ABSTRACT Shade-tolerant soybean genotypes will allow their greater adoption for use in agroforestry or intercropped systems in tropical and subtropical regions. These genotypes can be obtained from the selection of existing superior genotypes or through breeding programs. This study, was verified such genetic variability and select those genotypes with cultivation potential at reduced levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Morphophysiological and yield characteristics of 16 soybean genotypes were evaluated in two experiments conducted in a controlled environment and laid in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic parameters, correlations and genetic diversity were estimated and path analysis was performed. The soybean cultivars used showed genetic variability with a high variation index and heritability, which is advantageous for the selection of superior cultivars. Leaf area showed genotypic correlation and had a direct effect on seed weight per plant, regardless of shading. Additionally, the number of pods, hypocotyl diameter, and leaf area, all indirectly contributed to seed weight per plant regardless of shading. Seven genotypes (NS7780, NS8338, NS7667, NS7901, RK8115, CZ37B43 and 8579RSF) were selected based on genetic gain obtained by the Mulamba and Mock index at the two levels of PAR reduction tested. Furthermore, five of these genotypes (CZ37B43, RK8115, NS7901, NS8338 and 8579RSF) were identified by the Unweighted Pair-Group method Arithmetic Mean, as suitable either as a shaded crop or, as parental materials in breeding programs.

Resumo As árvores que ocorrem nas margens das áreas agrícolas podem mitigar os danos dos herbicidas residuais. A atividade microbiana rizosférica associada às árvores é um dos principais indicadores de capacidade corretiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiológica rizosférica em espécies arbóreas submetidas aos herbicidas atrazina e sulfentrazone via rizosfera. O experimento foi estruturado em quatro blocos e esquema fatorial 6 × 3. O primeiro fator consistiu em seis espécies de árvores do Brasil e o segundo em soluções de atrazine, sulfentrazone e água. Quatro aplicações de herbicidas foram realizadas via irrigação. Foram determinados a massa seca total das plantas, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos, respiração basal do solo rizosférico e taxa de sobrevivência de plantas bioindicadoras após fitorremediação. Trichilia hirta apresentou maior biomassa quando tratada com atrazina e sulfentrazone. Os herbicidas diminuíram a atividade microbiana em Triplaris americana e não afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba e Toona ciliata. Menos plantas bioindicadoras sobreviveram no solo com Triplaris americana e sulfentrazone. Os indicadores microbiológicos foram influenciados de formas distintas entre as espécies pela presença dos herbicidas na rizosfera.

Abstract Trees occurring on the margins of agricultural areas can mitigate damage from residual herbicides. Rhizospheric microbial activity associated with trees is one of the main remedial capacity indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiological activity in tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via the rhizosphere. The experiment was designed in four blocks and a 6 × 3 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of six tree species from Brazil and the second of atrazine, sulfentrazone, and water solutions. Four herbicide applications were performed via irrigation. The total dry mass of the plants, mycorrhizal colonization, number of spores, basal respiration of the rhizospheric soil, and survival rate of bioindicator plants after phytoremediation were determined. Trichilia hirta had higher biomass when treated with atrazine and sulfentrazone. Herbicides decreased the microbial activity in Triplaris americana and did not affect the microbiological indicators of Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba, and Toona ciliata. Fewer bioindicator plants survived in soil with Triplaris americana and sulfentrazone. Microbiological indicators were influenced in different ways between species by the presence of herbicides in the rhizosphere.

