ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the effects of replacement of an antibiotic (ANT, chlorohydroxyquinoline) in the diet of weaned piglets with a prebiotic composed of β-glucans, glucomannans, and mannan-oligosaccharides on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), hematological parameters, pH of digestive content, organ weights, intestinal epithelium morphology, and intestinal bacterial counts. A total of 120 piglets (weaned at 21 d old; 6.32±0.10 kg BW) were allocated in a randomized block design, with six pens replicates and four piglets per pen as experimental unit. Treatments consisted of diets with 0, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg kg−1 of prebiotic and a basal diet with 120 mg kg−1 ANT. No differences of treatments were observed on performance, DO, pH of digestive content, organ weights, and hematological parameters. Duodenal villus density (VD) increased linearly with the prebiotic levels. In the jejunum, the prebiotic level of 2,000 mg kg−1 resulted in a greater VD compared with the ANT. Enterobacteriaceae count in the ileum and total and lactic acid bacteria counts in the cecum responded quadratically to increasing prebiotic levels. The equations estimated the prebiotic levels of 2,125, 1,167, and 1,500 mg kg−1 to provide reduced counts of the respective bacteria (ileal enterobacteria: 6.47 log CFU g−1; total cecal bacteria: 6.70 log CFU g−1; and cecal lactic acid: 7.29 log CFU g−1). Salmonella spp. was not detected, whereas Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus spp. gene copies were unaffected by the treatments. Prebiotic levels or ANT do not enhance performance or health of weanling pigs, but the effects observed on VD and microbiota profile might be an indication of the potential benefits of these products in commercial farming conditions.

ABSTRACT We examined the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for late gestating sows on sow and litter performance, colostrum chemical composition, and sow behavior. Sixty gestating sows of 3.77±1.65 parity were divided into three groups of 20 animals, in a randomized block design with 0 (corn-soybean meal diet), 150, or 300 g kg−1 DDGS from 84 days of gestation until farrowing. Sows fed 300 g kg−1 DDGS presented a lower frequency of standing position and eating activity. The lying lateral position was more frequent in the first 40 min post-feeding for sows fed the highest DDGS level. There was no effect of diets on sow and litter performance; however, DDGS inclusion tended to increase lactation feed intake. Inclusion of DDGS was inclined to produce more lactose and less protein in colostrum, but did not affect colostrum fat, total solids, and ash contents. Inclusion of up to 300 g kg−1 DDGS in the diet of late gestation sows does not change sow and litter performance and colostrum composition compared with corn-soybean meal diets, but it favored animal welfare.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da enzima fitase e dos grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grains with solubles - DDGS) sobre digestibilidade, desempenho e viabilidade econômica de suínos em crescimento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com uma dieta de referência (RD) à base de milho e farelo de soja; RD + 200 g kg -1 DDGS (DDGS); RD + 1.000 unidades de fitase (PHY); e RD + 200 g kg -1 DDGS + 1.000 unidades de fitase (D + P). No experimento 1, oito suínos machos castrados com peso de 29,35 ± 5,74 kg foram usados através do método de coleta total, com repetição no tempo para avaliação da digestibilidade. No experimento 2, 40 suínos machos castrados 47,65 ± 3,99 kg, com cinco repetições de dois animais por unidade experimental foram usados para avaliação de desempenho e viabilidade econômica. DDGS aumentou a excreção de nitrogênio e energia nas fezes e na urina, prejudicando os coeficientes de digestibilidade e a metabolizabilidade da energia. Os animais que consumiram dietas com DDGS apresentaram pior desempenho enquanto a fitase não afetou os resultados. As dietas com a inclusão de 200 g kg -1 DDGS e 1.000 unidades de fitase não diferem no custo por quilograma em relação à dieta de controle.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase enzyme and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the digestibility, performance and economic viability of growing pigs. Two experiments were conducted with a reference diet (RD) based on corn and soybean meal: RD with 200 g kg -1 DDGS (DDGS); RD + 1,000 units of phytase (PHY); and RD + 200 g kg-1 DDGS + 1,000 units of phytase (D+P). In experiment 1, eight castrated male pigs weighing 29.35 ± 5.74 kg were used through the total collection method and replicates in time for digestibility evaluation. In experiment 2, 40 castrated male pigs 47.65 ± 3.99 kg, with five replicates of two animals per experimental unit, were used for performance and economic evaluation. DDGS increased the excretion of nitrogen and energy in feces and urine, impairing the digestibility coefficients and metabolizability of dietary energy. The animals that consumed diets with DDGS presented the worst performance, while phytase did not influence the results. Diets with the inclusion of 200 g kg -1 DDGS and 1,000 units of phytase did not differ in cost per kilogram compared to the control diet.

