Hop flowers contain chemical substances that are used to confer sensory properties to beer. Hop flower products have very high commercial value, but national production represents less than 2% of domestic consumption. In this work, flowers from different hop cultivars grown in northeast of Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará) were analyzed to quantitate metabolites of industrial interest. Flowers from the initial and three consecutive harvests were collected, and bitter acids and xanthohumol were evaluated by HPLC-UV and essential oils by GC-MS. The cultivar Columbus was subjected to only 10% of the irrigation time during the third flowering phase to evaluate the effect of water stress on the formation of metabolites. Compounds were detected in appreciable quantities in all samples, and consecutive flowering of some cultivars showed a significant increase in total bitter acids with successive harvests. Plants subjected to water stress showed an abrupt decrease in the concentration of compounds. The cultivars evaluated by liquid and gas chromatography showed a significant concentration of bitter acids and essential oils within the expected range, and the chemical composition of the oils showed different compounds characteristic of hops. beer value 2 consumption work Rio Ceará interest collected HPLCUV HPLC UV GCMS. GCMS GC MS. MS GC-MS 10 samples range hops 1

Formic acid extractions of Brazil nut and babassu coconut samples were undertaken prior to determination of Al, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn in their meat and oil portions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in an effort to accomplish a first order fractionation of the trace elements between these two components. An optimized full factorial design was applied to establish the best conditions for extraction. Microwave-assisted nitric acid digestions of samples and fractions along with analysis of certified reference material TORT-2 established the efficiency of recovery of the trace elements as well as provided a verification of accuracy. The multiple responses were analyzed using a desirability function wherein the recovery of the trace elements by extraction was compared with the determination of the total content as determined by nitric acid digestion. Although most trace elements presented a recovery higher than 85% using a formic acid extraction, Al suffered consistently low results for all samples (40-50%). Except for Al and Cr, the majority of the trace elements were present in the defatted fraction of both samples, i.e., Al (50 and 10%), Cr (86 and 60%), Ni (30 and 10%) and Sr (8 and 20%) in Brazil nut and babassu coconut oil fractions, respectively.

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) are widely used in academic institutions and laboratories for quality control to analyze inorganic elements in samples. However, these techniques have been observed to underperform in sample nebulization processes. Most of the samples processed through nebulization system are discarded, producing large volumes of waste. This study reports the treatment and reuse of the waste produced from ICP OES technique in a laboratory of analytical research at the Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. The treatment of the waste was performed by the precipitation of elements using (NH4)2CO3. Subsequently, the supernatant solution can be discarded in accordance with CONAMA 430/2011. The precipitate produced from the treatment of residues can be reused as a potential sample in undergraduate qualitative analytical chemistry lab classes, providing students the opportunity to test a real sample.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de subsolagem, gesso agrícola e matéria orgânica, associados ao cultivo de algodão, girassol e feijão-de-corda em sistemas de rotação, visando à recuperação e o aproveitamento de um solo salino-sódico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, durante dois ciclos. As parcelas foram formadas pelos tratamentos: T1. Subsolagem (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso (G); T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 de matéria orgânica (MO); T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 de G + 20 Mg ha-1 de MO; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de G + 40 Mg ha-1 de MO, e as subparcelas corresponderam às rotações culturais algodão feijão-de-corda (AL/FC) e girassol feijão-de-corda (GI/FC). O emprego dos corretivos contribuiu para a diminuição dos níveis de salinidade e sodicidade do solo. O algodão não apresentou nenhuma resposta à aplicação dos tratamentos, enquanto a cultura do girassol foi favorecida pela aplicação de corretivos apenas no segundo ciclo. As maiores produtividades do feijão-de-corda no tratamento T5, no ciclo de 2009/2010, são indicativos de que as maiores doses de gesso e de matéria orgânica aplicadas neste tratamento aceleraram o processo de recuperação. Para os demais tratamentos com corretivos, verificou-se efeito benéfico para essa cultura apenas no segundo ciclo de produção, quando os valores se igualaram ao T5.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subsoiling, gypsum and organic matter associated with the cultivation of cotton, sunflower and cowpea in crop rotation, seeking the reclamation and use of a saline-sodic soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split plots with four replications, during two crop cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter and the sub-plots consisted of the cotton-cowpea (C/CP) and sunflower-cowpea (S/CP) crop rotation. The use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to decrease the soil salinity and sodicity. Cotton was not affected by the treatments, while the sunflower crop was favored by the application of amendments only in the second production cycle. Higher yields of cowpea in T5 treatment, during the 2009/2010 cycle, are indicative that higher doses of gypsum and organic matter applied in this treatment accelerate the reclamation process. For other treatments with amendment application there was a beneficial effect for this crop only in the second cycle, when the values of productivity were similar to T5.

