RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma investigação de Mycoplasma bovigenitalium e Ureaplasma diversum em bovinos leiteiros da microrregião do Vale do Ipanema, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletados suabes vaginais de 355 vacas em idade reprodutiva. As amostras foram analisadas por multiplex PCR (mPCR) e cultura. Foi realizada uma investigação dos fatores de risco para Mollicutes. Na mPCR, 9,29% (33/355) das vacas foram positivas para M. bovigenitalium e 21,69% (77/355) para U. diversum; coinfecção foi observada em 2,81% (10/355) das vacas. O isolamento microbiológico mostrou crescimento de Mycoplasma spp. em 81,81% (27/33) das amostras e em 24,67% (19/77) para Ureaplasma spp. Os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção por Mollicutes identificados foram sistema de produção semi-intensivo (OR= 4,6), aluguel de pastagem (OR= 3,6), não isolamento de animais com desordens reprodutivas (OR= 3,2) e monta natural e inseminação artificial (OR= 3,5). Houve uma associação significativa entre a infecção por Mollicutes e abortos no primeiro terço gestacional (P=0,001). Este é o primeiro relato da infecção por M. bovigenitalium e U. diversum em vacas na região semiárida do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. As medidas preventivas direcionadas aos fatores de risco identificados podem diminuir a ocorrência de Mollicutes nesses rebanhos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to conduct an investigation of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum infections in cattle in the microregion of the Ipanema Valley, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Vaginal swabs were collected from 355 breeding cows in reproductive age and were analyzed by multiplex PCR (mPCR) and culture. An epidemiological investigation of risk factors was performed for Mollicutes. mPCR analysis showed that, 9.29% (33/355) of the cows were positive for M. bovigenitalium and 21.69% (77/355) for U. diversum; coinfection was observed in 2.81% (10/355) of the cows. The microbiological isolation showed, 81.81% (27/33) of Mycoplasma spp. and 24.67% (19/77) of Ureaplasma spp.. The risk factors related to Mollicutes infection identified were semi-intensive breeding system (OR= 4.6), pasture rent (OR= 3.6), non-isolation of animals with reproductive disorders (OR= 3.2), and natural mounting and artificial insemination (OR= 3.5). There was a significant association between Mollicutes infection and abortions in the first gestational third (P= 0.001). This is the first record of M. bovigenitalium and U. diversum infection in cows in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Preventive measures directed to the identified risk factors can decrease the occurrence of Mollicutes in these herds.

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a ocorrência de Mycoplasma spp., Mycoplasma galissepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) em psitacídeos de cativeiro localizado no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram estudadas 85 aves provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, localizado no estado do Pernambuco, Brasil. De cada psitacídeo analisado foram obtidas três amostras por meio de swabs da cloaca, palato e conjuntiva totalizando 255 amostras. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas à extração de DNA e à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), sendo as positivas submetidas ao isolamento em ágar Frey. O DNA de Mycoplasma spp. foi detectado em 16,47% (14/85) dos psitacídeos estudados. Das 255 amostras analisadas, 6,66% (17/255) foram positivas para a presença de Mycoplasma spp., sendo 41,18% (7/17) provenientes da conjuntiva, 35,29% (6/17) do palato e 23,53% (4/17) da cloaca. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para MG ou MS na PCR. Os resultados obtidos permitem confirmar a presença do DNA de Mycoplasma spp. em conjuntiva, palato e cloaca nas aves estudadas. Foram detectadas colônias semelhantes a membros da classe Mollicutes em 17,64% das amostras (3/17). Esse é o primeiro relato da presença de Mycoplasma spp. em psitacídeos de cativeiro no Nordeste do Brasil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Mycoplasma spp., Mycoplasma galissepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) in captive psittacines. Eighty-five wild birds from Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, were used. From each psittacid analyzed three samples were obtained through cloaca, palate and conjunctiva swabs, totaling 255 samples. Samples collected were submitted to DNA extraction and Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Mycoplasma spp. DNA was detected in 16.47% (14/85) of psittacines studied. From 255 samples, 6.66% (17/255) were positive for Mycoplasma spp.: 41.18% (7/17) of positivity in conjunctiva, 35.29% (6/17) in palate and 23.53% (4/17) in cloaca. There was no positive sample for MG or MS in PCR. Similar colonies were found for members of the Mollicutes Class in 17.64% of the samples (3/17). The results confirmed Mycoplasma spp. DNA in conjunctiva, palate and cloaca from the wild birds analyzed. This is the first record of Mycoplasma spp. in captive psittacines from northeastern Brazil.

