Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de probióticos en dietas con ingredientes de origen animal o vegetal sobre las variables productivas de pollos de engorde de 1 a 42 días de edad. Materiales y métodos. Fueron utilizados 1056 pollitos de un día de edad, machos de linaje Ross 308, distribuidos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar en un arreglo factorial 2X4 (dieta de origen animal o vegetal) y cuatro promotores (antibiótico, dos probióticos y un control negativo) con 6 repeticiones y 22 aves por unidad. Resultados. A los 7 días de edad hubo diferencia (p<0.05) en el consumo diario de alimento, peso y ganancia de peso y a los 14 días para peso, ganancia de peso y mortalidad entre las dietas. La conversión alimenticia de 1 a 7 días tuvo interacción (p<0.05) entre los tipos de dieta y los promotores. Hubo diferencia (p<0.05) para el peso y la ganancia de peso a los 14 días de edad entre los promotores. A los 21 días de edad la mortalidad presentó diferencia (p<0.05) para el tipo de dietas; el peso, ganancia de peso, consuno diario de alimento y conversión alimenticia presentaron diferencia para los promotores. A los 28, 35 y 42 días de edad la mortalidad y el índice de eficiencia productiva presentaron diferencia (p<0.05) entre el tipo de dietas. Conclusiones. El tipo de dieta y de promotor de crecimiento no afectan las variables productivas; sin embargo, la viabilidad mejora con las dietas de origen animal.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate the use of probiotics in diets whit ingredients of animal or vegetable origin in production variables of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Materials and Methods. Were used 1056 one-day-old chicks, male, of lineage Ross 308, divided in to an experimental randomized design in 2X4 factorial arrangement, two origin of diet (animal or vegetable) and four promoters (antibiotic, two probiotics and a negative control) whit 6 replicates and 22 birds per unit. Results. At 7 days old there was a difference (p<0.05) in daily food intake, weight and weight gain and 14 days for weight, weight gain and mortality among diets. The feed conversion of 1-7 days did interaction (p<0.05) between types of diet and promoters. There was a difference (p<0.05) for weight and weight gain at 14 days of age between promoters. At 21 days of age presented mortality difference (p<0.05) for the type of diets; weight, weight gain, daily feed together and feed conversion showed difference for developers. At 28, 35 and 42 days old mortality and productive efficiency index showed difference (p<0.05) between the types of diets. Conclusions. The type of diet and growth promoter did not affect production variables, however, the viability improvement animal diets.

Objetivo. Determinar los valores nutricionales de las semillas de canola integral molida (SCI) y extrusada (SCE) y evaluar su influencia sobre el desempeño de lechones de 15 a 30 kg. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron dos dietas experimentales con semilla de canola en un ensayo de digestibilidad. Fueron utilizados 15 lechones machos, castrados, con peso inicial de 19.79±1.43kg, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar. En el desempeño se evaluaron cuatro dietas experimentales que consistieron de una dieta con adición de aceite de soya (RAS), una con adición de aceite de canola (RAC) y otras dos exentas de aceite; siendo una con la inclusión de 11% de SCI (RSCI) y otra con la inclusión de 6% de SCE (RSCE). Fueron utilizados 40 lechones híbridos comerciales, con peso vivo medio inicial de 15.25±1.5kg, distribuidos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos, cinco repeticiones; siendo dos animales por unidad experimental. Resultados. Los valores de energía digestible para SCI y SCE en base seca fueron de 4.197 kcal/kg y 5.234 kcal/kg, respectivamente. El proceso de extrusión mejoró los coeficientes de digestibilidad. Los lechones alimentados con RSCI presentaron menor ganancia de peso (GPD) y peor conversión alimentaria (CA). Conclusiones. Los resultados indicaron que la SCE puede ser incluida en la dieta de lechones de 15 a 30 kg, hasta un nivel de 6% sin afectar el desempeño.

