Abstract A yogurt-like fermented dairy beverage was elaborated from a mixture containing 70% (v/v) caprine milk and 30% (v/v) water-soluble soy extract (WSSE), supplemented with inulin (4 g∙100 mL-1). Physicochemical, sensorial, and microbiological analyses were carried out to characterize the product and evaluate its stability during 28 days of refrigerated storage (5 °C). To compare the results, a yogurt made from whole caprine milk, without inulin supplementation, was elaborated as a control. The use of WSSE and inulin showed favorable to the physicochemical and physical properties of the product, increasing the water holding capacity, improving the rheological properties, and preventing over-acidification during refrigerated storage. Regarding the sensorial evaluation, the control treatment was better evaluated for aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability. No differences were observed between the treatments concerning the microbiological parameters.

Resumo Uma das mais importantes classes de moléculas nutricionais é a dos compostos oleaginosos, a qual inclui especialmente os óleos-lipídeos, os carotenoides e os ácidos graxos. Esses compostos apresentam um vasto campo de aplicações industriais pela habilidade de atuarem como fonte de energia para o corpo humano, antioxidantes e agentes metabólicos. Sendo assim, a indústria de alimentos, focando principalmente na suplementação de alimentos, está sempre procurando novas fontes deles. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo avaliou a produção simultânea de lipídeos totais, carotenoides e ácidos graxos pela levedura Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCT3892, utilizando melaço de cana-de-açúcar como fonte de carbono. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o cultivo da levedura em meio contendo melaço (MC) produziu o mesmo teor de lipídeos totais e carotenoides (16,50% ± 0,68% e 0,053 ± 0,001 mg g-1, respectivamente) quando comparado com o produzido em meio sintéticos (SC) (15,36% ± 1,36% e 0,051 ± 0,001 mg g-1 0,005). Sobre a síntese de ácidos graxos, o cultivo de MC gerou o perfil mais interessante, uma vez que este apresentou um conteúdo majoritário de ácido oleico (74,05%), um composto insaturado com alto valor nutricional. O cultivo conduzido com melaço e suplementação de extrato de levedura (MYEC) não mostrou aumento na produção microbiana de óleos, o que indica que nessa condição prevaleceram outras formas de metabolização do substrato pelas células da levedura, como foi confirmado pelo estudo da cinética microbiana.

Abstract One of the most important classes of nutritional biomolecules is the oleaginous compounds group, which specially includes the oil-lipids, the carotenoids and the fatty acids. These biocompounds present a wide range of industrial applications because their ability to act as an energy source, antioxidants and metabolic agents for the human body. Therefore, the food industry, mainly focusing on food supplementation, is always searching for new sources of them. In this context, the present study evaluated the total lipids, carotenoids and fatty acids simultaneous production by the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCT3892 yeast, using residual sugarcane molasses as carbon source. The results obtained demonstrated that the cultivation of yeast in molasses medium (MC) produced the same content of total lipids and carotenoids (16.50% ± 0.68% and 0.053 ± 0.001 mg g-1, respectively) as the obtained from a synthetic medium (SC) (15.36% ± 1.36% and 0.051 ± 0.001 mg g-1 0.005). Concerning the fatty acids biosynthesis, the MC cultivation generated the most interesting profile once it presented a greater content of oleic acid (74.05%), an unsaturated compound with high nutritional value. The cultivation carried out with the molasses and yeast extract supplementation (MYEC) did not provide an improvement in microbial oil production, what indicated that in this condition there was a predominance of others sorts of substrate metabolization by the yeast cells, as confirmed by the microbial kinetics study.

Resumo Algumas variedades de cana têm alta atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase, prejudicando o processo de produção de açúcar de cor menos escura. Polifenoloxidase (PPO) é uma enzima pertencente ao grupo de oxidorredutases e está presente numa quantidade maior ou menor, dependendo da variedade de cana-de-açúcar, das condições climáticas, da idade, do tratamento da cultura, da colheita e das condições de processamento. A presença dessa enzima tem grande impacto na indústria de alimentos por ser a principal enzima envolvida no indesejável escurecimento de frutas e vegetais durante o processamento e armazenamento. É de grande importância para a indústria de alimentos estudar métodos para a inativação desta enzima. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do gás ozônio associado em substituição da sulfatação convencional do processo, nas concentrações foram de 150, 300 e 450 mg/L, na temperatura de inativação da enzima polifenoloxidase (da variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB 92579) para a produção de açúcar de cor mais clara. O tratamento com ozônio aplicado com concentração de 150 mg.L-1 mostrou uma correlação direta entre a redução na cor do caldo e a inativação da enzima, resultando na produção de açúcar de cor mais clara.

