Objective: The ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) was developed as a joint effort by researchers from several countries to evaluate post-traumatic stress (PTSD) and complex-PTSD (C-PTSD) symptoms. This study is part of a multi-center international collaborative research project that aims to provide psychometric support for this initial instrument in different languages, considering the specific contexts related to complex traumatization. This study verified the psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese version of the ITQ, evaluating symptoms beyond those described the existing literature. Methods: We examined the results of a convenience sample totaling 268 Portuguese and Angolan participants. Two instruments were applied: the ITQ, which evaluates symptoms resulting from a traumatic life event, and the Life Events Checklist (LEC), which evaluates stressful life events. The general characteristics of the scales are described, and reliability analysis and validity studies were performed. Results: Cronbach’s alpha varied between 0.84 and 0.88, and the exploratory factorial analysis results were consistent with the concept of C-PTSD, with five components explaining 61.58% of scale variance. Conclusion: The results suggest good psychometric characteristics for the Portuguese version of the ITQ, and thus it can be included in protocols intended evaluating complex traumatic symptoms.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate, according to the literature, the main factors considered facilitators and/or aggravating in the transportation of patients in critical condition. Method This study is a systematic review performed using the PICO method. Results The selected journals comprised a time space in the last 10 years, with six journals eligible, based on the established criteria. The results report that the themes found in this review demonstrate an alignment between care practice and literature, but, for a transportation without adverse events, there must be a union between the management and the professionals involved. Conclusion Although the findings demonstrate a great concern regarding the quality of care and team preparation, the authors believe that more studies should be encouraged since teamwork, despite being complex, is the key to performing the procedures with effectiveness.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar segundo a literatura quais são os principais fatores que são considerados facilitadores e/ou agravantes na realização do transporte de pacientes em estado crítico. Método Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada com método PICO Resultado Os periódicos selecionados compreendiam um espaço temporal nos últimos dez anos, onde 6 periódicos foram elegíveis, baseado nos critérios estabelecidos. Os resultados relatam que os temas encontrados nesta revisão demonstram um alinhamento entre a prática assistencial e a literatura, porém para que o transporte seja realizado sem eventos adversos, é necessário que haja união entre a gestão e os profissionais envolvidos. Conclusão Embora os achados demonstrem uma grande preocupação em relação à qualidade na assistência e no preparo da equipe, os autores acreditam que mais estudos devem ser fomentados uma vez que o trabalho em equipe apesar de ser complexo, é a chave para a realização dos procedimentos com efetividade.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar, según la literatura, cuáles son los principales factores considerados facilitadores y/o agravantes en la realización del transporte de pacientes en estado crítico. Método Este estudio se trata de una revisión sistemática realizada con el método PICO Resultado Los periódicos seleccionados comprendían un espacio temporal en los últimos diez años, donde 6 periódicos fueron elegibles, basado en los criterios establecidos. Los resultados relatan que los temas encontrados en esta revisión demuestran una alineación entre la práctica asistencial y la literatura, pero para que el transporte sea realizado sin eventos adversos, es necesario que haya unión entre la gestión y los profesionales involucrados. Conclusión Aunque los hallazgos demuestren una gran preocupación en relación a la calidad en la asistencia y en la preparación del equipo, los autores creen que más estudios deben ser fomentados una vez que el trabajo en equipo, a pesar de ser complejo, es la clave para la realización de los procedimientos con efectividad.

Purpose To investigate the effects of induction of selective liver hypothermia in a rodent model. Methods Seven male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 minutes of partial 70% liver ischemia and topic liver 26°C hypothermia (H group). Other seven male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 minutes of partial 70% normothermic liver ischemia (N group). Five additional rats underwent a midline incision and section of liver ligaments under normothermic conditions and without any liver ischemia (sham group). All animals were sacrificed 24-h after reperfusion, and livers were sampled for analyses. Pathology sections were scored for sinusoidal congestion, ballooning, hepatocelllular necrosis and the presence of neutrophilic infiltrates. Results At the end of the experiment, liver tissue expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-ɑ/IL-10 ratio were significantly reduced in the H group compared to N group, whereas IL-10 and eNOS were significantly increased in H group. Histopathological injury scores revealed a significant decrease in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in H group. Conclusion Selective liver hypothermia prevented I/R injury by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines, preserves microcirculation, prevents hepatocellular necrosis and leukocyte infiltration, allowing maintenance of the liver architecture.

Abstract The conceptions of man and work are intimately related in the thought of Miguel de Unamuno. The person, not reduced to any form of political or economic exploitation, is not a mere means but rather an end in itself. Unamuno does not shirk from his struggle against capitalism and the transformation of economics and politics to mere exchange value. It is not surprising therefore that our author, not content with the effects of mercantilist materialism, should propose a more human conception of politics and society capable of dignifying the life of each specific man of flesh and blood. Within this theoretical-conceptual frame, Unamuno conceptualizes work as vocation and as a form of human fulfilment, disassociating it from the mercantilist perspective that prevailed in his time. The purpose of the present study is thus to uncover the intimate relation that joins Unamuno’s conception of man with his conception of work as a form of human education and freedom.