Objective. Determine the nutritional values of ground (SCI) or extruded (SCE) canola seed and evaluate its use in the performance of piglets from 15 to 30 kg. Materials and methods. Two experimental diets with canola seed were evaluated in a digestibility trial. We used 15 barrows with an initial weight of 19.79±1.43kg, distributed in a completely randomized design. In the performance, four experimental diets were evaluated consisting of a diet with soybean oil added (RAS), one with the of addition of canola oil (RAC) and two oil-free; one with 11% SCI included and one with 6% SCE (RSCE) included. 40 commercial hybrid piglets were used that had 15.25±1.5kg initial body weight, randomly distributed, in four treatments and five replicates; two animals per experimental unit. Results. The digestible energy values for SCI and SCE were 4.197 kcal/kg and 5.234 kcal/kg, respectively. The extrusion process improved the digestibility coefficients. Piglets fed with RSCI showed less daily weight gain (DWG) and F:G ratio. Conclusion. Results suggest that SCE can be included in diets of piglets from 15 to 30 kg until 6% without negatively affecting performance.

Existem diversos ingredientes que podem substituir aqueles que são comumente utilizados na produção das dietas animais com o intuito de reduzir os custos de produção, como o resíduo da filetagem de tilápia. No entanto, em se tratando de resíduos, estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliar os seus exatos efeitos sobre o produto final. Assim, um experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de cinco diferentes níveis (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% e 8%) de resíduo da filetagem de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) (FT) nas dietas de frangos de corte sobre o rendimento de carcaça e características sensoriais da carne. Foram utilizados 480 pintos de um dia, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. Ao final do período experimental (42 dias), os parâmetros de rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, asa, peso relativo do fígado e percentual de gordura abdominal foram mensurados. A análise sensorial da carne foi realizada por 45 provadores não treinados. As amostras foram avaliadas utilizando a escala hedônica estruturada, composta por nove pontos para as seguintes características: aroma, sabor, cor, textura e qualidade global. Considerando o período total (1 a 42 dias) pode-se incluir 8% de FT nas rações de frangos de corte, sem prejuízo para os parâmetros de rendimento e qualidade sensorial da carne.

There are several ingredients that can replace those commonly used in the manufacture of animal ration in order to reduce production costs, as tilapia by products meal. However, as byproducts, more studies should be done to achieve the exact effects over the final product. An experiment was carried out aiming at evaluate the effects of the inclusion of five different levels (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) byproducts meal (TM) on poultry diets on carcass yield and sensory characteristics of broiler chicken meat. 480 one day old chicks, Cobb strain, were used to set the experiment with five treatments arranged in completely randomized design, with six replicates, and 16 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experiment (42 days), the carcass yield parameters, breasts, drumsticks, thighs, wings, relative weight of the liver, and percent of abdominal fat were evaluated. A sensorial test of the meat was performed by 45 non-trained testers. The samples were evaluated using a structured hedonic scale, comprising nine steps to characterize the following senses: aroma, flavor, color, texture and whole quality. The addition of 8% TM to the diet fed to broiler chickens during total rearing period (1 to 42 days) is feasible without altering yield and sensorial quality of the meat.

The objective of this study was to estimate the nutrient requirements of digestible threonine for meat-type quails (Coturnix coturnix sp) in the growth phase. A total of 1350 not sexed meat-type quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six threonine levels (10.80, 11.50, 12.20, 12.90, 13.60 and 14.30 g/kg as fed), five replications and 45 quails per experimental unit, from 1 to 14 days of age. The threonine levels in the diet had a quadratic effect on body weight, feed intake and weight gain. Estimates for highest body weight (79.41 g), feed intake (128.96 g/bird) and weight gain (70.73 g) were observed with diets containing 12.60 g/kg of digestible threonine. According to the LRP model, the threonine intake was estimated at 13.40 g/kg of digestible threonine. Protein deposition rate and energy retained in the carcass showed quadratic effect, with estimated digestible threonine levels of 11.80 and 12.00 g/kg in the diet for maximum protein deposition rate (2.00 g/bird) and retained energy in the carcass (15.88 kcal/g), respectively. There was a linear effect on feed cost per kg of live weight gain as threonine levels were increased. Nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for meat-type quails for maximum growth is 12.60 g/kg, corresponding to a digestible threonine:digestible lysine ratio of 67.02.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium and Bifidubacterium bifidum) and antibiotics (flavomicina and staquinol) on diets for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age, reared in clean (new litter) and challenged (reused litter) environments. A total of 768 one-day-old male broilers of the Cobb 500 strain were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (2 litter types × 4 diets), totaling eight treatments with eight replications and 16 poultry per experimental unit. The results of performance and carcass characteristics were submitted to analysis of variance using the Studen Newman Keuls test at 0.05 probability. In the period of 1-21 days of age, the supplementation with probiotics for poultry raised in the new litter reduced feed intake, whereas in those raised in reused litter, the diet free of growth promoter showed a lower consumption. Poultry from 1 to 42 days raised in new litter had lower feed intake when supplemented with probiotics. Other results of performance and carcass yield were not affected. For the poultry raised in reused litter, the use of probiotics resulted in lower thigh yield and higher liver yield. The use of different growth promoters in feed for broilers does not influence the performance of poultry raised in new or reused litter. The use of probiotic promotes lower feed intake without compromising the performance, regardless of the type of litter used, demonstrating the feasibility of using this product as substitute for antibiotics.