Abstract Some sugarcane varieties have high activity of polyphenoloxidase enzyme, impairing the production of lower color sugar. Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is an enzyme from the oxidoreductases group and it is present in a greater or lesser amount depending on the sugarcane variety, climatic conditions, age, culture treatment, harvest and processing conditions. The presence of this enzyme has great impact in the food industry, as it is the main enzyme involved in the undesirable darkening of fruits and vegetables during processing and storage. It is of great importance for the food industry to study inactivation methods for this enzyme. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of ozone gas associated (replacement of the conventional sulphitation process), whose concentrations were 150, 300 and 450 mg/L, at the inactivation temperature of polyphenoloxidase enzyme of sugarcane variety RB 92579 for the production of lower color sugar. Treatment with ozone concentration of 150 mg·L-1 at 105 °C showed direct correlation between juice color reduction and enzyme inactivation, resulting in the production of lower color sugar.

RESUMO A presente pesquisa objetivou otimizar o processo foto-Fenton solar no tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários. O Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional associado à Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi aplicado para investigar três variáveis operacionais: razão de reagentes [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O], fator de H2O2 e pH inicial, a fim de maximizar a remoção de matéria orgânica, em termos da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). De acordo com os resultados, obteve-se elevada redução da DQO em 3 horas de fotocatálise solar (70,97 a 84,74%). Com base na análise de variância (ANOVA), a variável reposta pode ser descrita por um modelo quadrático, com elevado coeficiente de explicação, R2=0,9894. A análise das superfícies de resposta indicou que as condições ótimas foram: faixa de pH inicial entre 2,5 e 3,5; com pico em 2,79; e razões de reagentes [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O] a partir de 6 até o nível máximo estudado (7,36). Calculou-se a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio com base no fator de H2O2, atingindo o ponto crítico em 143,77% da quantidade estequiométrica de H2O2 necessária para a oxidação completa da matéria orgânica, isto é, 11.751,05 mg H2O2.L-1 para estabilizar uma DQO de 3.845,55 mg O2.L-1.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to optimize the solar photo-Fenton process in landfill leachate treatment. Central Composite Rotatable Design associated with the Response Surface Methodology was applied to investigate three operational factors: reagents ratio [H2O2]/[FeSO4.7H2O], H2O2 factor and initial pH, in order to maximize the organic matter removal, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). According to the results, high COD reduction was obtained in three hours of solar photocatalysis (70.97 to 84.74%). Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the response variable can be described by a quadratic model, with a high coefficient of determination, R2=0.9894. The analysis of response surfaces indicated that the optimum conditions were: initial pH range between 2.5 and 3.5, with a peak at 2.79, and reagents ratio range from 6 to the maximum level studied (7.36). Hydrogen peroxide concentration was calculated from the H2O2 factor, reaching the critical point at 143.77% of the stoichiometric amount of H2O2 needed for the complete oxidation of organic matter, that is, 11,751.05 mg H2O2.L-1 to stabilize a COD of 3,845.55 mg O2.L-1.

Resumo Devido à elevada e intensa atividade industrial, todos os dias são gerados milhares de toneladas de resíduos agroindustriais. Um desses resíduos, a manipueira, é um líquido obtido durante o processamento da mandioca. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da variação da concentração de manipueira sobre a produção de biomassa e lipídios pela levedura Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Foram produzidos 4,1, 6,95, 5,77 g.L -1 de biomassa e 13,33%, 7,71% e 8,47% de lipídios nos cultivos com 50%, 75% e 100% de manipueira, respectivamente. No cultivo realizado em meio sintético, produziram-se 9,39 g.L-1 de biomassa e 41,92% de lipídios. O cultivo com 100% de manipueira apresentou o melhor coeficiente de conversão de açúcares redutores em biomassa e o cultivo em meio sintético o melhor coeficiente para lipídios. Dessa forma, a manipueira mostrou ser um bom substrato para o crescimento da levedura Rhodotorula mucilaginosa e para a produção de lipídios, sendo que essa produção ainda pode ser otimizada.