Abstract Background Amaranthus palmeri is an economically important plant species worldwide. The rapid growth and competitive potential of crops make A. palmeri a major problem. Studies on the dissemination potential of this weed in Brazil and worldwide are necessary to identify the regions with high climatic potential. Similarly, we analyzed the behavior of the species in the face of predicted climate change. Studies of this type can be performed using ecological niche modeling. Objective This work aimed to determine areas with climatic suitability for A. palmeri in the present and future climates in Brazil and globally. Methods We projected the potential distribution of A. palmeri based on the environmental requirements and stress parameters that limit this species in Brazil. Results For the current climate, our model identified regions with favorable climatic suitability for A. palmeri on most continents. The results showed that the suitability of A. palmeri in the Brazilian territory will decrease owing to predicted climate change. The future model highlighted decreases in the suitable northern, northeastern, and midwestern areas. An annual study of the occurrence of A. palmeri using the weekly growth index predicted by the model showed great potential for the species throughout the year, with a decrease in the driest months (July to August), indicating the preference of the species for moist soils. Tropical and subtropical zones are currently experiencing a reduction in suitable areas because of climate change in northeastern Brazil and western Australia. Temperate zone sites have potential areas of expansion for A. palmeri (northern USA, Russia, and China) under climate change. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, management strategies should be planned to contain the global spread of A. palmeri.

ABSTRACT. Herbicides have been used to control Brachiaria grass in pastures established or in formation given their practicality, however their efficiency is questionable due to the lack of specific graminicides for different forage species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of glyphosate and fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) and the intoxication levels of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (Tanzania quinea grass) in pasture establishment. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of two herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate), five doses equivalent to the commercial dosage of each herbicide (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 200), and four evaluation times after herbicide application (15, 21, 30 and 45 days). There was interaction between doses and evaluation times. The dose 1.5 L ha-1 fluazifop-p-butyl provides efficient control of signalgrass, however, leads to high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass. Glyphosate is efficient in the control of signalgrass even at the lowest dose (90 g ha-1), however, it causes high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass, preventing its use in developing pastures. It can be concluded that fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate herbicides are not recommended for the control of B. decumbens, cv. Basilisk in developing pastures of Tanzania guinea grass.

Abstract Contamination of water sources due to herbicide is of great concern. Clomazone is a pesticide with a high contamination potential which could possibility lixiviate to water streams. Changes caused by residual herbicide include flora modifications which are generally detrimental for some species. The lack of morphological studies performed in aquatic plants exposed to herbicide-contaminated environments has encouraged the development of our research. For the first time, we present a study that aimed to evaluate leaf injuries visible to the naked eye as well as microscopical effects which may be caused by clomazone on Pistia stratiotes. Pistia stratiotes was subjected to five concentrations of clomazone. Our analysis showed leaf injuries, especially after 15 days of clomazone application. Hormesis was observed when the water lettuce was subjected to the lower concentrations. Total leaf area showed increase following by reduction while injured until reaching the highest concentration. Although the concentrations of clomazone tested in our study are not lethal to water lettuce, such herbicide have still caused morphoanatomical damages on leaves which advocates for the use of P. stratiotes as a bioindicator of the presence of herbicides such as clomazone in water.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a massa de forragem, composição química, teor e extração de minerais do capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) sob diferentes clones de eucalipto na integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF). Utilizou-se o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, distribuíram-se os clones de eucalipto GG 100 e I 144 (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) e VM 58 (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus camaldulensis), nas subparcelas, as idades de crescimento do capim-braquiária (10; 17; 24; 31; 38; 45 e 52 dias após a colheita do milho para silagem), e, nas subsubparcelas, os locais de amostragem, no centro da entrelinha e sob a copa de eucalipto. Verificou-se que os clones de eucalipto não afetaram a massa de forragem do capim-braquiária, que foi incrementada linearmente com o avanço da idade de crescimento, com maior disponibilidade no centro da entrelinha do que sob a copa das árvores. O capim-braquiária cultivado com o clone I 144 apresentou melhor composição química, com altos teores de proteína bruta e fósforo e baixo teor de fibra em detergente neutro. Não houve efeito dos clones de eucalipto na extração de minerais, somente efeito da interação tripla clones, idades e locais de amostragem na extração de potássio. Conclui-se que o capim-braquiária apresenta massa de forragem adequada para pastejo entre 38 e 52 dias após a colheita do milho em iLPF, sem comprometimento de sua composição química, na estação de outono na região Centro-Oeste de Minas Gerais.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to evaluate the forage mass, chemical composition, mineral content, and mineral absorption in signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) grown with different eucalypt clones in an integrated crop-livestock-forest (iCLF) system. The split-split-plot scheme included three replicates arranged in a completely randomized block design. The eucalyptus clones GG 100 and I 144 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) and VM 58 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were distributed in the plots. The split plots corresponded to the growth ages of signal grass (10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, and 52 days after corn harvest for silage). The split-split plots corresponded to two sampling sites: center of the inter-row and soil under the Eucalyptus canopy. The Eucalyptus clones did not affect the forage mass of the grass. Forage mass was increased linearly as the grass matured and was more readily available in the center of the inter-row than under the tree canopy. The grass grown with clone I 144 presented better chemical composition, with higher levels of crude protein and phosphorus and lower levels of neutral detergent fiber. The Eucalyptus clones did not significantly affect mineral absorption. However, the Eucalyptus clones, grass age, and sampling sites significantly changed potassium absorption. It is concluded that the forage mass of signal grass is suitable for use in grazing at 38 to 52 days after corn harvest in the iCLF system in the autumn season in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais, without compromising the chemical composition of the grass.

