P. nitida e P. morifolia.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is an important fruit vine widely produced and consumed in Brazil. Production and productivity have been threatened by several phytosanitary problems. One of the most important problems is fusariosis, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. This disease has no efficient control. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of plants of 14 Passiflora species, in the stage of seedling, through inoculation of F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae grown in nutritive solution. The species used in the screening were P. quadrangularis, P. nitida, P. foetida, P. tenuifila, P. alata, P. setacea, P. cincinnata, P. mucronata, P. micropetala, P. suberosa, P. morifolia P. eichleriana P. edulis and P. coccinea. Four seedlings of each genotype were inoculated by immersion of roots in a suspension of 1x106 spores mL-1 during 24 hours and then transplanted into pots containing nutritive solution. Plants were daily evaluated during 40 days for the occurrence of wilt symptoms and death. The survival period and the mortality rate were obtained. The method of root immersion for 24 hours and the replacement of soil by nutritive solution were efficient in distinguishing the resistant genotypes. There was intraspecific variability in relation to the disease. The most resistant species were P. foetida, P. mucronata, P. nitida and P. morifolia.