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a disease mediated by the immune response. HTLV-1 induces a spontaneous proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by T cells, and increasing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels are potentially involved in tissue damage in diseases related to HTLV-1. This exaggerated immune response is also due to an inability of the natural regulatory mechanisms to down-modulate the immune response in this group of patients. TNF-α inhibitors reduce inflammation and have been shown to improve chronic inflammatory diseases in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pentoxifylline, forskolin, rolipram, and thalidomide to decrease in vitro production of TNF-α and IFN-γ in cells of HTLV-1-infected subjects. Participants of the study included 19 patients with HAM/TSP (mean age, 53 ± 11; male:female ratio, 1:1) and 18 HTLV-1 carriers (mean age, 47 ± 11; male:female ratio, 1:2.6). Cytokines were determined by ELISA in supernatants of mononuclear cell cultures. Pentoxifylline inhibited TNF-α and IFN-γ synthesis with the minimum dose used (50 µM). The results with forskolin were similar to those observed with pentoxifylline. The doses of rolipram used were 0.01-1 µM and the best inhibition of TNF-α production was achieved with 1 µM and for IFN-γ production it was 0.01 µM. The minimum dose of thalidomide used (1 µM) inhibited TNF-α production but thalidomide did not inhibit IFN-γ production even when the maximum dose (50 µM) was used. All drugs had an in vitro inhibitory effect on TNF-α production and, with the exception of thalidomide, all of them also decreased IFN-γ production.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces an exacerbated type 1 immune response characterized by high spontaneous IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Allergic rhinitis and asthma are associated with the type 2 immune response, with elevated secretion of IL-4 and IL-5. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response in atopic HTLV-1 carriers. The cytokine profile of atopic HTLV-1 carriers (N = 10; all females) was compared with that of non-atopic HTLV-1 carriers (N = 14; 9 females and 5 males). Mean patient age of atopic and non-atopic groups was 45 ± 8 and 38 ± 11 years, respectively. All atopic HTLV-1 carriers had rhinitis with or without asthma and a skin prick test positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen 1 (Derp-1). There was no difference in cytokine levels between the two groups in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. In cultures stimulated with Derp-1, IFN-γ levels tended to be higher (P = 0.06) and IL-5 levels were higher (P = 0.02) in atopic HTLV-1 patients than in non-atopic subjects. In contrast, IL-10 was lower (P = 0.004) in atopic than in non-atopic HTLV-1-infected subjects. This study shows that HTLV-1 infection with an exaggerated type 1 immune response does not prevent atopy. In this case, the exacerbated type 1 and type 2 immune responses were due to a lack of IL-10 production, a cytokine that plays an important role in down-modulating type 1 and type 2 immune responses and in preventing the development of chronic inflammatory diseases.

RESUMO Em função da importância socioeconômica do queijo de coalho um produto típico do Nordeste brasileiro e os riscos que seu consumo pode causar à saúde foi realizado o presente estudo para avaliar a incidência de Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. e microrganismos indicadores de contaminação fecal, utilizando-se a metodologia preconizada pela Coordenação de Laboratório Animal do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Foram analisadas 127 amostras de queijo de coalho, produzidos e comercializados no Estado de Pernambuco das quais 9,5% foram positivas para Listeria sp. e 5,5% positivas para Listeria monocytogenes, 5,5% para Salmonella sp. e com relação a contaminação por coliformes totais, 44,1% das amostras apresentaram mais de 500 UFC/g, e encontravam-se fora do limite aceitável pela legislação, 44,1% das amostras para coliformes termotolerantes. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que a presença de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes associada a grande prevalência de coliformes, são indicativos da baixa qualidade higiênica podendo favorecer a presença de microrganismos patogênicos no produto.