RESUMO As adaptações das plantas daninhas às diferentes condições ambientais contribuem para seu sucesso no estabelecimento de diferentes agroecossistemas. Um trabalho de casa de vegetação e laboratório foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de umidade do solo nas características anatômicas de duas espécies de plantas daninhas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo o primeiro fator correspondente as espécies de plantas daninhas (Amaranthus hybridus e Brachiaria brizantha), e o segundo aos níveis de umidade no solo em que foram cultivadas (100%, 80%, 74%, 67% e 60% da capacidade de campo). Aos 55 dias após a emergência das plantas daninhas o material foi coletado para as avaliações anatômicas. O déficit hídrico afetou de maneira diferenciada as duas plantas daninhas, provocando alterações tanto na espessura dos tecidos avaliados quanto nas suas proporções. Estas alterações podem estar relacionadas à forma como cada espécie tolera a deficiência de água. O A. hybridus teve espessamento de todos os tecidos da lâmina foliar, além da mudança na proporção desses tecidos, enquanto que a B. brizantha teve decréscimo na espessura dos tecidos da lâmina foliar e aumento na proporção de parênquima homogêneo e epiderme adaxial.

ABSTRACT Weed adaptations to different environments contribute to their success in establishing in different agroecosystems. A greenhouse and laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of soil moisture on the anatomical characteristics of two weed species. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design, with the first factor representing the weed species (Amaranthus hybridus and Brachiaria brizantha) and the second factor being the soil moisture levels in which they were grown (100%, 80%, 74%, 67%, and 60% of field capacity). At 55 days after weed emergence, the material for anatomical evaluations was collected. The water stress affected the two weed species differently, causing changes both in the thickness of the tissues evaluated and in their proportions. These changes seem to be related to how each species tolerates water stress. A. hybridus showed thickening of all leaf tissue and change in the proportion of these tissues, whereas B. brizantha showed a decrease in thickness of the leaf tissue and an increase in the proportion of adaxial epidermal and parenchymal tissues.

RESUMO Os resíduos de plantas daninhas são importantes para a ciclagem de nutrientes nos agroecossistemas. A quantificação desta potencial fonte de nutrientes pode influenciar o manejo dessas plantas e as práticas de adubação. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (joá-de-capote) é uma planta daninha de ciclo curto com rápido crescimento e grande capacidade de acumular biomassa. Dessa forma, objetivou-se conhecer o potencial de acúmulo e ciclagem de nutrientes de N. physalodes e avaliar se o aumento de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) no solo influenciam essas características. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados, arranjado em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de quatro doses crescente de N, P e K (Dose 1 - 0, 0,3 e 17,2; Dose 2 - 30, 450,3 e 75,4; Dose 3 - 60, 900,3 e 133,4 e Dose 4 - 120, 1800,3 e 249,68 mg dm-3) e as subparcelas de dez épocas de coleta das plantas (26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 76, 91, 106 e 121 dias após emergência). O aumento nos níveis de N, P e K no solo proporcionou maiores produções de massa seca e acúmulo total desses macronutrientes em plantas de N. physalodes, sendo que os maiores acúmulos foram de K e N. A adubação não influenciou os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e a relação carbono/ nitrogênio da planta. N. physalodes apresenta baixa relação C/N, o que aliado aos baixos teores de FDN e FDA e ao bom acúmulo de nutrientes, sugere que o material vegetal dessa planta seja rapidamente decomposto, proporcionando uma ciclagem rápida de nutrientes no solo.