Resumen Las concepciones de hombre y trabajo están íntimamente interconectadas dentro del pensamiento de Miguel de Unamuno. La persona, sin reducirse a ninguna forma de instrumentalización política y económica, no es un mero medio, sino un fin en sí misma. Unamuno no escamotea su lucha en contra del capitalismo y de la transformación de lo económico y de lo político en mero valor de cambio. No nos extraña, pues, que nuestro autor, no conformándose con los efectos del materialismo mercantilista, proponga unas concepciones de política y de sociedad más humanas capaces de dignificar la vida de cada hombre concreto de carne y hueso. Es en este marco teórico-conceptual en el que Unamuno conceptualiza el trabajo como vocación y como forma de realización humana, desvinculándolo de la perspectiva mercantilista vigente en su época. El propósito del presente estudio es, pues, descubrir la íntima relación que une la concepción unamuniana de hombre con su concepción del trabajo como forma de formación y libertad humanas.

Abstract: The present study attempts to reveal Unamuno’s conception of family as conceived in his theoretical, literary and autobiographical writings. As a historical and hermeneutical work, it will focus on the written work of the author who is the ultimate object of the present investigation. Thus, the sociological horizon that gave rise to Unamuno´s reflection, when considered, can only find its theoretical sense in the fact that it allows the clarification of the thinker’s philosophical and educational position. In order to clarify his educational thought, we chose to previously define Unamuno´s conception of family so as to, based on their characterization, we can understand his peculiar conceptions of maternity and paternity. Despite its current decontextualization, and if properly targeted, such peculiar conceptions can recover the traits or spiritual dimensions of contemporary education, which requires the formation of the intimate self and the public self of the younger generations, i.e. their ethical-normative and political-legal education, which, nowadays, has been demanded of school.

Resumen: El presente estudio intenta desvelar la concepción unamuniana de familia tal como nuestro autor la concibe en sus escritos teóricos, literarios y autobiográficos. Siendo un trabajo histórico-hermenéutico, se centrará en la obra escrita del autor que constituye el objeto último de la presente investigación. Bien, por ello el horizonte sociológico que dio origen a la reflexión unamuniana, siendo considerado, solo halla su sentido teórico en cuanto que permite la clarificación de la posición filosófico-educativa de Unamuno. Con vistas a clarificar su pensamiento educativo, optaremos por definir a priori su concepción de familia para que, apoyados en su caracterización, podamos comprender sus peculiares concepciones de maternidad y paternidad que, pese a su actual descontextualización, pueden recuperar, si debidamente enfocadas, los rasgos o dimensiones espirituales de la educación contemporánea, que exige la formación del yo-íntimo y del yo-público de las jóvenes generaciones, esto es, su educación ético-normativa y político-jurídica, que, hoy día, se viene pidiendo a la escuela.

Abstract: In this study an attempt is made to reveal the six philosophical motives that led Unamuno away from formalist turn-of-the-century pedagogy in Spain. His critique, far from being ethereal, centred on the real problems of a discipline whose desire to be independent, quite justifiable at the end of the 19th century, was leading it to lose the ultimate meaning of its existence and reason for being. Proof of this can be found in the author’s warnings of pedagogical dangers such as (1) the annulment of personality, (2) the homogenization of society, and (3) the simplistic and artificial reduction of the world of life.

Resumen: En este estudio intentaremos desvelar los seis motivos filosóficos que han alejado a Unamuno de la pedagogía formalista decimonónica española. Su crítica, lejos de que haya sido etérea, se encarnó en los reales problemas de una ciencia cuyos deseos de independencia, muy justificables a finales del siglo XIX, le hacían perder el sentido último de su existencia y razón de ser. Prueba de ello son las advertencias del autor hacia sus peligros pedagógicos como los (1) de la anulación de la personalidad, (2) de la homogeneización de la sociedad y (3) de la reducción simplista y artificial del mundo de la vida.

Resumen: Nos proponemos analizar el concepto de “fe” tal como surge en los textos de Unamuno a lo largo de su extenso quehacer intelectual. Con ello, intentaremos determinar las características esenciales de dicho concepto según las propuestas del insigne rector salmantino que, inspirado en las “primitivas comunidades cristianas”, miró de reojo la “fe racional” y “dogmática” de matriz escolástica. En nuestros análisis del concepto unamuniano de fe prestaremos especial atención a sus nociones de “virilidad” y “feminidad de la fe”, con vistas a destacar el “pesimismo metafísico” en que cayó el último Unamuno (1931-1936), incapaz de creer en la trascendencia a partir de su propia concepción de la creencia religiosa, que empezó a definir en el año de 1900 con la publicación de su ensayo “La fe”.