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestibility and energy of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from corn and sorghum with or without xylanase enzyme in diets for pigs. The values of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), gross (GE), digestible (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and digestibility coefficients (DC) were determined. In the experiment 1, we used eight barrows of 26.15±3.45 kg with repeated measures in three periods of five days of collection. The treatments consisted of a reference diet (RD); RD with 200 g kg−1 corn DDGS or sorghum DDGS; and RD with 400 g kg−1 corn DDGS or sorghum DDGS. Corn DDGS showed higher values of DE, ME, and DC of EE, GE, and CP. Inclusions of 400 g kg−1 of the test ingredients resulted in higher values of DE and ME and trend for higher DC of DM, OM, and CP. In experiment 2, nine barrows weighing 34.91±1.46 kg were fed RD, 200 g kg−1 corn DDGS or 200 g kg−1 corn DDGS plus xylanase enzyme. The inclusion of xylanase did not influence the digestibility and energy values in diets containing corn DDGS. Values of DE and ME of corn DDGS were 3,477 and 3,277 kcal kg−1, respectively, for the substitution of 200 g kg−1 and 3,761 and 3,068 kcal kg−1 for the substitution of 400 g kg−1 RD. For sorghum DDGS, DE and ME values were 3,030 and 2,863 kcal kg−1, respectively, for replacement of 200 g kg−1 and 3,398 and 3,296 kcal kg−1 for substitution of 400 g kg−1 RD. Levels of up to 400 g kg−1 do not influence the DE and ME of the diets but impair the digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, EE, MM, and NDF. The use of xylanase enzyme in diets containing 200 g kg−1 of corn DDGS does not affect the digestibility of the diets.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição do óleo essencial de aroeira ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) na dieta de suínos sobre as características físicas, composição química e oxidação lipídica da carne. Setenta e dois leitões recém-desmamados (5,7±0,8kg) foram utilizados em um experimento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições por tratamento e três animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta basal suplementada com 0, 500, 1,000 ou 1,500mg kg-1 de óleo essencial de aroeira durante 35 dias. Ao final do experimento, um animal por unidade experimental (16,4±2,2kg) foi abatido para coleta do músculo Longissimus dorsi para fim de análises. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do óleo essencial de aroeira sobre cor, pH, perda de peso por cozimento e força de cisalhamento. A inclusão de níveis crescentes do óleo essencial de aroeira na dieta aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados do músculo dos suínos, principalmente, as concentrações de mirístico (C14:0) e esteárico (C18:0). Para as análises de TBARS, a inclusão de óleo essencial de aroeira reduziu, significativamente, a produção de compostos secundários da oxidação lipídica nas amostras de carne crua (P<0,001) e imediatamente após o cozimento (P<0,001). Entretanto, durante oito dias de armazenamento refrigerado, a adição do óleo essencial de aroeira não protegeu eficientemente (P>0,05) os lipídios da oxidação. Portanto, o óleo essencial de aroeira, adicionado às dietas para suínos, aumentou o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e reduziu a oxidação lipídica na carne fresca e logo após cozimento, sem ocorrer efeitos sobre os parâmetros físicos da carne.