Abstract Due to elevated and intense industrial activity, thousands of tons of waste are generated every day. One of these wastes, cassava wastewater, is a liquid generated during cassava processing. Thus this study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying the concentration of cassava wastewater on the production of biomass and lipids by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa . The quantities of biomass produced were 4.1, 6.95 and 5.77 g.L-1 plus 13.33%, 7.71% and 8.47% of lipids during the cultivations with 50%, 75% and 100% of cassava wastewater, respectively. The synthetic cultivation produced 9.39 g.L-1 of biomass and 41.92% of lipids. The culture with 100% cassava wastewater presented the best conversion efficiency coefficient of total reducing sugars to biomass and the synthetic culture, without cassava wastewater, the best coefficient for lipids. Thus cassava wastewater was shown to be a potential substrate for the growth of the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and for lipid production, and this production could be further optimized.

A preocupação com o meio ambiente vem motivando diversas pesquisas sobre o uso de materiais pozolânicos em substituição parcial ao cimento em concretos e argamassas, entretanto poucos são os dados sobre tal uso em concretos destinados à produção de elementos prémoldados, concreto este que geralmente é denominado concreto seco ou sem abatimento, devido à baixa umidade requerida no processo de moldagem e prensagem. Este trabalho consistiu em um estudo preliminar sobre o uso de metacaulim em concreto seco, sendo analisados cinco traços de concreto com cinco teores de substituição em cinco tempos de cura, objetivando determinar quais os percentuais de substituição mais adequados, ou seja, aqueles que promovessem aumento na resistência à compressão simples e redução na absorção de água por imersão. Devido ao grande número de variáveis envolvidas, foi utilizado o planejamento experimental estatístico Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), sendo os resultados analisados pela Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR). A análise da superfície de resposta mostrou que, para todos os traços, os melhores resultados dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos poderão ser encontrados com o uso de metacaulim em percentuais de 10% a 20% de substituição da massa do cimento aos 49 dias de cura.

The concern about the environment has motivated several studies on the use of pozzolanic materials as a partial replacement for cement in concrete and mortar. However, there are few data about such a use in concrete designed for the production of precast elements, which is usually called dry or no-slump concrete, due to the low humidity required in the process of molding and pressing. This paper reports a preliminary study on the use of metakaolin in no-slump concrete, analyzing five concrete mixtures with five levels of substitution, in five curing times, aiming to determine the most appropriate percentages of replacement, i.e., those that promote increase in compressive strength and reduction in water absorption by immersion. Due to the large number of variables involved, the statistical experimental design named Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used, and the results were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The response surface analysis showed that for all concrete mixtures, the best results within the parameters established can be found with the use of metakaolin in percentages of 10% at 20% of replacement in the cement mass at 49 days of curing.

This study was carried out to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the application of mesoestruturated catalysts MCM-41, 5%MoO3-MCM-41 and 5%NiO-MCM-41 in the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. XRD results indicate that the phase of mesoporous MCM-41 was obtained and that the introduction of metal oxides did not affect this mesoporous phase. About the heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction, it was observed that the increase in temperature results in a higher concentration of glucose and the catalyst 5%MoO3-MCM-41 provides the highest concentrations of glucose.

In the present work, the influence of the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus and degrees Brix on the yield and productivity of alcoholic fermentation has been evaluated. The methodology used was factorial design and response surface analysis. Within the range studied only for phosphorus a statistically significant effect was observed. The broth of sugar cane of the CB 453 variety already possessed enough nitrogen for the fermentation. The mathematical and empirical model was validated for productivity and not for yield. The concentration of alcohol produced in the fermentation was not enough to cause cellular growth inhibition.

The aim of this work was to verify the effects of initial medium moisture content (U), addition of ammonium sulphate (N) and of potassium phosphate (P) in the production of the polygalacturonase through the solid-state fermentation, using cashew apple husk as substrate and Aspergillus niger CCT0916 as transformation agent. We also studied the best extraction conditions of the produced enzyme. The best condition of production was with U of 40%, 1% of N and 0% of P being reached an activity of the poligalacturonase of 10.1 U/g. The best extraction condition is an agitation system with a time of 100 min and a solvent-fermented medium volume ratio of 5 mL/g.

