Abstract Cytogenetic characterization was performed on three wandering spiders: Ctenus amphora Mello-Leitão, 1930, C. crulsi Mello-Leitão, 1930 and C. villasboasi Mello-Leitão, 1949. The three species had similar karyotypes, with 2n = 28 (26 + X1X20) in males, with sex chromosomes exhibiting positive heteropicnosis in meiotic cells. 18S rDNA mapping revealed gene sites at the terminal region of one chromosomal pair for all species, with one C. crulsi individual, showing markings in two pairs. C. villasboasi showed markers only in the pachytene phase. The distribution pattern of constitutive heterochromatin was found to be characteristic for the genus, with markings in the centromeric region of all chromosomes, suggesting an acrocentric morphology for all chromosomes of the three analysed species. The results support the fusion of sex chromosomes as an evolutionary tendency for this spider group.

Abstract: The Chilean democratic transition governments understood the task of re-democratizing the educational system based on the imperative of quality and equity. This study analyzes the grounding concepts of educational policies established in the democratic transition in Chile (1990-2017). It postulates that school effectiveness is the articulating element of these policies, a theoretical and ideological discourse related to a complex discursive plot, coupled with more general transformations of the State, also called second generation reforms. This study uses a qualitative documentary method analysis, and intellectual history and the theory of ideology as data analysis techniques. Among the results emerges the generalization of new public management process, subjecting the institutions to a new form of control and internal competition. It is concluded that school effectiveness is based on a research model that reduces the social complexity of education to the measurement, which is functional to governments that seek consensus and that are not oriented to social change or to the construction of more egalitarian, instituting, in this way, technical answers to political problems.

Resumen: Los gobiernos de la transición democrática comprendieron la tarea de re-democratizar el sistema educacional en base al imperativo de la calidad y la equidad. Este estudio analiza los conceptos que fundamentan las políticas educacionales de la transición democrática en Chile (1990-2017). Se postula que el elemento articulador de estas políticas es la efectividad escolar, un discurso teórico e ideológico relacionado a una compleja trama discursiva que se acopla con transformaciones más generales del Estado, llamadas también reformas de segunda generación. Se utiliza un método cualitativo de análisis documental, y la historia intelectual y la teoría de la ideología como técnicas de análisis de la información. Entre los resultados emerge la generalización del proceso de nueva gestión pública, sometiendo a las instituciones a una nueva forma de control y competencia interna. Se concluye que la efectividad escolar se fundamenta en un modelo de investigación que reduce la complejidad social de la educación a lo medible, lo que es funcional a los gobiernos que buscan consensos y que no están orientados al cambio social ni hacia la construcción de sociedades más igualitarias, instituyendo, de esta manera, respuestas técnicas a problemas políticos.

Environmental conditions can affect lichen morphology, physiology and chemistry. Some functional traits; like thickness of thallus layers, photosystems condition, and presence of photoprotective and antioxidant compounds are key to colonizing new sites, and can change depending on light and moisture availability. In the present study, we compared the morphology, physiology and chemistry of the native Chilean lichen Pseudocyphellaria flavicans from two Coastal populations (Nahuelbuta and Contulmo, Araucanía district), and one Andean population (Ralco, Bío-Bío district). Ralco is a more closed secondary forest, and can show dryer periods compared to Nahuelbuta and Contulmo. We found differences in thalli anatomy between populations. Ralco individuals had thinner upper cortex than Nahuelbuta individuals. Contulmo individuals had similar upper cortex thickness compared to the other two populations. We also found differences in the response of the maximal efficiency of the PSII (Fv/Fm) to desiccation and in the in situ values measured. We did not find differences between populations in the chemical traits. The differences between populations could be attributed to differences in local environmental conditions, namely moisture and light.

