ABSTRACT In this study, pollen grains of Harleyodendron unifoliolatum, Holocalyx balansae, and Uribea tamarindoides, three monospecific genera with Neotropical distribution belonging to the clade Exostyleae, one of the basal lineages of the family Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionoideae, were analyzed. The palynological material was acetolyzed and analyzed under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under LM, small and medium-sized pollen grains were observed, which showed a prolate-spheroidal to prolate shape, 3-colporate, microreticulate and reticulate exine, sexine and nexine of equal thickness in Harleyodendron and Holocalyx, while the sexine was thicker than nexine in Uribea. Analysis under SEM showed finely granulate, psilate, and granulate apertural membrane, while the exine ornamentation varied from perforate-microechinate in Harleyodendron, to perforate in Holocalyx, while in Uribea showed an irregular relief and granular projections on the perforate tectum. The pollen morphology of these species is similar to each other, varying in sexine/nexine ratio, apertural membrane, and exine ornamentation. Harleyodendron has a finely granulate apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and a perforate-microreticulate exine ornamentation, Holocalyx shows a psilated apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and exine ornamentation perforate, and Uribea has a granulate apertural membrane, sexine thicker than nexine, and exine ornamentation with granular projections.

ABSTRACT Galactia is a pantropical genus, which is part of the Galactia clade, and together with the genera Betencourtia, Caetangil, Cerradicola, Collaea, Lackeya, Nanogalactia, and Rhodopis, it maintains a taxonomic relationship that has already been the focus of previous studies. However, the palynology of these groups has not been extensively studied, with gaps in pollen descriptions. Thus, a palynological study of 30 species belonging to Galactia and related genera was performed. For this purpose, pollen grains were acetolized using the standard methodology, subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis, and then quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. Generally, pollen grains of this genera are medium or large size, isopolar or heteropolar, 3-colporate, and may have microreticulate or reticulate exine. Pollen data for Rhodopis and Nanogalactia agree with the most recently proposed circumscription of these genera. Other genera exhibited similar pollen characteristics; however, the diameter of the lumen, associated with other pollen characteristics, proved to be important for the differentiation of the genera. Thus, the pollen morphology provided information that contributes to the description of the genera, mainly Brazilian representatives of Galactia and related genera.

ABSTRACT The Northeastern Brazil has xerical vegetation with different biomes. Its botanical heterogeneity represents shelter for diverse fauna. The region is rich in bees, which demand the resources offered by the plants, and provide pollination services. Bee pollen has been used as a beneficial food source for humans due to its high nutritional content and being a natural antioxidant. Pollen analysis can determine the plant species visited by bees, using them as the source of pollen supply. This study aimed to identify the main pollen types present in the pollen collected by Apis mellifera in the Northeastern Brazil and to define its botanical affinity. Commercial bee pollen samples produced in the region were treated by acetolysis method, mounted on slides, and the frequency of occurrence was estimated for each type of pollen. It was possible to distinguish 113 pollen types belonging to 35 botanical families, distributed in 92 genera. Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the families that most contributed to pollen types. Pollen types of Cocos nucifera and Myrcia were found in more than 50% of the samples. The families Arecaceae and Fabaceae showed high beekeeping potential. There is a striking similarity between the pollen samples from the states of Pernambuco and Rio Grande Norte.

ABSTRACT We investigated the pollen morphology of eight species of Acalypha occurring in Bahia State, Brazil. Flower buds were collected from specimens deposited in the CEPEC and HUEFS herbaria. Pollen samples were acetolyzed and analyzed using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains examined using optical microscopy were found to be small and brevicolporate, with three to six apertures and elevations and fastigium, and had a psilate to scabrate exine. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of supratectal elements and Ubisch bodies, and evidenced three pollen types based mainly on exine ornamentation: microrugulate-scabrate (slightly rugulate-scabrate), areolate-rugulate, and microechinate. This study provides new data and new interpretations of pollen morphology for the genus Acalypha, with comments on the palynological relationships between Acalypha and its sister group Mareya, and the next most closely related genus (Spathiostemon).