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the digestible tryptophan (DTrp) requirements for growing meat quails. In the first experiment (1-14 days of age), 1,950 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of DTrp (0.27; 0.30; 0.33; 0.36; 0.39 and 0.42% of diet), five replications and 65 quails per experimental unit. There was a linear increase of feed intake, tryptophan intake, weight gain and body weight with the DTrp levels increase. In the second experiment (15-35 days of age), 1,350 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of DTrp (0.22; 0.25; 0.28; 0.31; 0.34 and 0.37% of diet), five replications and 45 quails per experimental unit. There was a linear increase for tryptophan intake, carcass yield, ash levels and protein deposition rate with the DTrp levels increase. In the third experiment (28-35 days of age), conducted to determine the nitrogen balance, 150 males were housed in galvanized wire cages featuring drinker, feeder and individual metal tray lined with plastic to collect the excreta. The design was completely randomized, with six levels of DTrp (0.22; 0.25; 0.28; 0.31; 0.34 and 0.37% of diet), five replicates and five quails per experimental unit. Linear decrease was observed on the nitrogen balance and metabolization coefficient with the DTrp levels increase. The nutritional requirement of digestible tryptophan for maximum growing of meat quail, in the period from 1 to 14 days of age, is higher or equal to 0.42%; in the period from 15 to 35 days, it is 0.22%.

Este experimento foi realizado para estimar a exigência de energia metabolizável (EM) para codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1.140 aves com 1 dia de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (2.750; 2.850; 2.950; 3.050 e 3.150 kcal de EM/kg de ração), seis repetições e 38 aves por unidade experimental. Observou-se redução linear dos níveis de energia no peso corporal, consumo de ração e ganho de peso das aves. A conversão alimentar foi influenciada de forma quadrática, com melhor estimativa obtida com 2.997 kcal de EM/kg de ração. Enquanto o teor de proteína bruta não sofreu diferença, o teor de água diminuiu e o de extrato etéreo aumentou de forma linear com os níveis crescentes de EM. Os níveis de EM tiveram efeito quadrático sobre a taxa de deposição de proteína e eficiência de deposição de proteína nos cortes. A exigência de EM de codornas de corte na fase inicial de crescimento é de 2.997 kcal de EM/kg, que corresponde à relação energia metabolizável:proteína bruta de 108,9.