Las condiciones ambientales afectan la morfología, fisiología y química de los líquenes. Ciertos rasgos funcionales, como el grosor de las distintas capas del talo, estado de los fotosistemas, y presencia de compuestos fotoprotectores y antioxidantes son claves para colonizar nuevos sitios y pueden variar dependiendo de la disponibilidad de luz y humedad. En este trabajo se comparó la morfología, fisiología y química de individuos del liquen nativo de Chile Pseudocyphellaria flavicans de dos poblaciones de la Cordillera de la Costa (Nahuelbuta y Contulmo, Región de la Araucanía) y una de la Cordillera de los Andes (Ralco, Región del Bío-Bío). Ralco es un bosque más cerrado y presenta periodos más secos, comparado con Nahuelbuta y Contulmo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la anatomía del talo entre poblaciones. Los individuos de Ralco presentaron una corteza superior más delgada en relación con los de Nahuelbuta. Los individuos de Contulmo presentaron una corteza similar a las otras dos poblaciones. También se encontraron diferencias en las curvas de respuesta de la eficiencia máxima del PSII (Fv/Fm) a la desecación y los valores medidos in situ. No se encontraron diferencias entre poblaciones en las variables químicas medidas. Las diferencias entre poblaciones podrían atribuirse a diferencias en las condiciones ambientales locales, principalmente humedad y luminosidad.

O carvão mineral brasileiro contém altos teores de impurezas (pirita e minerais de rochas sedimentares), sendo necessário seu beneficiamento. Os rejeitos do beneficiamento demandam uma grande área física para a sua disposição, modificam a topografia e geram a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM). O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar um típico depósito de rejeitos na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina, buscando a separação de três frações para uso futuro: (a) uma fração para a geração de energia; (b) uma fração enriquecida em silicatos; e (c) uma fração com alto teor de enxofre. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu na amostragem e caracterização do material. A caracterização incluiu análise granulométrica, estudos densimétricos, medidas do teor de cinzas e enxofre, análise mineralógica por DRX, estudos petrográficos em lupa e medidas de contabilização de ácidos e bases. Os resultados granulométricos indicaram que 68% do material é composto por partículas grossas, 15%, por partículas finas e 17%, pelo lodo das bacias de sedimentação. Com o beneficiamento gravimétrico dos resíduos é possível uma recuperação teórica do material de 33,7% para geração de energia e 10,3% para produção de um concentrado rico em pirita. O material restante, com menor quantidade de enxofre e rico em silicatos, tem seu potencial de geração de acidez reduzido em 60% e apresenta possibilidade de uso na construção civil.

Brazilian coals contain high levels of impurities (pyrite and sedimentary rocks minerals), requiring concentration procedures. The coal tailing deposits demand a large physical area, whose topography is changed and acid mine drainage (AMD) is generated. The aim of this work was to characterize a typical coal tailing deposit in the carboniferous region of Santa Catarina, seeking the separation of three fractions for future reuse: (a) a fraction for energy production; (b) a fraction composed mainly by silicate minerals; and (c) a fraction with a high concentration of pyrite. The work methodology consisted in sample collection and characterization of the material. The characterization included particle size analysis, dissymmetric studies, XRD analysis, petrography studies, and acid-base accounting tests. The results showed that 68% of the material is composed of coarse particles, 15% of fine particles, and 17% of slurry from settling ponds. It is possible, by gravimetric concentration of the material, to recover 33.7% for energetic application and 10.3% as a pyrite concentrate. The remaining material, with intermediate density, will have a decrease of about 60% in its net acid generation potential and presents potential for application in civil engineering construction.

This essay introduces the relationships between the conceptions of identity and modernity in the Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor. In the work of Charles Taylor, the concept of identity is a useful tool in order to see clearly the moral topology of the self in the context of a new vision of the entire moral domain. In his search of this moral sources of the self, Taylor centers his analysis in the modern epoch. He underlines in this period the role of the interior personality, the preeminence of the ordinary life of the family and the economy and the emergence of nature and expression, the expressivist turn. In his essays of the end of the decade of 1980 and of the decade of the 1990, Taylor assigns great importance to the expressivist ideal of authenticity and explores its relations with the idea of recognition. It is in the modern language of authenticity and recognition that we can righty interpret the reemergency of nationalism and religion as a sign of cultural identity. Other practical consequences of the works of Taylor are in the field of multiculturalism, political philosophy and the philosophy of language. At the end of the text some criticism are mentioned, particularly the criticism of José Maria González who centers in the absence of the baroque culture in Taylor.