Abstract Introduction: Oral hormonal contraceptives are among the contraceptive methods most used by wom- en, when used correctly, it is highly effective, but for proper use, it is essential that they have adequate knowledge and attitudes about them. Objective: To build and validate an inquiry to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice on or use of oral hormonal contraceptive. Methods: Methodological study, which took place in two stages: construction of the survey and validation by expert judges. The content validity analysis was performed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The judges evaluated each item individ- ually, with respect to language clarity, practical relevance and theoretical relevance. The Research Ethics Committee approved the research. Results: In the integrative literature review, 34 publications were selected and their analysis allowed the identification of the three categories: knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding the use of oral hormonal contraceptives, which led to the construction of the survey with 34 questions. As for the CVI, most of the questions had a value greater than 0.8 (80.0%), which was used as a parameter. Regarding the total CVI per judge, 10 (83.3%) of them also had a value higher than 0.8. The total CVI of the survey was 0.86. Conclusions: The constructed survey proved to be a valid instrument for obtaining a situational diagnosis of the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practice of a given population that uses oral contraceptives.

Resumen Introducción: Anticonceptivos hormonales orales se encuentran entre los métodos anticonceptivos más utilizados por las mujeres, cuando se usan correctamente es altamente efectivo, pero para su uso adecuado es fundamental que tengan los conocimientos y actitudes adecuados. Objetivo: Construir y validar una encuesta para evaluar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas con respecto al uso de anticonceptivos hormonales orales. Métodos: Estudio metodológico, que se desarrolló en dos etapas: construc- ción de la encuesta y validación por jueces expertos. Análisis de validez de contenido se realizó median- te el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC). Jueces evaluaron cada ítem individualmente, con respecto a la claridad del lenguaje, relevancia práctica y relevancia teórica. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: En la revisión integradora de la literatura se seleccionaron 34 publicaciones y su análisis permitió identificar las tres categorías: conocimientos, actitudes y práctica en relación al uso de anticonceptivos hormonales orales, lo que llevó a la construcción de la encuesta con 34 preguntas. La mayoría de las preguntas tuvo un IVC superior a 0,8 (80,0%), que se utilizó como parámetro. En cuanto al IVC total por juez, 10 (83,3%) de ellos también tenían un valor superior a 0,8. El CVI total de la encuesta fue de 0,86. Conclusiones: La encuesta construida resultó ser un instrumento válido para obtener un diagnóstico situacional de los niveles de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de una determinada población que usa anticonceptivos orales.

Resumo Introdução: Os anticoncepcionais hormonais orais estão entre os métodos contraceptivos mais utilizados pelas mulheres, quando usado corretamente apresenta grande eficácia, mas para o uso adequado é fundamental que el as tenham conhecimentos e atitudes adequadas sobre eles. Objetivo: Construir e validar um inquérito para avaliar os conhecimentos, atitudes e prática sobre o uso de anticoncepcional hormonal oral. Métodos: Estudo metodológico, que aconteceu em duas etapas: construção do inquérito e validação por juízes especialistas. A análise da validade de conteúdo foi realizada por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo(IVC). Osjuízesavaliaramcadaitemindividualmente, com relação à clareza da linguagem, à pertinência prática e à relevância teórica. A pesquisa foi aprovada por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Na revisão integrativa da literatura, 34 publicações foram selecionadas e a análise delas permitiu a identificação das três categorias: conhecimentos, atitudes e prática quanto ao uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais orais, o que levou à construção do inquérito com 34 questões. Quanto ao IVC, grande parte das questões obteve valor superior a 0,8 (80,0%), o qual foi utilizado como parâmetro. Sobre o IVC total por juiz, em 10 (83,3%) deles se observou também valor superior a 0,8. Já o IVC total do inquérito foi de 0,86. Conclusões: O inquérito construído mostrou-se ser um instrumento válido para se obter um diagnóstico situacional dos níveis de conhecimentos, de atitudes e prática de uma dada população que faz uso de anticoncepcionais orais.