This experiment was carried out to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for meat quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of 1,140 1-day old meat quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (2,750; 2,850; 2,950; 3,050 and 3,150 kcal of ME/kg), six replications and 38 quails per experimental unit. There was linear reduction of energy levels in body weight, feed intake and weight gain of birds. The feed conversion ratio showed a quadratic effect, with the best estimate obtained with 2,997 kcal of ME/kg. Whereas crude protein content did not differ, water content decreased and ether extract increased linearly with the increasing levels of ME. The ME levels showed a quadratic effect on daily protein accretion rate and daily protein accretion efficiency. The ME requirements for meat quail in the initial growing stage is 2,997 kcal/kg, corresponding to a metabolizable energy/crude protein relation of 108.9.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação enzimática das rações à base de milho e farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes em codornas de corte. Os tratamentos foram: controle positivo para atendimento das exigências; controle positivo suplementado com complexo enzimático e controles negativos suplementados reduzidos em 2 e 4% nos teores de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos. Na fase inicial, observou-se aumento no consumo de ração (p < 0,05) no tratamento controle negativo reduzido em 4% na energia metabolizável e aminoácidos em comparação aos tratamentos controle positivos. Na fase de crescimento o consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e rendimento de carcaça não diferiram (p > 0,05). Conclui-se que o complexo enzimático pode ser utilizado em dietas reduzidas em energia metabolizável e aminoácidos sem prejudicar o desempenho de codornas de corte. No ensaio de metabolismo, não foram observadas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para os coeficientes de metabolização das matérias seca e orgânica, proteína bruta e energia bruta. O coeficiente de metabolização da FDN melhorou (p < 0,05) com a adição de enzimas.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation (xylanase + β-glucanase) of diets based on corn and soybean meal on: performance in initial (1-14 days) and growing (15-35 days) phases, and nutrient metabolization of meat-type quails. The treatments were: positive control to meet the nutritional requirements of the specie; positive control supplemented with enzyme complex; and negative controls with two reduced supplementation levels of metabolizable energy and amino acids (by 2% and 4%). In the initial phase, the negative control treatment reduced by 4% of metabolizable energy and amino acids increased feed intake (p < 0.05), compared to positive controls. In the growing phase, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in feed intake, feed conversion ratio and carcass traits. In conclusion, this supplementation can be used successfully in diets with reduced metabolizable energy and amino acid contents for meat-type quails. In the metabolism trial, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in metabolizable coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy among treatments. The metabolization coefficient of NDF improved (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estimar as exigências de lisina digestível e de energia metabolizável (EM) para codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix sp) em crescimento. Foram utilizadas 1.680 codornas de 4 a 35 dias de idade, não-sexadas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 4 (LD = 0,92; 1,12; 1,32 e 1,52% × EM = 2.800; 2.900; 3.000 e 3.100 kcal/kg de ração), totalizando 16 dietas, avaliadas com 3 repetições de 35 codornas por unidade experimental. O aumento dos níveis de lisina digestível na ração provocou aumento linear do peso corporal, do ganho de peso, do consumo de lisina e do rendimento de peito e redução do teor de água nos cortes. Quando houve aumento dos níveis de energia metabolizável na ração, observou-se redução linear no consumo de lisina e aumento do peso corporal e do rendimento de gordura abdominal. O aumento simultâneo dos níveis de lisina e energia metabolizável na ração, no entanto, provocou redução linear no consumo de ração e melhora linear da conversão alimentar no período de 4 a 35 dias, mas aumentou o teor de gordura nos cortes. A exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para máximo crescimento de codornas de corte é maior ou igual a 1,52%. O nível de 2.800 kcal/kg de EM na ração é suficiente para bom desempenho das aves, contudo, para melhor conversão alimentar, são necessário níveis mais elevados.

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the digestible lysine and metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for growing meat quails (Coturnix coturnix sp). A total of 1,680 quails from 4 to 35 days of age of both sexes were used in a complete random experimental design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme (DL = 0.92; 1.12; 1.32 and 1.52% × ME = 2,800; 2,900; 3,000 and 3,100 kcal/kg of the ration) totaling 16 diets evaluated with 3 replications of 35 quails per experimental diet. Increase of the levels of digestible lysine in the diet linearly increased body weight, weight gain, lysine intake and breast yield and reduced water content in the cuts. When levels of metabolizable energy were increased in the diet, it was observed a linear reduction on consumption of lysine and an increase of body weight and abdominal fat yield. However, The simultaneous increase of levels of lysine and metabolizable energy in the diet linearly reduced feed intake and linearly improved feed conversion in the 4-35 day period, but it increased fat content in the cuts. The nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for maximum growth of meat quails is greater than or equal to 1.52%. The level of 2,800 kcal/kg ME in ration is sufficient to allow a good performance of the birds, however, for a better feed conversion, greater levels are needed.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos com o objetivo de estimar as exigências nutricionais de cálcio e fósforo disponível de codornas de corte em crescimento. No experimento 1 (1-14 dias de idade), 1.250 codornas de corte foram distribuídas em esquema fatorial 5 × 5 (níveis de cálcio = 0,65; 0,76; 0,87; 0,98 e 1,09% × níveis de fósforo = 0,12; 0,22; 0,32; 0,42 e 0,52%), totalizando 25 tratamentos com duas repetições e 25 aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de cálcio não influenciaram o desempenho das aves, mas os níveis de fósforo afetaram de forma quadrática o peso corporal, o ganho de peso e a densitometria óptica, com estimativa de exigência em 0,41%. No experimento 2 (15-35 dias de idade), 1.500 codornas de corte foram distribuídas em esquema fatorial 5 × 5 (níveis de cálcio = 0,61; 0,71; 0,81; 0,91 e 1,01% × níveis de fósforo = 0,29; 0,34; 0,39; 0,44 e 0,49%), totalizando 25 tratamentos com duas repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de fósforo influenciaram de forma quadrática a densitometria óptica, e a exigência de fósforo foi estimada em 0,41%. No experimento 3, realizado para avaliação do balanço de cálcio e fósforo (28-35 dias de idade), constatou-se efeito linear crescente dos níveis de cálcio das dietas sobre a ingestão e excreção de cálcio e nenhum efeito dos níveis de cálcio sobre o desempenho nas fases de 1 a 14 e de 15 a 35 dias de idade. Os níveis 0,65% e 0,61% são suficientes para atender às exigências nutricionais de cordornas de corte nas fases de 1 a 14 e de 15 a 35 dias de idade, e o nível de 0,41% de fósforo disponível é o que promove máximo desempenho dessas aves.