Este ensayo es una investigación sobre las relaciones entre las concepciones de modernidad e identidad en la obra del filósofo canadiense Charles Taylor. En los escritos recientes de Taylor, el concepto de identidad es una herramienta útil para percibir claramente la concepción del yo, en el contexto de una nueva visión del espacio moral. En su búsqueda de las fuentes morales del yo, Taylor centra su análisis en la modernidad. Subraya en este período el rol de la interioridad, la preeminencia de la vida ordinaria de la familia y la economía y la emergencia de la naturaleza y la expresión, el giro expresivista. En sus ensayos de fines de la década de 1980 y en los 1990, Taylor le asigna gran significación al ideal expresivista de la autenticidad y explora sus relaciones con la idea de reconocimiento. Es en este lenguaje moderno de la autenticidad y el reconocimiento que podemos expresar mejor el renacimiento del nacionalismo y la religión como un símbolo de la identidad cultural. Otras consecuencias prácticas de estas distinciones y conceptos de Taylor pueden encontrarse en el multiculturalismo, la filosofía política y la filosofía del lenguaje. Al final del texto se exploran muy sintéticamente alguna críticas a las concepciones de la autenticidad de Taylor. En particular, me parece muy interesante la crítica del filósofo español José María González que se centra en la ausencia del barroco en el filósofo canadiense, y en la idea barroca de una identidad múltiple.

This paper compares two normative theories of education in Chile, one centered in the republican tradition, mainly in the XIX and partly in the XXth century, and the other imposed by the military dictatorship and who uses the market freedom and the market efficiency as justificatory devices. The republican theory argues in favor of a central role of the state in the design of a public, universal, obligatory and tuitionless educational system, understood as essential to the formation of citizens in common and to the construction of an egalitarian society. One can think of education, in this perspective, as a common property, a public good of which nobody can, in principle be excluded. To the market theory, education is conceived as a consumer good -or, in another version, as an investment- who means high rates of return to individual users and for that reason must be paid by them. From another perspective, a private system of education is justified in terms of the freedom to offer educational goods in the market, and the freedom to choose this goods by theconsumers. In Chile an educational system very similar to the republican one, has existed till 1973. This system has had a relatively peaceful coexistence with private education in all levels. In current discussions on education, this mixed system is considered a good thing. The paper argues that this coexistence is no more possible with the actual market model who seeks to exclude any other system, which is incompatible with a strong public system of high quality and who points therefore to the destatisation of all education.

En este artículo se comparan dos teorías normativas sobre la educación en Chile, durante los siglos XIX y XX, la teoría que sustenta la educación en la idea de república, fundamentalmente en el siglo XIX, y el modelo que impone el régimen de Pinochet que recurre a la utilidad y la libertad de mercado como conceptos justificatorios. La teoría republicana argumenta a favor de un papel central del Estado en el diseño de un sistema educacional público, universal, obligatorio (por lo menos hasta el nivel secundario) y gratuito, que se entiende como fundamental para la formación común del ciudadano y para la construcción de una sociedad de iguales. Se puede decir que en esta perspectiva, la educación es una propiedad común, un bien público del que nadie, en principio puede ser excluído. Para el modelo de mercado, la educación es un bien de consumo -o en otras perspectivas, una inversión- que significa altas tasas de retorno para los individuos y que por esta razón debe ser pagada por los usuarios. Desde otra mirada, un sistema privado de educación se justifica también en términos de la libertad de los agentes económicos para ofrecer bienes educacionales en el mercado y la libertad de escoger de consumidores potenciales. En el artículo se argumenta que, por lo menos históricamente, en Chile, un modelo similar al republicano existió hasta 1973, el que coexistió con un sistema educacional privado. En el debate actual, esta coexistencia entre un sistema público y uno privado se considera positiva. En oposición a esto, el actual modelo educacional, fundamentalmente de mercado, es excluyente, incapaz de coexistir con un sistema público fuerte y de calidad, y tiende por lo tanto a la desestatización progresiva de toda la educación.