Abstract: Our proposal here is to analyse the concept of “faith” as it arises in Unamuno’s writings throughout his extensive intellectual work. In doing so, we shall attempt to determine the essential characteristics of that concept according to the proposals of the famous Rector of Salamanca, who, inspired by the “primitive Christian communities”, looked askance at the “rational” and “dogmatic” faith built in the mould of scholasticism. In our analyses of Unamuno’s conception of faith, we pay particular attention to the notions of “virility” and “femininity” of faith. Doing so we try to highlight the “metaphysical pessimism” into which he fell towards the end of his life (1931-1936), when he became incapable of believing in transcendence based on his own conception of religious belief, which he had begun to define in 1900 with the publication of his essay “Faith”.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether combining hypothermia and remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) results in protection from ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats underwent right nephrectomy and were randomly assigned to four experimental protocols on the left kidney: warm ischemia (group 1), cold ischemia (group 2), RIPC followed by warm ischemia (group 3), and RIPC followed by cold ischemia (group 4). After 240 minutes of reperfusion, histological changes in the left kidney, as well as lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity, were analyzed. The right kidney was used as the control. Serum creatinine was collected before and after the procedures. Results: RIPC combined with hypothermia during IR experiments revealed no differences on interventional groups regarding histological changes (p=0.722). Oxidative stress showed no significant variations among the groups. Lower serum creatinine at the end of the procedure was seen in animals exposed to hypothermia (p<0.001). Conclusions: Combination of RIPC and local hypothermia provides no renal protection in IR injury. Hypothermia preserves renal function during ischemic events. Furthermore, RIPC followed by warm IR did not show benefits compared to warm IR alone or controls in our experimental protocol.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether their combination was more effective than either alone in decreasing renal damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats were assigned to four groups. Following right nephrectomy, their left kidneys were subjected to warm ischemia (IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin (MEL+IR), or injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin followed by cold ischemia (MEL+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, left nephrectomy was performed for histopathological evaluation, lipid peroxidation, and measurement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Serum was collected to measure urea and creatinine concentrations. Results: Histopathological damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion was more attenuated in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups (p<0.037). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher (p<0.029) and creatinine (p<0.001) and urea (p<0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups. Conclusion: The combination of melatonin (MEL) and topical hypothermia (TH) better protects against renal I/R injury than does MEL or TH alone.

ResumenPara Unamuno, que concibe al catedrático como un “fraguador de doctrinas”, la asignatura universitaria, ubicada en las antípodas de su concepción en la enseñanza secundaria, debería ser una expresión de una “ciencia viva” o in fieri, y no un repositorio de conocimientos. Con dicha toma de posición, el rector salmantino terminó por oponerse a la ciencia oficial y al dogma científico a favor de una enseñanza de procedimientos. El presente trabajo procura recuperar dicha concepción de asignatura, intentando desvelarla en sus varias dimensiones con vistas a aportar al espacio de la reflexión pedagógica contemporánea las sui generis ideas educativas unamunianas que, por su densidad y sentido, permiten enfocar la asignatura académica no como un espacio de mera instrucción, sino como un momento de investigación de “hipótesis y utopías”. La gran propuesta unamuniana es, pues, la de que docente y estudiante pierdan sus características clásicas, que les definen como un “templo del saber” y un “botijo vacío”, respectivamente, a favor de una concepción más adaptada a los nuevos tiempos académicos, en que el perenne desarrollo científico y cultural hace obsoletos los contenidos asimilados ayer.

AbstractFor Unamuno, who envisaged the professor as a forger of doctrines, the university subject, standing at the antipodes of his conception in secondary education, should be an expression of a living or in fieri science, not a repository of knowledge. With this stance, this author eventually opposed the official science and scientific dogma in favour of teaching procedures. The current paper seeks to recover this conception of course (subject), while trying to unveil such conception in its various dimensions, with an ultimate purpose of bringing into the space of the contemporary pedagogical reflection the sui generis educational ideas of Unamuno, which allow to prospect the subject area not only as a place of simple instruction but as a moment of investigation of "hypotheses and utopias". The methodology that we shall be using in this research study is reading, analysis and commentary of Unamuno’s texts. Their philosophical, educational and historical contextualization is carried out based on Unamuno’s opposition, within his work, to scholastic pedagogy, which was present in the university of his time in the figure of the university professor or reader. Unamuno’s proposition is that the teacher and the student lose their classic characteristics which define them as “house of knowledge” and “empty container”, respectively, in favour of a conception more adapted to the new academic times, in which the continuous scientific and cultural development makes obsolete the contents assimilated yesterday.