ABSTRACT Weed residues can influence nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Quantifying this potential nutrient source may influence weed control and fertilisation practices. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. is a weed with a short life cycle and a great ability to accumulate dry matter. Field observations suggest that N. physaloides residues are easily decomposed in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing of N, P and K doses on the growth of N. physalodes, as well as the nutrient content, chemical characteristics and C/N ratio of the weed. A randomised block design, arranged in split-plot with three replications, was utilised. The main plots were given four doses of NPK (Dose 1 - 0, 0.3 and 17.2 mg dm-3; Dose 2 - 30, 450.3 and 75.4 mg dm-3; Dose 3 - 60, 900.3 and 133.4 mg dm-3; and Dose 4 - 120, 1800.3 and 249.68 mg dm-3), and the subplots were harvested at ten time points after emergence (26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 76, 91, 106 and 121 days). Higher dry matter production and N, P and K content were observed in plants grown on higher levels of fertiliser. The increase of N, P and K levels in the soil resulted in greater total accumulation of these macronutrients. The highest macronutrient contents were K and N. The treatments did not affect neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and C/N ratio of plant. N. physalodes had low C/N ratio, low NDF and ADF levels, and great nutrient accumulation, suggesting that this plant is quickly decomposed, providing a rapid cycling of nutrients.

RESUMO: Batata-doce [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] apresenta grande versatilidade de usos no Brasil. Com a ampliação das áreas de cultivo, essa espécie estará sujeita à contaminação por herbicidas. Eventualmente, organismos não alvos podem ser expostos aos resíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aspectos biológicos do ácaro Tetranychus ludeni alimentado com folhas de batata-doce pulverizadas com diferentes doses do herbicida 2,4-D. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Controle Biológico da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), em Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Foram utilizadas 175 fêmeas de T. ludeni e 6 doses de 2,4-D, em g.ha-1 (8,06; 20,15; 40,30; 80,60; 201,50; e 806,00), mais o tratamento-controle com água destilada. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e cinco repetições, contendo cinco fêmeas de T. ludeni em cada repetição. Foram avaliados a mortalidade inicial do ácaro em 24 h, o número de ovos, as ninfas e a longevidade das fêmeas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias significativas analisadas pelo teste de Duncan. Observou-se que doses maiores desse herbicida podem aumentar a mortalidade e reduzir a longevidade das fêmeas de T. ludeni.

ABSTRACT: Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] presents great versatility of uses in Brazil. With the expansion of crop areas, this species is subject to contamination by herbicides. Eventually, non-target organisms can be exposed to residues . The aim of this study was to evaluate biological aspects of the mite Tetranychus ludeni fed on sweet potato leaves sprayed with different doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. The experiment was conducted at the Biological Control Laboratory of Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Altogether, 175 females of T. ludeni and six doses of 2,4-D, in g.ha-1 (8.06, 20.15, 40.30, 80.60, 201.50, and 806,00) were used, plus the control done with distilled water. It was adopted a completely randomized design with seven treatments and five replications with five females each. Early mortality of T. ludeni (24 h), the number of eggs, nymphs and longevity of females were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, being the significant mean analyzed by Duncan test. It was observed that high doses of the herbicide may increase the mortality and decrease longevity of females of T. ludeni.