Objetivou-se avaliar a interação entre salinidade e o uso de biofertilizante bovino sobre a condutividade elétrica do solo, crescimento inicial, trocas gasosas e teores de elementos minerais no feijão-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do Departamento de Ciências dos Solos - UFC. A semeadura foi feita em vasos, utilizando-se, como substrato, um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referente a cinco níveis de sais da água de irrigação e dois de biofertilizante bovino. O aumento dos níveis salinos da água de irrigação inibiu o crescimento inicial das plantas, sendo menos afetado no solo com o biofertilizante. O aumento da salinidade da água aliado à aplicação do biofertilizante, resultou no aumento da salinidade do solo. O aumento do teor salino da água de irrigação provocou redução nas trocas gasosas, mas em menor proporção nas plantas desenvolvidas nos tratamentos com o biofertilizante. A extração dos elementos essenciais e de sódio obedeceu a seguinte ordem: Ca > K > Na > P. A aplicação de biofertilizante bovino foi eficiente ao aumentar os teores de P na planta e de aumentar os totais extraídos de K, P e Ca, independente no nível de salinidade aplicado. Entretanto, os efeitos benéficos da aplicação de biofertilizante bovino sobre o crescimento, trocas gasosas e extração de nutrientes, são menos expressivos nos maiores níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between salinity levels of the water and the use of biofertilizer soil electrical conductivity of soil, initial growth, gas exchange and mineral content in cowpea plants. The experiment was performed conducted under greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science - UFC. The sowing of seeds was done in pots, using as a substrate Alfissol and two plants per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 factorial, with 5 levels of salts and 2 levels of biofertilizer. The increase in salinity levels of irrigation water inhibited the initial growth of the plant, being less affected in the presence of biofertilizer. The high salinity combined with application of biofertilizer caused an increase in soil salinity. Increasing salinity of irrigation water caused reduction in gas exchange, being less affected by the presence of biofertilizer. The extraction of essential elements and sodium followed the order: Ca> K> Na> P. The application of biofertilizer was effective to increase the P concentration in plant and increase the total extracted K, Ca and P, regardless of salinity level applied. However, the beneficial effects of application of biofertilizer on growth, gas exchange and nutrient uptake, were less significant in the highest levels of irrigation water salinity.

A utilização de águas salinas bem como o reúso de águas de drenagem na irrigação dependem de estratégias de longo prazo que garantam a sustentabilidade socioeconômica e ambiental dos sistemas agrícolas. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se os efeitos da irrigação com água salina na estação seca e com água de baixa salinidade na estação chuvosa sobre o acúmulo de sais no solo e a produtividade de milho e feijão-de-corda em sistema de rotação. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se do delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. O primeiro cultivo foi instalado durante a estação seca de 2007, com a cultura do milho irrigada com água de diferentes salinidades (0,8; 2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS m-1). As plantas foram coletadas aos 90 dias após a semeadura (DAS), sendo realizadas as avaliações: crescimento vegetativo, produção de grãos por planta, matéria seca de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. Durante a estação chuvosa de 2008, foi cultivado o feijão caupi nas mesmas parcelas que foram cultivadas com milho. Ao final do ciclo, as plantas foram coletadas, sendo realizadas avaliações de crescimento vegetativo e produtividade. Amostras de solo foram coletadas antes e após o cultivo do milho e ao final do cultivo com feijão caupi. A salinidade da água de irrigação acima 2,2 dS m-1 reduziu a produtividade do milho durante o período seco. Os elevados totais de precipitação pluviométrica durante a estação chuvosa proporcionaram a lixiviação dos sais acumulados durante o cultivo na estação seca e eliminaram os possíveis efeitos negativos da salinidade sobre o feijão caupi. Porém, o feijão caupi apresentou um comportamento atípico com uma expressiva proporção de massa vegetativa e baixa produção de vagens, o que reduziu a eficiência dessa estratégia de rotação de culturas, nas condições do presente estudo.