ABSTRACT Considering the social and economic importance of "queijo de coalho", a typical cheese very popular in the brazilian northwest, associated with the risk produced by its consumption, the aim of this study was to survey the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and microorganisms fecal coliform. The cheeses were examined as recommended in official methodologies from the Coordenação Geral de Laboratório Animal (CGLA) of the Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento (MAPA). In 127 samples of "queijo de coalho" produced and commercialized in the state of Pernambuco that were analyzed, 9.5% of them were positive for Listeria sp., 5.5% positive for Listeria monocytogenes, and 5.5% for Salmonella sp. In relation to coliforms counting, 44.1% of the samples were found to have more than 500 UFC/ g, and 44.1% of samples were found to be outside the standards for heart-resistant coliforms according to the RDC 12 MS. The results demonstrate that Salmonella sp. and Listeriamonocytogenes, associated with the high prevalence of coliforms, are indicates of improper hygienic and sanitary conditions that may allow for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in this kind of cheese.

Hedychium coronarium é uma macrófita aquática considerada exótica e invasora fora da região do Himalaia, seu centro dispersor. Introduzida nas Américas, ocorre em diversas regiões do Brasil, inclusive na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí (EET), Ouro Preto-MG. As macrófitas invasoras ocasionam efeitos negativos sobre a biodiversidade regional e, portanto, requerem estudos sobre sua fenologia e ecologia como subsídio para medidas de controle e manejo. Aspectos relacionados a crescimento em altura, floração, frutificação e duração das hastes foram avaliados entre agosto de 2002 e julho de 2003 em diferentes áreas da EET. Áreas com sombreamento entre 60 e 80% apresentam maior crescimento em altura e melhor frutificação, merecendo, por isso, maior atenção para o manejo e controle.

Hedychium coronarium is an aquatic macrophyte considered an alien and invasive plant outside the Himalayan region, its dispersal center. It was introduced in the Americas, occurring in different regions in Brazil, including the Tripuí Ecological Station (EET) in Ouro Preto-MG. This plant has negative effects on regional biodiversity, thereby studies on its phenological and ecological aspects are needed to assist in control and management measures. Aspects such as height growth, flowering, fructification and stem duration were evaluated between August 2002 and July 2003 at different EET areas. Areas with shade between 60-80% allowed better height growth and fructification. These areas require more attention in management and control.

Foram analisados retrospectivamente 500 prontuários de pacientes transplantados renais no período de 1968 a 1991, sendo identificados 9 casos de Nocardiose; 7 do sexo masculino e 2 do sexo feminino. A idade mediana destes pacientes foi de 33 anos e a infecção ocorreu nos primeiros 6 meses em 6 pacientes, havendo relação direta com pulsoterapia em apenas um paciente. Manifestações pulmonares ocorreram em 100% dos casos, sendo que os sintomas mais frequentes foram febre, tosse e dor pleural. As alterações radiológicas observadas compreenderam infiltrados nodulares em 55% e abcessos em 22% dos casos. Houve disseminação para a pele em 3 pacientes, para o SNC em 4 pacientes, e 1 paciente apresentou, além de comprometimento pulmonar, pericardite por Nocardia. Em nossa casuística o diagnóstico foi post-mortem em 30% dos casos e a mortalidade foi de 77%. Km 3 pacientes, cujo diagnóstico foi precoce, houve resposta satisfatória ao tratamento instituído. As infecções por Nocardia apresentam bom prognóstico quando diagnosticadas a tempo, sendo portanto necessário um alto grau de suspeição, principalmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos com acometimento pulmonar, neurológico ou cutâneo.

In the present report the authors discuss the diagnostic difficulties, therapeutic measures and the clinical course of Nocardia infection which occurred among renal transplant recipients at the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (UH-FRP), from 1968 to 1991. Among 500 individuals submitted to renal transplant, 9 patients developed Nocardiosis at varying times after transplant (two months to over two years). All the patients had pulmonary involvement and their most common symptoms were fever, cough and pleural pain. Dissemination of the process is common and three patients presented cutaneous abscesses, four CNS involvement and one had pericarditis due to Nocardia. The diagnostic is quite difficult since there is no specific clinical picture, concomitant infections are frequent and the microorganism presents slow growth in culture (ranging from four to forty days, in our experience). In this report, three cases were only diagnosed by necropsy. The treatment of choice is a combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (SMX-TMP). In the present series, overall mortality was 77% (7 cases) and in five of the patients who died the diagnosis was late. All the patients who had CNS involvement died.