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding pigs with diets containing increasing levels of Brazilian red pepper essential oil ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) on the physical attributes, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of precooked meat. Seventy-two weanling pigs (5.7±0.8kg) were allotted in a completely randomized block design experiment with four treatments, six replicates per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit (pen). Animals were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 1,500mg kg-1 Brazilian red pepper essential oil during the 35-d experimental period. At the end of the experiment, one animal per experimental unit (16.4±2.2kg) was slaughtered to sample Longissimus dorsi muscle for analysis. Dietary supplementation of Brazilian red pepper had no effect (P>0.05) on pork meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force. Inclusion of essential oil in the diet provided a linear increase (P<0.05) of the saturated fatty acids content of L. dorsi, especially myristic (C14:0) and stearic (C18:0) fatty acids. Utilization of essential oil in pig diets reduced significantly the production of secondary lipid oxidation compounds measured as TBARS in raw pork meat (P<0.001) and immediately after cooking (P<0.001). However, during 8-d storage assay, the addition of essential oil in the diet did not protect pork meat lipids from oxidation. Therefore, Brazilian red pepper added to pig diets increased the saturated fatty acids content and reduced lipid oxidation in fresh meat and short-term heat treatment without affecting pork meat physical attributes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os feitos de um blend de formaldeído e ácido propiônico em dietas para suínos em crescimento sobre a contagem de enterobactérias na ração armazenada, o desempenho zootécnico e a excreção fecal de formaldeído. Quarenta suínos (34,2±1,8kg de peso vivo) foram utilizados em um experimento em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os tratamentos foram: 0,0, 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0g de blend kg-1 de ração. Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) dos níveis de blend sobre o ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração e conversão alimentar durante os períodos 1 a 14 e 1 a 28 dias de experimento. O aumento dos níveis de blend na dieta reduziu quadraticamente (P<0,01) a contagem total de Enterobacteriaceae no 1o e 14o dias após a fabricação das dietas, sendo estimados, respectivamente, 2,63 e 3,35g kg-1 (média 2,99g kg-1) como os níveis do blend de formaldeído e ácido propiônico com as menores contagens de Enterobacteriaceae na ração. Portanto, o blend de formaldeído e ácido propiônico pode reduzir e/ou controlar o crescimento de Enterobacteriaceae na ração. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do blend sobre a excreção fecal de formaldeído no dia 28 do período experimental. Portanto, a inclusão de um blend de formaldeído e ácido propiônico até o nível de 3,0g kg-1 de ração reduz a contaminação de Enterobacteriaceae até 14 dias após a fabricação da ração, sem quaisquer efeitos sobre o desempenho e a excreção fecal de formaldeído

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dietary added formaldehyde-propionic acid blend on feed enterobacteria counts and on growing pig performance and fecal formaldehyde excretion. Forty pigs (34.2±1.8kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with four treatments, five replications per treatment and two animals per experimental unit (pen). The treatments were: 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0g of blend kg-1 of feed. No effects (P>0.05) of dietary added blend levels were observed on average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio during 1 to 14 and 1 to 28 days of experiment. Increasing dietary levels of blend reduced quadratically (P<0.01) total Enterobacteriaceae counts on 1st and 14th day after feed mixing, allowing to estimate, respectively, 2.63 and 3.35g kg-1 (average 2.99g kg-1) as the formaldehyde-propionic acid blend levels with lowest feed Enterobacteriaceae counts. Therefore, formaldehyde-propionic acid blend can reduce and/or control feed Enterobacteriaceae growth. There was no effect (P>0.05) of blend on fecal formaldehyde excretion on the 28th day of the experimental period. Therefore, the addition of dietary formaldehyde-propionic acid blend up to 3.0g kg-1 of feed reduces the Enterobacteriaceae counts until the 14th day after feed mixing, without any effects on growing pig performance and fecal formaldehyde excretion