RESUMO A contaminação de ecossistemas por resíduos de defensivos agrícolas, especial atenção deve ser dada para os herbicidas passíveis de lixiviação. O objetivo foi selecionar espécies arbóreas para a rizodegradação de ambientes contaminados por resíduos de 2,4-D e atrazine, e para recomposição de mata ciliar aos campos agrícolas e, consequentemente, diminuir riscos de contaminação de cursos hídricos. Foram avaliados 36 tratamentos compostos pela combinação de 12 espécies florestais: [inga- Inga marginata Willd, guapuruvu - Schizolobium parahyba (Vell), ipê amarelo- Handroanthus serratifolius (A.H.Gentry) S.Grose, carobinha - Jacaranda puberula Chan, cedro- Cedrela fissilis Vell, landin -Calophyllum brasiliense Camb, goiabinha- Psidium myrsinoides Berg, quaresmeira-Tibouchina granulosa Cogn, pau-ferro - Caesalpinia ferrea Mart, sibipiruna - Caesalpinia pluviosa DC, capitão -Terminalia argentea Mart & Zucc e braúna- Schinopsis brasiliensis Enge S.F.Blacke] e três soluções simulando o composto lixiviado (atrazine, 2,4-D e água - controle), com quatro repetições cada. Foram mensuradas a altura da planta, o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas, a área foliar e o acúmulo de biomassa seca e a nutrição foliar. A maioria das espécies apresentou increaseo em macronutrientes mesmo submetidas à aplicação dos herbicidas, sendo que o inga apresentou maior tolerância em relação as análise de crescimento. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização das espécies mais tolerantes aos herbicidas Atrazine e 2,4-D em experimentos de campo para confirmar os resultados preliminares desta simulação.

ABSTRACT Ecosystems contamination by residues of pesticides requires special attention to the herbicides subject to leaching. The objective was to select tree species to rhizodegradation contaminated by residues of 2,4-D and atrazine and to recompose riparian areas to agricultural fields, then reducing the risk of contamination of water courses. A total of 36 treatments consisted of the combinations of forest species were evaluated [Inga marginata (Inga), Schizolobium parahyba (guapuruvu), Handroanthus serratifolius (ipê amarelo), Jacaranda puberula (carobinha), Cedrela fissilis (cedro), Calophyllum brasiliensis (landin), Psidium mirsinoides (goiabinha), Tibouchina glandulosa (quaresmeira), Caesalpinia férrea (pau-ferro), Caesalpinia pluviosa (sibipiruna), Terminalia argêntea (capitão) and Schinopsis brasiliensis (braúna)] and three solutions simulating leachate compound (atrazine, 2,4-D and water - control), with four replicates each. The characteristics measured were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and dry biomass, and foliar nutrition. Forest species survived the herbicide application, and most showed an increase in macronutrients even under an herbicide application, and the Inga had the highest tolerance regarding growth analysis. It is recommended to use species that are more tolerant to Atrazine and 2,4-D in field experiments to confirm previous results of this simulation.

RESUMO Os bioestimulantes são complexos que promovem o equilíbrio hormonal das plantas, favorecendo a expressão do seu potencial genético, estimulando o crescimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. O uso desses reguladores vegetais em cultivos agrícolas pode causar aumentos quantitativos e qualitativos da produção das culturas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de bioestimulante comercial no crescimento inicial da mandioca. Adotou-se esquema fatorial 2 x 5, correspondente a duas cultivares de mandioca (Cacau-UFV e Coimbra) e a cinco concentrações do bioestimulante (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 mL L-1). Aos 90 dias após o plantio, avaliaram-se área foliar, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e as matérias secas de raízes, caule, folhas e total. O bioestimulante promoveu incrementos lineares da altura de planta, do número de folhas, da área foliar, das matérias secas de caule, folhas, raízes e total. A cultivar Cacau-UFV apresentou maior crescimento que a cultivar Coimbra. O uso do bioestimulante na cultura da mandioca estimula o crescimento inicial da cultura.

ABSTRACT Biostimulants are complex substances that promote hormonal balance in plants, favor the genetic potential expression, and enhance growth of shoots and root system. The use of these plant growth promoters in crops can increase quantitatively and qualitatively crop production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial biostimulant on the initial growth of cassava. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design, corresponding to two cassava cultivars (Cacau-UFV and Coimbra) and five biostimulant concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mL L-1). At 90 days after planting, the characteristics leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, total dry matter and dry matter of roots, stems and leaves were evaluated. The biostimulant promoted linear increases in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, total dry matter, dry matter of stems, leaves and roots. The cultivar Cacau-UFV had a higher growth rate than the cultivar Coimbra. The growth promoter stimulated the early growth of the cassava crop.