ABSTRACT The pollen grains of 15 species belonging to five genera (Ceiba Mill., Eriotheca Schott & Endl., Pachira Aubl., Pseudobombax Dugand, and Rhodognaphalopsis A. Robyns) of the subfamily Bombacoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) were acetolysed, measured, described and photomicrographed under light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in order to characterize the pollen morphology of species of the subfamily occurring in Brazil. The pollen characters studied were size, shape, exine constitution, and apertural type. Pollen grains were medium to large-sized and isopolar with a (sub)circular and (sub)triangular amb with flat, convex or concave sides; oblate to suboblate; 3(-4)-colp(or)ate or 4-5(-6)-colporate, planaperturate, sinuaperturate; equatorial calottes different or not; exine tectate or semitectate, perforate and microreticulate with or without supratectal spines. The results confirm the eurypalynous nature of the group with variation among the studied genera being mainly in the exine pattern.

ABSTRACT This study aims to expand knowledge of the pollen morphology of Passifloraceae and contribute to the taxonomic delimitation of the group by morphologically characterizing pollen grains of species that occur in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Thirty-six species occur in the state, one of the genus Mitostemma (M. glaziovii) and 35 of the genus Passiflora. Pollen samples were acetolysed, measured, and described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The results group the studied species into four pollen types based mainly on aperture type and number, opercular variation, and the presence/absence of ornamentation elements inside the lumina of the reticulum: Pollen type I - species belonging to the subgenera Astrophea and Deidamioides; pollen type II - subgenus Decaloba; pollen type III - subgenus Passiflora; and pollen type IV - M. glaziovii, with pollen characteristics that separate it from the other species analyzed. The results reinforce the recognition of three subgenera of Passiflora. Morphopalynologically the species have very similar pollen types except for those of the subgenus Deidamioides, which are quite diverse and thus included in another pollen type. The results reveal the importance of pollen grains for the taxonomic study of Passifloraceae.

RESUMO A abelha sem ferrão Melipona mandacaia (Smith 1863) (mandaçaia) é encontrada apenas na região da Caatinga, Nordeste do Brasil, nos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco, próximo ao rio São Francisco. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a origem botânica e avaliar o conteúdo fenólico e as propriedades antioxidantes (sistema β-caroteno / ácido linoléico, DPPH e sequestro do ABTS) da geopropolis da mandaçaia. Foram identificados 25 tipos polínicos de 15 famílias das 9 amostras de geoprópolis analisadas. O teor de compostos fenólicos variou entre todos os extratos etanólicos e as frações hexano, EtOAc e MeOH:H2O de geoprópolis. Os principais polens encontrados nas amostram de geopropolis foram da família Leguminoseae. Esta identificação de plantas utilizadas pelas meliponas indicam a importancia destas espécies vegetais como fontes de nectar e pólen. Nossos resultados revelaram que existe uma forte relação entre os compostos fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante. Estes resultados mostram que os fenóis totais da geoprópolis de mandaçaia foram responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante, com evidências de que é uma fonte rica de compostos bioativos fenólicos com potenciais benefícios a saúde.