The use of saline water and the reuse of drainage water for irrigation depend on long-term strategies that ensure the sustainability of socio-economic and environmental impacts of agricultural systems. In this study, it was evaluated the effects of irrigation with saline water in the dry season and fresh water in the rainy season on the soil salt accumulation yield of maize and cowpea, in a crop rotation system. The experiment was conducted in the field, using a randomized complete block design, with five replications. The first crop was installed during the dry season of 2007, with maize irrigated with water of different salinities (0.8, 2.2, 3.6 and 5.0 dS m-1). The maize plants were harvested at 90 days after sowing (DAS), and vegetative growth, dry mass of 1000 seeds and grain yield were evaluated. The same plots were utilized for the cultivation of cowpea, during the rainy season of 2008. At the end of the crop, cycle plants of this species were harvested, being evaluated the vegetative growth and plant yield. Soil samples were collected before and after maize and cowpea cultivation. The salinity of irrigation water above 2.2 dS m-1 reduced the yield of maize during the dry season. The high total rainfall during the rainy season resulted in leaching of salts accumulated during cultivation in the dry season, and eliminated the possible negative effects of salinity on cowpea plants. However, this crop showed atypical behavior with a significant proportion of vegetative mass and low pod production, which reduced the efficiency of this strategy of crop rotation under the conditions of this study.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos do uso de água salina em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento de plantas de feijão-de-corda sobre a eficiência de utilização de água e de nutrientes. O experimento foi conduzido no campo e obedeceu ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos empregados foram: T1 - água de poço com condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,8 dS m-1 durante todo o ciclo; T2 - água salina (CEa de 5,0 dS m-1) durante todo o ciclo; T3, T4 e T5 - água salina de 0 a 22 dias após o plantio (DAP), de 23 a 42 DAP e de 43 a 62 DAP, respectivamente. As plantas dos tratamentos T3, T4 e T5 foram irrigadas com água de poço nas demais fases do ciclo. Aos 8; 23; 43 e 63 DAP, as plantas foram colhidas e determinaram-se a matéria seca total e de grãos, a eficiência no uso da água, considerando a produção de matéria seca total (EUA P) e a produção de grãos (EUA GR), e a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes (K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn). A aplicação de água salina durante todo o ciclo (T2) reduziu a EUA P e a EUA GR, enquanto a aplicação de água na fase inicial do ciclo (T3) reduziu a EUA GR e a eficiência de utilização da maioria dos nutrientes. Por outro lado, a irrigação com água salina dos 23 aos 42 DAP (T4) e dos 43 aos 62 DAP (T5) não afetou as eficiências nos usos de água e de nutrientes.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the saline water applied at different development stages of cowpea plants, on water and nutrient use efficiency. The experiment was set up in the field, during the dry season. A completely randomized block design, with five treatments and five repetitions was adopted. The treatments studied were: T1 - (groundwater with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.8 dS m-1) during the whole crop cycle; T2 - saline water (ECw = 5.0 dS m-1) during the whole crop cycle; T3, T4 and T5 - saline water from 0 to 22 days after sowing (DAS), from 23 to 42 DAS and from 43 to 62 DAS, respectively. The plants of T3, T4 and T5 were irrigated with groundwater in the remaining stages of the crop cycle. At 8, 23, 43 and 63 DAS the plants were harvested and the total dry mass and grain yield were measured. The water use efficiency was estimated by using total dry mass production (WUE P) and grain yield (WUE GR), as well as the nutrients use efficiency - NUE, (K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn). The application of saline water during whole the crop cycle (T2) reduced WUE P and WUE GR, while the use of saline water during the germination and initial plant development (T3) caused reduction in WUE GR and in the NUE for most of the analyzed nutrients. Irrigation with saline water from 23 to 42 DAS (T4) and from 43 to 62 DAS (T5) did not affect water and nutrient use efficiencies.