RESUMO A avaliação dos efeitos da competição das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento da soja é efetuada por meio de ensaios em ambientes protegidos. Esses ensaios, geralmente, são feitos em recipientes (vasos) em que se testam os efeitos desejados em diferentes épocas de coleta. O tamanho (volume) dos vasos a ser escolhido depende do tipo de estudo, da espécie-teste e das variáveis que serão estudadas. Por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do tamanho de vasos na habilidade competitiva da soja com as plantas daninhas Urochloa brizantha e Bidens pilosa. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e o delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, com quatro repetições. Os fatores considerados no experimento foram três sistemas de competição (soja cultivada isoladamente, soja + U. brizantha e soja + B. pilosa) e cinco volumes dos recipientes (2, 4, 7, 10 e 16 dm3). O crescimento das plantas de soja foi afetado tanto pelo volume dos vasos quanto pela competição com U. brizantha e B. pilosa, sendo que U. brizantha foi mais competitiva com a soja. Vasos com maiores volumes aumentam os efeitos da competição sobre o crescimento da soja.

ABSTRACT Evaluation of the competition effects between soybean and weed is done in protected environments. These test are usually done in pots where is studied the desired effects at different sampling/harvest times. The pots size to be chosen depends on the type of study, plant species and the variables that will be studied. Thus, the aim of this work was to verify the effect of the pots size in competitive ability of soybean with Urochloa brizantha and Bidens pilosa. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment and was arranged in a randomized block design in factorial 3 × 5 with four replications. Factors considered in the experiment were three systems of competition (soybeans grown alone, soybeans + U. brizantha and soybean + B. pilosa) and five pots size (2, 4, 7, 10 and 16 dm3). Growth soybean was affected for pots size and for U. brizantha and B. pilosa competition. U. brizantha was more competitive with soybean than B. pilosa. Pots with biggest volumetric capacity increased the effects of the competition on growth soybean.

Muitos cafeicultores utilizam o glyphosate em aplicações dirigidas. Nessas aplicações são constatados intoxicações. Através do efeito negativo direto na fotossíntese, ou indiretamente, reduzindo da taxa metabólica da planta, acredita-se que possam influenciar a eficiência do uso da água. Objetivou-se no trabalho averiguar as variáveis relacionadas ao uso da água entre cultivares de café submetidos a aplicação de subdoses de glyphosate e os efeitos de cada dose. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando-se três cultivares de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica): Acaiá (MG-6851), Catucaí Amarelo (2 SL) e Topázio (MG-1190) e, três subdoses do glyphosate (0,0; 115,2 e 460,8 g ha-1 do equivalente ácido), em esquema fatorial 3 x 3. Aos 15 DAA observou-se redução da condutância estomática. Constatou-se menor taxa de transpiração e eficiência do uso da água na quarta folha aos 15 dias após a aplicação. 45 dias após aplicação ocorreu queda da transpiração, sendo que, o Acaiá apresentou redução com aplicação de 115,2 g ha-1. O glyphosate reduziu a eficiência do uso da água, apresentando efeitos transitórios, mas que podem causar atraso no crescimento e produção do cafeeiro. O cultivar Acaiá foi o mais tolerante ao glyphosate, não alterando sua eficiência do uso da água com aplicação do herbicida.

Many coffee growers apply glyphosate in directed applications, but some phytotoxicity has been noted. It is believed some herbicides can exert a direct or indirect negative effect on photosynthesis by reducing the metabolic rate in a way that can affect the water use efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate the variables related to water use among coffee cultivars subjected to the application of glyphosate and the effects of each dose. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using three varieties of coffee (Coffea arabica), Acaiá (MG-6851), Catucaí Amarelo (2SL) and Topázio (MG-1190), and three doses of glyphosate (0.0, 115.2 and 460.8 g acid equivalent ha-1), in a factorial 3 x 3 design. At 15 days after application, a reduction in stomatal conductance was observed, and smaller transpiration rate and water use efficiency were found in the fourth leaf at 15 days after application. There was a decrease in the transpiration rate at 45 DAA, with the Acaiá cultivar showing reductions with 115.2 g ha-1. There was transitory reduction in water use efficiency with glyphosate application, but can affect the growth and production. The Acaiá cultivar showed the highest tolerance to glyphosate because the water use efficiency after herbicide application.