ABSTRACT The stingless bee Melipona mandacaia (Smith 1863) (mandaçaia) is found only in the region of Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil, in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, near to São Francisco river. The aim of the present work was to determine the botanical origin and to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant properties (β-carotene/linoleic acid system, DPPH and ABTS scavenging) of mandaçaia geopropolis. 25 pollen types from 15 families were identified from the 9 geopropolis samples analyzed. Phenolic compounds content varied between all the geopropolis EtOH extracts, hexane, EtOAc and MeOH:H2O fractions. The main pollens found in the geopropolis samples were from the Leguminoseae family. This identification of meliponicultural plants is extremely important because it indicates the food sources used for the collection of nectar and pollen. Our results revealed that there is a strong relation between the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity. These results showed that total phenols of mandaçaia geopropolis may be responsible for the antioxidant activity with evidence that it's a rich source of phenols bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos integrantes dos órgãos de controles interno e externo da gestão pública, acerca do papel do Conselho Estadual de Saúde na accountability das Organizações Sociais em Saúde. Trata-se de estudo analítico, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, com amostra intencional. Dez atores-chave responsáveis pelos mecanismos dos controles interno e externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foram selecionados. Os dados revelaram o papel do Conselho em relação às Organizações Sociais em Saúde, que consiste em fiscalizar a gestão dessas organizações como representantes da sociedade. Agir de forma transparente, bem como viabilizar a prestação de contas das Organizações Sociais com linguagem adequada para os integrantes do Conselho, além da independência política e liberdade para fiscalização das ações de saúde, são premissas que devem ser atendidas para que o processo de acompanhamento seja mais efetivo e propositivo na visão desses atores institucionais.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the perception of the members of the internal and external control organs of public management, about the role of the State Health Council in the accountability of the Social Organizations in Health. This is an analytical study with a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews, with intentional sample. Ten key actors responsible for the internal and external control mechanisms of the Unified Health System [SUS] were selected. Data revealed the role of the State Health Council in relation to the Social Organizations, which is to oversee the management of these organizations as a representative of society. The need to act in a transparent manner and to enable the provision of Social Organizations in Health’s records with adequate language for the members of the Council, besides political independence and freedom to supervise health actions are premises that must be met in order for the monitoring process to be more effective and proactive in the eyes of these institutional actors.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos integrantes dos órgãos de controles interno e externo da gestão pública, acerca do papel do Conselho Estadual de Saúde na accountability das Organizações Sociais em Saúde. Trata-se de estudo analítico, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, com amostra intencional. Dez atores-chave responsáveis pelos mecanismos dos controles interno e externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foram selecionados. Os dados revelaram o papel do Conselho em relação às Organizações Sociais em Saúde, que consiste em fiscalizar a gestão dessas organizações como representantes da sociedade. Agir de forma transparente, bem como viabilizar a prestação de contas das Organizações Sociais com linguagem adequada para os integrantes do Conselho, além da independência política e liberdade para fiscalização das ações de saúde, são premissas que devem ser atendidas para que o processo de acompanhamento seja mais efetivo e propositivo na visão desses atores institucionais.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the perception of the members of the internal and external control organs of public management, about the role of the State Health Council in the accountability of the Social Organizations in Health. This is an analytical study with a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews, with intentional sample. Ten key actors responsible for the internal and external control mechanisms of the Unified Health System [SUS] were selected. Data revealed the role of the State Health Council in relation to the Social Organizations, which is to oversee the management of these organizations as a representative of society. The need to act in a transparent manner and to enable the provision of Social Organizations in Health’s records with adequate language for the members of the Council, besides political independence and freedom to supervise health actions are premises that must be met in order for the monitoring process to be more effective and proactive in the eyes of these institutional actors.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to morphologically characterize the pollen grains of species of Brasiliocroton mamoninha and B. muricatus in order to expand palynological knowledge of the group and provide additional micromorphological information useful for studies of the relationships within Crotoneae. Polleniferous material was acetolysed and described using light, scanning electron and transmission microscopy. The pollen grains of the two species of Brasiliocroton were apolar, spherical, inaperaturate and medium-sized with a Croton ornamentation pattern. The Croton pattern of B. mamoninha is formed by subtriangular pila, >5-plicate with pointed apices, while for B. muricatus it is formed by subcircular to circular pila, <5-plicate with rounded apices. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a stratified sexine in both species, whereas variation in the pattern of deposition of the foot layer allowed the species to be palynologically distinguished from each other. The composition of the Croton pattern of ornamentation, the morphology of the ultrastructure of the wall and the range of variation in the diameter of the pollen grains differed between the studied species, and thus are diagnostic characters. Pollen morphology allowed the two species of Brasiliocroton to be palynologically separated, and provided data that will be useful for taxonomically circumscribing these taxa.