The biosorption, based on the use of biomass for removal of ions is distinguished as an innovative and promising technology when compared with the traditional methods. In this context, the aim of the present work is to use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as biosorbent for the retention of Pb2+ metal ions. Factorial design was used for evaluation of the process. The observed equilibrium data were well described by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity was 1486.88 mg/g. The results indicated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is suitable for biosorption of Pb2+ metal ions.

Removal of hydrocarbons from aqueous effluents using biosorbents was investigated. The effluent was simulated by a dispersion of gasoline (simple hydrocarbons) in water. Corn-cob, wood powder, coconut mesocarp and sugar-cane bagasse were used as adsorbents and their performance verified by means of batch experiments performed in an agitated vessel. The influence of input variables such as hydrocarbon concentration, mass of biomass and agitation level on the adsorbents' capacity was studied by means of factorial design. The results indicated that, among the materials studied, coconut mesocarp and sugar-cane bagasse can be considered promising biomasses for treating aqueous effluents contaminated by hydrocarbons.

A produção de proteínas microbianas sobre a casca de maracujá visando à produção de suplemento protéico para animais é uma alternativa encontrada para o grande desperdício desse resíduo agroindustrial. Através das isotermas de dessorção da casca do maracujá, foi verificado que as condições de umidade inicial para o crescimento de microrganismos neste resíduo por meio da fermentação semi-sólida deverá ser acima de 55% (base úmida) e a faixa de umidade ideal para o armazenamento do resíduo em torno de 5,3% (base úmida).

The microbial protein production on passion fruit peel shell as an animal protein supplement production is an alternative found out to avoid the large wastage of agri-industrial residues. Through the desorption isotherms of passion fruit peel, it is verified that for the microorganism growth by solid-state fermentation on this residue, the initial moisture content condition should be above 55% (wet basis). The ideal moisture content range for residue storage is around 5.3% (wet basis).

The present study evaluated the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and ºBrix on the production of MSCT through a factorial design methodology and analysis of response surface. The objective was to propose a statistically significant probabilistic model for the alcoholic fermentation. In order to obtain less MSCT, the medium under fermentation needs to present low sugar concentration. It was observed that phosphorus and nitrogen, even with no significant individual effects, presented interactions with each other decreasing the production of MSCT, which improves alcohol quality.

The production of cashew apple wine has the purpose of minimizing the wastage in the Brazilian cashew production. Knowing that the cashew apple fermentation produces a good cashew wine, a study of alcoholic fermentation kinetics of the cashew apple and the physico-chemical characterization of the product were made. The cashew wine was produced in an stirred batch reactor. The results of the physico-chemical analysis of volatiles, residual sugars, total acidity and pH of cashew wine showed that their concentrations were within the standard limits established by the Brazilian legislation for fruit wines.

A bioconversão da proteína microbiana através da levedura em meio sólido, foi estudada em palma forrageira cultivada em condições laboratoriais, sob três níveis de concentração do inóculo (5, 10 e 15%), espessuras distintas das camadas dos substratos (2, 4 e 6cm) e temperaturas (30, 34 e 38ºC). Foram analisadas as taxas de produção de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), cujos resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, energia bruta (EB) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). O valor máximo de teor protéico, alcançado nas condições estudadas nesse trabalho, foi superior a 26%, sendo esse teor compatível ou maior do que os concentrados convencionais utilizados como suplemento protéico para a ração animal. O concentrado protéico da palma obteve um alto índice de digestibilidade in vitro (95,8%) e não apresentou grande alteração no valor da energia bruta se comparada com a palma in natura.

The microbial protein bioconversion of cactus pear by yeast in solid medium was studied. Three cultivation variables used were: inoculum's concentrations (5, 10 and 15 %), substrate layer thickness (2, 4 and 6 cm) and temperature (30, 34 and 38 ºC). The rate of dry matter production and total protein were determined. Results obtained were variance analysis, gross energy and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The maximum protein amount achieved for the conditions studied in the present work was higher than 26 %, which was compatible or greater than those of conventional concentrates of protein supplements used for animal feed. The protein concentrate of cactus pear had a higher in vitro digestibility index (95.8 %) and did not show any changes in the gross energy value when compared to that of the cactus pear in natura.