Abstract The present communication deals with three butterfly species belonging to family Lycaenidae and subfamily Theclinae, recorded for the first time from different localities in a mountainous watershed in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir during 2020. These include Esakiozephyrus icana, Spindasis ictis and Tajuria jehana. The information on their current extent and known occurrence will be helpful in updating the range distribution of butterflies in north-western Himalayas.

Abstract La presente comunicación trata de tres especies de mariposas pertenecientes a la familia Lycaenidae y subfamilia Theclinae, registradas por primera vez en diferentes localidades en una cuenca montañosa en el Territorio de la Unión de Jammu y Cachemira durante 2020. Estas incluyen a Esakiozephyrus icana, Spindasis ictis y Tajuria jehana. La información sobre su presencia actual existente y conocida será útil para actualizar la distribución de las mariposas en el noroeste del Himalaya.

Abstract: The present communication deals with eight species of Hesperiidae recorded for the first time from different localities in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir during 2018 to 2020. These include Burara oedipodea belesis, Matapa aria, Erionota torus, Udaspes folus, Coladenia indrani indrani, Tagiades cohaerens cynthia, Celaenorrhinus dhanada and Pseudocoladenia fatih. The information on the current extant and their known distribution till now has been given along with the photographs. These records will be helpful in updating the range distribution of butterflies in north western Himalayas.

Resumen: La presente comunicación trata de ocho especies de Hesperiidae registradas por primera vez en diferentes localidades del territorio de la Unión de Jammu y Cachemira durante los años 2018 a 2020. Entre ellas se encuentran Burara oedipodea belesis, Matapa aria, Erionota torus, Udaspes folus, Coladenia indrani indrani, Tagiades cohaerens cynthia, Celaenorrhinus dhanada y Pseudocoladenia fatih. Junto con las fotografías se entrega información sobre su estado actual y distribución conocida hasta el momento. Estos registros serán útiles para actualizar el rango de distribución de las mariposas en el noroeste del Himalaya.

Agent-mediated reputation systems provide the necessary decision making support to facilitate the automation of processes, and to improve the quality of services in an information asymmetric e-market. Reputation systems encourage honest behavior and discourage malicious behavior of buyer and seller agents by safeguarding honest participants and by laying a foundation for security through social control mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a reputation system that aims to safeguard honest buyers from rogue behavior by counterparties and deceptive buying peers. It employs reputation functions with attack-resilient parameters based on the e-market parameters like value of the transaction and varying experience of agents.These parameters help to reduce the incentive for dishonest behavior, and to minimize harm in case of attacks by rogue sellers in order to improve the trustworthiness among participants in the e-market.

Dez isolados clínicos, sendo cinco resistentes e cinco sensíveis ao fluconazol, obtidos de pacientes diabéticos, foram estudados quanto à fluidez e composição química da membrana. Quando comparados aos isolados sensíveis ao fluconazol, os isolados resistentes apresentaram fluidez de membrana aumentada, conforme mensurado pela técnica de polarização fluorescente. A fluidez de membrana aumentada refletiu-se pelos valores mais baixos de p. Por outro lado, os isolados sensíveis continham quantidades mais elevadas de ergosterol, quase o dobro dos isolados resistentes, o que pode ter contribuído para a fluidez de membrana mais baixa. Entretanto, não se observou alteração significativa na composição fosfolipídica e de ácidos graxos nesses isolados. Experimentos de marcação com corante fluorescamina indicaram que a porcentagem de aminofosfolípides e fosfatidiletanolamina expostos foi mais elevada nos isolados resistentes do que nos sensíveis, indicando uma possível superexpressão dos genes CDR1 e CDR2 nos isolados resistentes. Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que alterações no teor de ergosterol e superexpressão dos genes ABC transportadores CDR1 e CDR2 podem contribuir na resistência ao fluconazol em isolados de C. albicans de pacientes diabéticos.

Ten clinical isolates of Candida albicans, five strains belonging to each of fluconazole resistant and susceptible groups isolated from diabetic patients, were studied for the membrane fluidity and lipid composition. Compared to fluconazole susceptible strains, fluconazole resistant ones exhibited enhanced membrane fluidity as measured by fluorescence polarization technique. The increased membrane fluidity was reflected in the decreased p-values exhibited by the resistant strains. On the other hand, susceptible isolates contained higher amount of ergosterol, almost twice as compared to resistant isolates which might have contributed to their lower membrane fluidity. However, no significant alteration was observed in the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of these isolates. Labeling experiments with fluorescamine dye revealed that the percentage of the exposed aminophospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine was highest in the resistant strains as compared to the susceptible strains, indicating a possible overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes in resistant strains. The results presented here suggest that the changes in the ergosterol content and overexpression of ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2 could contributeto fluconazole resistance in C. albicans isolated from diabetic patients.