Three experiments were carried out to estimate the calcium and phosphorus requirements of meat quail. In the first experiment (1-14 days of age), 1,250 meat quails were placed in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement (calcium levels = 0.65, 0.76, 0.87, 0.98 and 1.09% × phosphorus levels = 0.12, 0.22, 0.32, 0.42 and 0.52%), totaling 25 treatments, with two replications of 25 birds per experimental unit. The different calcium levels did not affect bird performance. Body weight, weight gain and optic density were influenced in a quadratic form by phosphorus levels and the phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.41%. The levels of 0.65% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus in diet were enough to meet the requirement of initial phase meat quail. In the second experiment (15-35 days of age), 1,500 meat quails were placed in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement (calcium levels = 0.61, 0.71, 0.81, 0.91 and 1.01% × phosphorus levels = 0.29, 0.34, 0.39, 0.44 and 0.49%), totaling 25 treatments, with two replications of 30 birds per experimental unit. Differences were not observed of the calcium and phosphorus levels on bird performance. Optic density was influenced in a quadratic form by phosphorus levels and the phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.41%. In the third experiment, to assess the calcium and phosphorus balance (28-35 days of age), a linear effect was observed on the calcium intake and excretion with the increase in the calcium levels in the diets. The levels of 0.61% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus in the diet were enough to meet the requirement of finishing meat quail. The calcium levels did not affect bird performance at 1-14 and 15-35 days of age, showing, respectively, 0.65 and 0.61% calcium levels were enough to meet the of meat quail requirement. The estimate of 0.41% phosphorus promoted performance of finishing meat quail.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o valor nutritivo e verificar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com rações formuladas com silagem de raiz de mandioca contendo ou não soja integral. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 15 machos castrados, mestiços, com peso corporal de 21,90 ± 2,54 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas (animais) subdivididas no tempo (subparcelas), totalizando cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram avaliadas quatro silagens de raiz de mandioca: sem aditivos (MA); com inoculante (MI); com soja integral (MS); e com soja integral + inoculante (MSI). Os teores digestíveis de matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo das silagens MS e MSI, e os de amido, matéria orgânica e energia e a energia metabolizável, em 87,45% de matéria seca, da silagem sem aditivos foram, respectivamente, de 80,95; 1,82; 75,01; 77,31%; 3.249 e 3.184 kcal/kg; os da silagem com inoculante foram 82,30; 1,95; 74,65; 81,81%; 3.292 e 3.271 kcal/kg; da silagem com soja integral 80,08; 6,69; 2,35; 64,18; 79,25%; 3.452 e 3.370 kcal/kg; e da silagem com soja integral + inoculante foram 79,22; 6,73; 2,20; 66,79; 78,46%; 3.342 e 3.303 kcal/kg. O uso de inoculante não melhorou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 36 leitões com peso inicial de 14,67 ± 1,07 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 (três alimentos e duas classes de peso), com seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência, à base de milho e farelo de soja, e de outras duas com substituição total do milho por silagem de raiz de mandioca contendo ou não soja integral. O fornecimento de silagem de mandioca + soja prejudicou o ganho de peso diário, enquanto a silagem de mandioca + soja e a ração à base de milho e farelo de soja pioraram a conversão alimentar dos animais. Silagens de raiz de mandioca, contendo ou não soja integral, apresentam bom valor nutritivo e podem ser utilizadas sem restrições na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial.

Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of piglets fed diets with by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. In the first experiment, 15 crossbred barrows with initial BW of 21.90 ± 2.54 kg were allotted to a split plot design, whole plot (animals) and plot (time) with five diets and six repetitions. Four cassava root silages were evaluated: without inoculant (CA), with inoculant (CI), with integral soy (CS), and with integral soy and inoculant (CSI). The digestible values of dry matter, protein and ether extract of CS and CSI silages and of starch, organic matter and energy andthe metabolizable energy were 80.95, 1.82, 75.01, 77.31%, 3,249 and 3,184 kcal/kg for CA; 82.30, 1.95, 74.65, 81.81%, 3,292 and 3,271 kcal/kg for CI; 80.08, 6.69, 2.35, 64.18, 79.25%, 3,452 and 3,370 kcal/kg for CS and 79.22, 6.73, 2.20, 66.79, 78.46%, 3,342 and 3,303 kcal/kg for CSI, respectively, based on 85.45% dry matter. The use of inoculant bacterial enzyme was not effective to improve nutrients digestibility. In the second experiment, 36 crossbred piglets with initial 14.67±1.07 kg BW were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (feed and weight classes), with six replications and two piglets per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a corn-soy meal based diet and other two diets with total cornreplacement by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. The offer of cassava silage + soybean decreased average daily gain, while the cassava silage + soybean and corn-soy meal based diet worst feed:gain of the piglets. Cassava root silage, with or without whole soybean, showed higher nutritive value and could be used without restriction in piglet feeding in the initial phase.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar os valores nutricionais das cascas de café melosa (CM) e seca (CS) e avaliar seus níveis de inclusão sobre o desempenho e as características da carcaça de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. As cascas foram moídas em peneiras de 2,5 mm (CM2 e CS2) e 4,0 mm (CM4 e CS4). No experimento I, foram conduzidos dois ensaios de digestibilidade, utilizando 15 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 45,7 ± 4,12 kg e de 77,5 ± 6,28 kg para as fases de crescimento e terminação, respectivamente. Os valores de ED (kcal/kg) para CM2, CM4, CS2 e CS4 foram 2.494, 2.498, 1.236 e 1.345. A CM apresentou valores de energia digestível (ED) superiores à CS; entretanto, a moagem não melhorou os valores de ED. No experimento II, foram utilizados 40 suínos híbridos comerciais com peso inicial de 33,42 ± 0,53 kg e de 59,0 ± 4,17 kg para as fases de crescimento e terminação, respectivamente. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) de CM4. Na fase de crescimento, o consumo diário de ração (CDR) apresentou diferença no último nível de inclusão (20%) quando comparado à ração-testemunha (RT). Foi observada redução linear do ganho diário de peso (GDP) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da CM4. A conversão alimentar (CA) foi semelhante entre os níveis de inclusão e a RT. Na fase de terminação, houve redução linear do CDR com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da CM4. Houve efeito quadrático para o GDP, que foi melhor no nível de inclusão de 8,43%. Os valores de espessura de toucinho dos tratamentos com CM4 foram menores quando comparados à RT nas duas fases. Houve redução linear do peso de carcaça quente e peso de pernil nos níveis de inclusão. O rendimento de carcaça quente piorou com cada nível de inclusão em relação à RT. Os resultados sugerem que a CM pode ser incluída em níveis de até 5,0% na fase de crescimento e 9,5% na fase de terminação, por ser economicamente viável, sem prejudicar o desempenho, além de produzir carcaças mais magras.