Comparative cytogenetic analyses of hatchetfishes Carnegiella marthae and Carnegiella strigata (Gasteropelecidae) from the Rio Negro basin were performed using conventional Giemsa staining, silver (Ag) -staining and C-banding. The diploid chromosome numbers of both species equaled 2n = 50 but their karyotypes were distinct. We found evidence for sex chromosomes in C. marthae since karyotype of males presented 20 M + 12 SM + 4 ST + 14 A and ZZ ST chromosomes while the females presented 20 M + 12 SM + 4 ST + 14 A and ZW ST chromosomes of distinct size. Conversely, C. strigata presented 4 M + 4 SM + 2 ST + 40 A chromosomes without sex chromosome heteromorphism. Karyotypes of both species had two NOR-bearing SM chromosomes of distinct size indicating the presence of multiple NOR phenotypes. The sex chromosome pair had specific C-banding pattern allowing identification of both Z and W. This heteromorphic system has previously been described for the gasteropelecids.

Aumento de la presión intracraneal, hidrocéfalo y papiledema son observados ocasionalmente en pacientes portadores de tumores medulares en la región cervical o en la unión craneocervical, y entre otros, la obstrucción mecánica de la circulación del líquido cefalorraquídeo es asumida como responsable para tales síntomas y signos. No obstante, la hipertensión intracraneal es un raro fenómeno en tumores espinales de localización tóracolumbar. Los autores describen dos pacientes en quienes un tumor en tal localización (schwannoma benigno y paraganglioma) se asoció a síntomas de hipertensión intracraneal, hidrocefalia y papiledema. Se piensa que este tipo de lesiones puede interferir activamente en la dinámica del flujo del líquido cefalorraquídeo en razón de que la ocupación de espacio impide la expansión del saco dural y espacio subaracnoideo espinal que se piensa juegan algún papel en la compensación de los cambios de volumen y la presión intracraneal

Increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and papilledema are occasionally observed in patients harboring spinal tumors in the cervical region or at the craniocervical junction, and among others, the mechanical obstruction to the cerebrospinal fluid circulation is assumed to be responsible for such symptoms and signs. *Perla de Observación Clínica presentada en la sesión ordinaria de la Academia Nacional de Medicina del jueves 21 de enero de 2006. **Unidad de Neuro-Oftalmología del Hospital Vargas de Caracas, UCV. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Medicina José María Vargas. Cátedra de Clínica y Terapéutica Médica B. In memoriam, Dr. Carlos Schnider (q.e.p.d.). However, increased intracranial pressure is very rare in spinal tumors located in the thoraco-lumbar region. Two patients are described by the authors in whom a benign thoracolumbar tumor (benign schwannoma and paraganglioma) was associated with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and papiledema. It has been suggested that this kind of lesions could actively interfere with cerebrospinal fluid dynamics by their mass effect, especially by preventing the expansion of the dural sac and spinal subarachnoid space which may play some roce in compensating for volume changes and intracranial pressure.

Quatro populações de Astyanax aff. fasciatus do alto rio Tibagi (município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil) foram citogeneticamente e morfometricamente analisadas. Os dados citogenéticos mostram a ocorrência de distintos cariótipos (citótipos), aqui nomeados citótipo A, com 2n=48 (6m+18sm+14st+10a), citótipo B, com 2n=50 (8m+18sm+14st+10a) e citótipo C, com 2n=50 cromossomos (8m+18sm+14st+10a). O padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina constitutiva foi muito similar entre os citótipos A e B, mas mostrou-se divergente em relação ao citótipo C. Citótipos distintos podem ocorrer em simpatria na região do alto rio Tibagi, com exceção da amostra da Furna 2, a qual apresenta somente o citótipo A exclusivamente. Além disso, um exemplar com 2n=49 cromoossomos (7m+18sm+14st+10a) foi também encontrado e, pelas características apresentadas, pode ser uma conseqüência de um raro evento de hibridização entre os citótipos A e B. As análises morfométricas de variáveis canônicas indicam um isolamento consistente da amostra da Furna 2 enquanto as demais amostras analisadas se apresentam sobrepostas indicando um possível fluxo gênico ou evento de isolamento recente. Este modelo aponta para um complexo de espécies crípticas na região estudada.