Resumo A cooperação intergovernamental entre municípios de pequeno porte é operacionalizada por meio de consórcios de saúde, historicamente, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Tais iniciativas favoreceram a descentralização da saúde no contexto da municipalização. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a sua implementação no processo de regionalização. Este estudo objetivou analisar as razões para a expansão dos consórcios intermunicipais de saúde conduzida pela autoridade sanitária estadual como um fenômeno político institucional novo na regionalização da saúde no SUS em Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de caráter analítico com abordagem qualitativa. Realizaram-se quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores estaduais, as quais foram analisadas mediante técnica de método de condensação de significados proposta por Kvale. A Teoria das Representações Sociais guiou a análise dos dados. As razões para a indução do consorciamento intermunicipal foram: o fortalecimento da regionalização dos serviços de saúde; a ampliação de oferta e cogestão de serviços de saúde; a absorção de experiências exitosas e a necessidade da indução estadual das políticas regionais de saúde. Os consórcios se configuraram como uma possibilidade positiva na percepção dos gestores estaduais na regionalização de ações de saúde no estado; porém, estudos adicionais são necessários no que diz respeito ao impacto dos indicadores de saúde em escala regional.

Abstract Intergovernmental cooperation between small municipalities is operationalized through health consortia, historically, in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). These initiatives favored the decentralization of health in the context of municipalization. However, little is known about its implementation in the regionalization process. The objective of this study was to analyze the reasons for the expansion of intermunicipal health consortia conducted by the state sanitary authority as a new institutional political phenomenon in the regionalization of the SUS in Pernambuco. This is a retrospective analytical study with a qualitative approach. Four semi-structured interviews with state managers were carried out and analyzed using a method of condensation of meanings proposed by Kvale. The Theory of Social Representations guided the data analysis. The reasons for the induction of intermunicipal consortium were: the strengthening of the regionalization of health services; the expansion of supply and co-management of health services; the absorption of successful experiences and the need for state induction of regional health policies. Consortia have become a positive possibility in the perception of state managers in the regionalization of health actions in the state, but additional studies are needed regarding the impact of health indicators on a regional scale.

Resumo A cooperação intergovernamental entre municípios de pequeno porte é operacionalizada por meio de consórcios de saúde, historicamente, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Tais iniciativas favoreceram a descentralização da saúde no contexto da municipalização. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a sua implementação no processo de regionalização. Este estudo objetivou analisar as razões para a expansão dos consórcios intermunicipais de saúde conduzida pela autoridade sanitária estadual como um fenômeno político institucional novo na regionalização da saúde no SUS em Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de caráter analítico com abordagem qualitativa. Realizaram-se quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores estaduais, as quais foram analisadas mediante técnica de método de condensação de significados proposta por Kvale. A Teoria das Representações Sociais guiou a análise dos dados. As razões para a indução do consorciamento intermunicipal foram: o fortalecimento da regionalização dos serviços de saúde; a ampliação de oferta e cogestão de serviços de saúde; a absorção de experiências exitosas e a necessidade da indução estadual das políticas regionais de saúde. Os consórcios se configuraram como uma possibilidade positiva na percepção dos gestores estaduais na regionalização de ações de saúde no estado; porém, estudos adicionais são necessários no que diz respeito ao impacto dos indicadores de saúde em escala regional.