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of sticky (SC) and dry coffee hulls (DC) and their effects on the performance and carcass quality of growing and finishing pigs. The hulls were ground in 2.5 mm (for SC2 and DC2) and 4.0 mm (SC4 and DC4). In Exp 1, two digestibility assays were carried out with 15 barrow pigs weighting 45.7 ± 4.12 kg and 77.5 ± 6.28 kg for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The digestible energy (DE) values (kcal/kg) for SC2, SC4, DC2 and DC4 were 2,494, 2498, 1,236 and 1,345. The values of the SC showed DE values superior to DC, however, the grinding process did not improved the DE values. In experiment 2, 40 crossbred pigs were used, averaging initially 33.42 ± 0.53 kg and 59.45 ± 0.14 kg in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Five SC4 inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were evaluated. In the growing phase, the daily feed intake (DFI) presented differences for 20% inclusion level when compared with control diet (CD). There was a linear decrease on daily weight gain (DWG) when DC4 increase on diet and F: G ratio was the same for CM4 inclusions and CD. In the finishing phase, there was a linear reduction of DFI with the increasing inclusion SC4 level. There was quadratic effect for DWG, which was better in the inclusion of 8.43%. The backfat thickness values in SC4 treatments were lower as compared to CD in both phases. There was a linear reduction of hot carcass weight and ham weight in the inclusion levels. The hot carcass yielding worst in each inclusion levels as compared to CD. The results suggest that the inclusion up to 5.0% of SC4 in the growing phase and 9.5% in the finishing phase, because it is economically viable with no effect on performance, besides to produce lean meat carcasses.

O fornecimento de diferentes teores de cálcio para poedeiras semipesadas durante a fase de pré-postura e seus efeitos nas quatro semanas subseqüentes foram avaliados neste experimento. Foram utilizadas 288 aves da linhagem Isabrown com 16 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, oito repetições e nove aves por unidade experimental. As rações, à base de milho e farelo de soja, foram formuladas para atender às exigências nutricionais das aves, à exceção dos níveis de cálcio. O experimento teve duração de seis semanas, nas quais as aves receberam quatro rações pré-postura contendo diferentes teores de cálcio (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; e 2,4%) no período de 16 a 17 semanas de idade. Nas quatro semanas subseqüentes, foi fornecida uma ração de postura contendo 3,8% de cálcio para todas as aves. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso, a idade ao primeiro ovo e o teor de matéria mineral nas cascas dos primeiros ovos. Contudo, verificou-se efeito linear sobre a quantidade de cálcio depositado na casca. Nas quatro semanas subseqüentes, os diferentes teores de cálcio fornecidos na fase pré-postura não afetaram o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, a conversão alimentar, os pesos dos ovos e da casca, a espessura da casca e a concentração de cálcio na casca, mas influenciaram linearmente o peso da casca em relação ao peso do ovo, o peso da casca por unidade de superfície de área e a quantidade de cinzas na casca. Os níveis nutricionais de cálcio nas rações pré-postura não afetaram a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos no início da postura. O nível nutricional de 0,6% de cálcio nas rações foi adequado para frangas semipesadas na fase pré-postura.

The effect of feeding increasing calcium levels for semi-heavy laying hens during the prelay phase and its effects in the four subsequent weeks were evaluated in this trial. Two hundred and eighty-eight Isabrown birds with 16 weeks of age were allotted to a complete randomized design with four treatments, eight replicates and nine birds per experimental unit. The corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to meet the bird nutrient requirements, with the exception of calcium levels. The experiment lasted six weeks, when the birds were fed four prelay diets with increasing calcium levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4%) in the period from 16 to 17 weeks of age. During the four subsequent weeks, a diet with 3.8% of calcium was fed for all birds. No treatment effect on weight gain, age at first egg and ash content in the shell of first egg was observed, however linear effect on calcium level retained in the shell was detected. In the four subsequent weeks, the different calcium levels fed in the prelay phase did not affect feed intake, egg production, feed:gain ratio, weights of eggs and shell, shell thickness and calcium concentration in the shell. Shell weight in relation to egg weight, shell weight per unit of area surface and ash content in the shell were affected linearly by treatments. The calcium levels in the prelay diet not affect egg internal and external quality during the first four weeks of laying. The 0.6% calcium nutritional level is recommended for semi-heavy laying hens in the prelay phase.