O levantamento fitossociológico é uma ferramenta importante, na análise do impacto que os sistemas de manejo e as práticas agrícolas exercem sobre a dinâmica de crescimento e ocupação das plantas daninhas no agroecossistema. Por essa razão, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização fitossociológica de plantas daninhas, em oito áreas de pastagens degradadas, de cinco municípios do Médio Vale do Rio Doce, em Minas Gerais. No total foram identificadas 68 espécies, pertencentes a 18 famílias, sendo que o gênero Sida ocorreu em todas as áreas avaliadas. De maneira geral, a Uroclhoa decumbens, a Sida glaziovii e a Sida carpinifolia foram as espécies encontradas com maior frequência. Todavia, constatou-se grande diversidade de plantas daninhas nas áreas avaliadas, sendo a maior riqueza observada no município de Galiléia e, a menor, em Governador Valadares. As áreas estudadas apresentaram baixa similaridade entre si, sendo, portanto, indicado que o manejo de plantas daninhas seja específico para cada situação.

The phytosociological study is an important tool in analyzing the impact that the management systems and agricultural practices have on the dynamics of weed growth and occupation of agroecosystems. In this sense, this research aims to perform the phytosociological survey of weed in eight areas of degraded pasture in five municipalities of the Middle Rio Doce Valley Minas Gerais. A total of 68 species belonging to 18 families were identified. The genus Sida occurred in all assessed areas. In general, Uroclhoa decumbens, Sida glaziovii and Sida carpinifolia were the most frequently found species. However, a great diversity of weeds was found among the assessed areas, with the highest richness found in the village of Galiléia and the lowest in Governador Valadares. The areas studied showed low similarity to each other, indicating that weed management must be specific to each situation.

Os fungos ectomicorrízicos possuem tolerância diferenciada aos herbicidas e podem promover a sobrevivência e crescimento das plantas de eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância de isolados do fungo ectomicorrízico . Pisolithus sp. aos herbicidas glyphosate e isoxaflutole. Os isolados avaliados foram D3, D16, D17, Pt24 e UFVJM04 e as concentrações de glyphosate no meio líquido, de 0, 32, 63, 127 e 254 mg L-1, enquanto no meio sólido, de 0, 32, 63, 127, 254, 507 e 1.014 mg L-1. Para o isoxaflutole nos dois meios de cultura, as concentrações foram de: 0, 295, 589, 1.178 e 2.355 mg L-1. Os ensaios foram independentes para cada herbicida e tipo de meio de cultura. A tolerância dos isolados foi dependente do herbicida e da sua concentração em cada meio. O Pt24 foi o mais tolerante ao glyphosate e o UFVJM04, ao isoxaflutole. O glyphosate foi mais tóxico aos isolados de Pisolithus sp. do que o isoxaflutole.

The ectomycorrhizal fungi have different tolerance to herbicides and may promote the survival and growth of the eucalypts tree. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of Pisolithus sp. isolates to glyphosate and isoxaflutole. The isolates evaluated were D3, D16, D17, Pt24 and UFVJM04. Glyphosate concentrations were: 0, 32, 63, 127 and 254 mg L-1 in liquid medium; 0, 32, 63, 127, 254, 507 and 1014 mg L-1 in solid medium. For isoxaflutole, the concentrations were 0, 295, 589, 1178 and 2355 mg L-1 for both media. Assays were independent for each herbicide and culture medium. The tolerance of isolates depended on the herbicide and its concentration in each type of culture medium. Pt24 was the most tolerant to glyphosate and the UFVJM04 to isoxaflutole. Glyphosate was more toxic to isolates of Pisolithus than isoxaflutole.