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade de levedura Saccharomycopsis schoenii Nadson & Krassiln (UWO-PS 80-91) em controlar o crescimento dos fungos fitopatogênicos Penicillium expansum Link (UFMG 01-2002), P. italicum Wehmer (LCP 61.1199), e P. digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) (LCP 984263, LCP 68175 e LCP 4354). S. schoenii reduziu a severidade da doença em laranjas inoculadas com todos os fitopatógenos testados. Entre estes fitopatógenos, P. digitatum LCP4354 apresentou a maior virulência enquanto que P. digitatum LCP 68175 foi o mais suscetível à predação. A levedura foi capaz de permanecer viável, sem produzir lesões na superfície dos frutos por 21 dias. Outra característica desejável observada foi a ausência de produção de substâncias antagonistas. Sendo assim, este trabalho evidência o potencial de utilização da levedura S. schoenii em protocolos de controle biológico de doenças pós-colheita em laranjas.

In this study we evaluated the ability of Saccharomycopsis schoenii Nadson and Krassiln (UWO-PS 80-91) as biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic filamentous fungi P. expansum Link (UFMG 01-2002), P. italicum Wehmer (LCP 61.1199), and P. digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) (LCP 984263, LCP 68175 and LCP 4354). S. schoenii was able to reduce disease severity in oranges inoculated with all fungi. Among the phytopathogens, P. digitatum LCP4354 was the most virulent whereas P. digitatum LCP 68175 was the most susceptible to predation. The yeast was able to survive for 21 days on the fruit surface and did not produce lesions on oranges. Production of antagonistic substances by S. schoenii was not detected using standard techniques. Our results point to the potential use of S. schoenii to control postharvest phytopathogens in fruits.

Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se o acúmulo de sais no solo e a produtividade do feijão-de-corda, em função da fração de lixiviação (FL) e da salinidade da água de irrigação. Utilizou-se de delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos: 1 - água do poço com condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,8 dS m-1 (sem FL); 2 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 sem FL; 3 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 com FL de 0,14; 4 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 com FL de 0,28. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: acúmulo de sais no solo, crescimento vegetativo, produtividade, trocas gasosas e teores de Na+, Ca+2, K+ e Cl- nas folhas. A aplicação de água salina provocou acúmulo de sais no solo, porém esses efeitos foram parcialmente revertidos pelo aumento da FL; a salinidade reduziu a produtividade de grãos, porém não afetou sua qualidade; a redução na produtividade ocasionada pela salinidade deveu-se, em parte, à redução na assimilação líquida de carbono durante as fases de floração e frutificação, associada aos efeitos osmóticos e ao acúmulo de Na+ e Cl- nas folhas; as frações de lixiviação não tiveram muita influência na superação dos danos provocados pela salinidade sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas.

The study had the objective to evaluate the effect of water salinity and the leaching fraction (LF) on soil salt accumulation and on the yield of grains of cowpea plants. A completely randomized block design, with four treatments and five repetitions, was adopted. The treatments studied were: 1 - well water with ECw of 0.8 dS m-1 (without LF); 2 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 (without LF); 3 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with LF of 0.14, and 4 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with LF of 0.28. The following parameters were evaluated: soil salt accumulation, vegetative plant growth, yield, gas exchange and leaf ion contents (Na+, Ca+2, K+, and Cl-). The saline water application provoked salt accumulation in the soil profile, but this effect was partially reverted by the increase of the leaching fraction. Salinity reduced plant yield, but it did not affect its quality. The reduction in plant yield was related, at least in part, to decrease in net assimilation of carbon during flowering and fruit development due to osmotic effects and to accumulation of potentially toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-). In general, the increase in leaching fraction did not reduce the effect of the salinity on plant development.