Abstract Purpose: Topical hypothermia and local ischemic preconditioning have been shown to reduce renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury individually. We examined whether combination of both strategies lessens renal I/R injury. Methods: Post right nephrectomy, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five experimental protocols performed in the left kidney: topical hypothermia without ischemia (TH), warm ischemia (IR), ischemic preconditioning followed by warm ischemia (IPC+IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), and ischemic preconditioning followed by cold ischemia (IPC+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, the left kidney was retrieved to evaluate histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Serum was collected to evaluate urea and creatinine. Results: IPC+TH+IR group revealed no difference to any other group subjected to ischemia in relation to histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Creatinine was lower in IPC+TH+IR group compared with IPC+IR, but showed no difference compared to TH+IR group. Conclusions: Combination of local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and topical hypothermia conferred no protection in renal I/R injury. Moreover, local IPC solely followed by warm ischemia impaired renal function more than warm ischemia alone.

Resumen En el presente estudio procuraremos determinar los dos ejes de la ética unamuniana, que, al estar vinculados con el dualismo antropológico “yo-íntimo” y “yo-público”, podríamos condensar en los conceptos de “bondad” y “obra”. Unamuno, en cuanto heredero del romanticismo y del existencialismo, consideró que lo fundamental, en términos axiológicos, era que los individuos aprendiesen a “ser buenos” y no a “hacer [meramente] el bien”, ya que solo a través de la pureza del sentir, es decir, de la “bondad ética”, el “sujeto moral” podría constituirse como una “persona” a través de sus “obras”. En este aspecto, la relación de la ética unamuniana con los “oficios” es decisiva, ya que cada “individuo” a través de su “profesión” está llamado a formar su “persona”.

Abstract In this study, we seek to determine the two axes of Unamunian ethics, which are linked to the “I-intimate” and “I-public” anthropological dualism, and which could be condensed into the concepts of “goodness” and “work.” Unamuno, as heir to romanticism and existentialism, considered that what was fundamental, in axiological terms, was for individuals to learn to “be good” and not to “ [merely] do good,” because only through the purity of feeling, that is, of “ethical goodness”, the “moral subject” could become a “person” through his “works”. In this regard, the relation of Unamunian ethics to “occupations” is decisive, since each “individual” through his “profession” is bound to mold his “being”.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether topical renal hypothermia (TRH) at different levels of temperature has protective effects on lung tissue after renal I/R, through an analysis of organ histology and inflammatory markers in lung tissue. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated across four groups and subjected to renal ischemia at different levels of topical renal temperature: normothermia (no cooling, 37°C), mild hypothermia (26°C), moderate hypothermia (15°C), and deep hypothermia (4°C). To induce I/R, the vessels supplying the left kidney of each animal were clamped for 40 minutes, followed by reperfusion. After four hours, another procedure was performed to harvest the tissues of interest. TNF-α, IL-1β and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in lung tissue. Histological analysis was performed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung specimens. RESULTS: Induction of renal I/R under deep topical hypothermia resulted in a significant decrease in lung concentrations of TNF-α compared with normothermic I/R (p<0.05). A trend toward significant correlation was found between lung IL-1β concentration and intensity of hypothermia (Spearman r=−0.37; p=0.055). No difference was found in myeloperoxidase activity or histologic injury between groups. CONCLUSION: Topical renal hypothermia reduces activation of the inflammatory cascade in the lung parenchyma. However, tissue-protective effects were not observed.

PURPOSE:To design an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in kidneys and evaluate the role that predetermined ranges of local hypothermia plays on markers of stress-oxydative as well as on histologic sections. METHODS: Twenty eight male rats Wistar, under general anesthesia, undergone right nephrectomy (G0, control group) followed by left kidney ischemia during 40 min. Four temperatures groups were designed, with seven animals randomized for each group: normothermic (G1, ±37ºC), mild hypothermia (G2, 26ºC), moderate hypothermia (G3, 15ºC) and deep hypothermia (G4, 4ºC). Left kidney temperature was assessed with an intraparenchymal probe. Left nephrectomy was performed after 240 min of reperfusion. After I/R a blood sample was obtained for f2-IP. Half of each kidney was sent to pathological evaluation and half to analyze CAT, SOD, TBARS, NO3, NO2. RESULTS:Histopathology showed that all kidneys under I/R were significantly more injured than the G0 (p<0.001). TBARS had increased levels in all I/R groups compared with the G0 (p<0.001). CAT had a significant difference (p<0.03) between G1 and G4. Finally, no difference was found on SOD, NO3, NO2 nor on f2-IP. CONCLUSION: This model of I/R was efficient to produce oxidative-stress in the kidney, showing that 4ºC offered significant decrease in free radicals production, although tissue protection was not observed.