Four populations of Astyanax aff. fasciatus of the upper rio Tibagi (municipal district of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil), had their karyotypes and morphometry analyzed. The cytogenetic data show the occurrence of distinct karyotypes (cytotypes), here named cytotype A, with 2n=48 chromosomes (6m+18sm+14st+10a), cytotype B, with 2n=50 chromosomes (8m+18sm+14st+10a) and cytotype C, with 2n=50 chromosomes (8m+18sm+14st+10a). The distribution pattern of the constitutive heterochromatin was very similar between cytotypes A and B, but diverged in relation to cytotype C. Distinct cytotypes may occur in sympatry in the upper rio Tibagi region, with the exception of the Furna 2 sample, which presents cytotype A exclusively. In addition, a specimen with 2n=49 chromosomes (7m+18sm+14st+10a) was also found and, by the characteristics presented, may be a consequence of a rare hybridization event between cytotypes A and B. The morphometric analyses of canonical variates indicate a consistent isolation of the Furna 2 sample, while the other samples seem to be superimposed, indicating a possible gene flow or even a recent isolation event. This model points to a probable complex of cryptic species in the studied region.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a dosagem direta do colesterol LDL (LDL-C) por um método homogêneo, em comparação com a estimativa pela fórmula de Friedewald, em uma grande população heterogênea. MÉTODOS: As dosagens do colesterol total (ColT) e dos triglicerídeos (Trig) foram realizadas por métodos enzimáticos tradicionais. As dosagens do HDL-C e do LDL-C foram realizadas por métodos diretos, sem precipitação, e a estimativa da fração LDL-C calculada pela fórmula de Friedewald. RESULTADOS: Por análise de regressão linear, os dois métodos apresentaram coeficientes de correlação extremamente significativos (p<0,001). Entretanto, a fórmula de Friedewald apresentou um bias positivo em relação ao método direto, mais pronunciado com níveis de ColT > 201 mg/dL. Este bias positivo também ocorreu com relação a níveis de Trig < 150 mg/dL. Com níveis de Trig entre 151-200 mg/dL e entre 201-300 mg/dL, não foi observado bias entre os dois métodos. Por outro lado, com níveis de Trig entre 301-400 mg/dL, este bias da fórmula de Friedewald tornou-se negativo. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível demonstrar que a fórmula de Friedewald não apresenta um desempenho homogêneo para a estimativa do LDL-C em amostras com diferentes níveis de Trig, em comparação com o método direto, podendo causar dúvidas na classificação quanto ao risco de desenvolver doença arterial coronariana.

OBJECTIVE: To compare direct measurement of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) determined by a homogeneous method with LDL-cholesterol estimation determined by the Friedewald formula in a large heterogeneous population. METHODS: The measurements of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were performed using traditional enzymatic methods. The measurements of HDL-C and LDL-C were performed using direct methods with no precipitation, and the estimation of the LDL-C fraction was calculated using the Friedewald formula. RESULTS: On linear regression analysis, the 2 methods had extremely significant correlation coefficients (P < 0.001). However, the Friedewald formula had a positive bias in regard to the direct method, more pronounced with TC levels > 201 mg/dL. This positive bias also occurred in regard to TG levels < 150 mg/dL. No bias was observed between the methods for TG levels ranging from 151 to 200 mg/dL and from 201 to 300 mg/dL. On the other hand, for TG levels ranging from 301 to 400 mg/dL, this bias of the Friedewald formula became negative. CONCLUSION: The Friedewald formula did not have a homogeneous performance for estimating LDL-C levels in samples with different TG levels as compared with that of the direct method, what could launch doubts on patients classification on the risk of developing coronary artery disease.