Abstract Intergovernmental cooperation between small municipalities is operationalized through health consortia, historically, in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). These initiatives favored the decentralization of health in the context of municipalization. However, little is known about its implementation in the regionalization process. The objective of this study was to analyze the reasons for the expansion of intermunicipal health consortia conducted by the state sanitary authority as a new institutional political phenomenon in the regionalization of the SUS in Pernambuco. This is a retrospective analytical study with a qualitative approach. Four semi-structured interviews with state managers were carried out and analyzed using a method of condensation of meanings proposed by Kvale. The Theory of Social Representations guided the data analysis. The reasons for the induction of intermunicipal consortium were: the strengthening of the regionalization of health services; the expansion of supply and co-management of health services; the absorption of successful experiences and the need for state induction of regional health policies. Consortia have become a positive possibility in the perception of state managers in the regionalization of health actions in the state, but additional studies are needed regarding the impact of health indicators on a regional scale.

RESUMO É um requisito fundamental dos governos alocar recursos para serviços públicos entre instituições ou populações que são concorrentes potenciais para financiamento. No Brasil, país com desigualdades sociais claras, alocar recursos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) se torna particularmente desafiador e equitativo. O estudo tem por objetivo apresentar um modelo matricial de nível individual para alocação de recursos em saúde no SUS com base em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. Este modelo é baseado na matriz de variáveis idade, sexo, educação, emprego e renda e seus relacionamentos. Um escore de morbidade é usado para estimar pesos para cada categoria. Este modelo oferece uma oportunidade para que os gestores utilizem métodos objetivos que auxiliem a tomada de decisão de forma clara e baseada nas leis brasileiras, considerando as necessidades de saúde, aspectos epidemiológicos, demográficos, bem como a capacidade de oferecer serviços.

ABSTRACT It is a fundamental requirement of governments that they allocate resources to public services among institutions or populations that are potential competitors for funding. In Brazil, a country with clear social inequalities, equitable allocation of resources in the Unified Health System (SUS) poses a particular challenge. The present study proposes an individual-level matrix model for allocating health resources in the SUS based on data from the National Health Survey (PNS) 2013. This model is founded on a matrix of the following variables: age, sex, education, employment and income and the relationships between them. A morbidity score is used to estimate weights for each category. This model provides an opportunity for managers to use objective methods to provide a clear guide for decision-making in accordance with principles laid down in Brazilian law and in a manner based on health needs and epidemiological and demographic factors, in addition to the capacity to offer services.

RESUMO É um requisito fundamental dos governos alocar recursos para serviços públicos entre instituições ou populações que são concorrentes potenciais para financiamento. No Brasil, país com desigualdades sociais claras, alocar recursos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) se torna particularmente desafiador e equitativo. O estudo tem por objetivo apresentar um modelo matricial de nível individual para alocação de recursos em saúde no SUS com base em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. Este modelo é baseado na matriz de variáveis idade, sexo, educação, emprego e renda e seus relacionamentos. Um escore de morbidade é usado para estimar pesos para cada categoria. Este modelo oferece uma oportunidade para que os gestores utilizem métodos objetivos que auxiliem a tomada de decisão de forma clara e baseada nas leis brasileiras, considerando as necessidades de saúde, aspectos epidemiológicos, demográficos, bem como a capacidade de oferecer serviços.

ABSTRACT It is a fundamental requirement of governments that they allocate resources to public services among institutions or populations that are potential competitors for funding. In Brazil, a country with clear social inequalities, equitable allocation of resources in the Unified Health System (SUS) poses a particular challenge. The present study proposes an individual-level matrix model for allocating health resources in the SUS based on data from the National Health Survey (PNS) 2013. This model is founded on a matrix of the following variables: age, sex, education, employment and income and the relationships between them. A morbidity score is used to estimate weights for each category. This model provides an opportunity for managers to use objective methods to provide a clear guide for decision-making in accordance with principles laid down in Brazilian law and in a manner based on health needs and epidemiological and demographic factors, in addition to the capacity to offer services.