Morphological and chromosomal markers were used to infer the structure and genetic variability of a population of fish of the genus Astyanax, geographically isolated at sinkhole 2 of Vila Velha State Park, Paraná, Brazil. Two morphotypes types were observed, the standard phenotype I and phenotype II which showed an anatomical alteration probably due to an inbreeding process. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) analysis of different characters showed low levels of morphological variation among the population from sinkhole 2 and in another population from the Tibagi river (Paraná, Brazil). The Astyanax karyotype was characterized in terms of chromosomal morphology, constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions. Males and females presented similar karyotypes (2n=48, 6M+18SM+14ST+10A) with no evidence of a sex chromosome system. One female from sinkhole 2 was a natural triploid with 2n=3x=72 chromosomes (9M+27SM+21ST+15A). The data are discussed regarding the maintenance of population structure and their evolutionary importance, our data suggesting that Astyanax from the Vila Velha State Park sinkhole 2 is a recently isolated population.

Realização de ensaio clínico controlado em câncer de esôfago, com uma casuística de 65 casos, no Hospital A.C. Camargo, no período de 1986 a 1990. O ensaio clínico controlado estudou três grupos terapêuticos: grupo I - cirurgia exclusiva (20 casos); grupo 2 - cirurgia + radioterapia pós-operatória (27 casos); grupo 3 - quimioterapia pré-operatória + cirurgia + radioterapia e quimioterapia pós-operatória (18 casos). O tempo cirúrgico foi único, com ressecção ampla do esôfago, utilizando-se como vias de acesso, preferentemente, a transpleural para os tumores localizados no terço médio do esôfago e a transmediastinal para o terço inferior e segmento abdominal. A retirada dos gânglios linfáticos regionais fez parte deste tempo cirúrgico, bem como a técnica de plastia padronizada com o estômago, com anastomose extratorácica cervical e posição do estômago no mediastino posterior. A radioterapia foi aplicada no leito esofágico, com dose total de 4.500 a 5.000 cGY em cinco sessões semanais. Foram utilizadas as drogas cisplatina (80 mg/m²), vincristina (1,5 mg/m²) e bleomicina (10mg/m²) na quimioterapia pré e pós-operatórias. A sobrevida de cinco anos, segundo os grupos terapêuticos, foi de: grupo I - 61,9% , grupo 2 - 52,6 % e grupo 3 - 68,7%. Esta sobrevida, segundo o estadiamento clínico, foi de: EC I+II A - 52,0% e EC II B + III- 45,5%. Esses resultados estatisticamente não foram significativos. Os índices de sobrevida de cinco anos para os grupos terapêuticos 1 e 2 variaram de 40,4 a 60,6% quando os EC foram I + II A; para os demais EC não houve sobrevida de cinco anos. Para uma melhor avaliação, a inclusão de maior número de casos em pesquisas desse tipo poderia ser obtida pela participação de vários centros de tratamento do câncer de esôfago.

A 65-case-clinical trial on esophagus cancer was conducted at the Hospital A.C. Camargo between 1986 and 1990. A controlled clinical trial studied three therapeutic groups, as follows: group 1 - surgery alone (20 cases); group 2 - surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy (27 cases); and group 3 - preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy (18 cases). Surgery occurred in a one-step procedure with large ressection of the esophagus, mainly by transpleural access to tumors in the middle third and transmediastinal to the lower third and abdominal segment of the esophagus. Included in the same surgical procedure was the removal of regional lymph nodes as well as the reconstruction using the stomach, with extrathoracic cervical anastomosis and stomach placement into the posterior mediastinum. Radiotherapy was employed at the posterior mediastinum in a total dose of 4.500-5.000 cGY applied in five sessions. Cisplatin (800 mg/m2), vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and bleomicine (10 mg/m2) were administered through pre and postoperative chemotherapy regimen. A 5-year survival was observed in 61.9% of the group 1 cases; 52.6% of the group 2 cases and 68.7% of the group 3 cases. Relative to clinical staging, this survival was of 52.0% for clinical stage I + II A and 45.5% for clinical stage II B + III These results were not statiscally significant. Five-year survival rates for groups 1 and 2 ranged from 40.4% to 60.6% when clinical stages were I + II A; the other stages did not present a 5-year survival. For better assessment, a greater number of cases is necessary. This would be achieved if more esophageal cancer services entried in similar clinical trials.