Resumo Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido filme de PHB/quitosana com aplicação promissora em embalagens de alimentos e medicamentos. Esses filmes foram preparados via casting solution e após esterilização térmica ou radiolítica suas propriedades foram avaliadas a partir da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, ensaio de tração, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e análise termogravimétrica. Foram constatadas alterações na morfologia dos filmes de PHB/quitosana após os processos de esterilização. As propriedades mecânicas da blenda se mantiveram aproximadamente constantes após esterilização térmica. Porém, após irradiação as blendas apresentaram-se quebradiças. As propriedades térmicas da blenda foram alteradas apenas para as doses de 50 e 75 kGy, em que foi observado uma redução no valor da entalpia de cristalização, grau de cristalinidade, cristalinidade relativa e taxa de cristalização da blenda. Foi observado que a degradação térmica dos filmes de PHB e das blendas, antes e após os processos de esterilização apresentaram um único estágio (250-300 °C).

Abstract In this work was developed PHB/chitosan film with promising application in food and medicine packaging. These films were prepared by the casting solution and after radiolytic or thermal sterilization their properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. PHB/chitosan films changed their morphology after sterilization processes. Mechanical properties of the blend remained approximately constant after thermal sterilization. But, after irradiation the blends presented brittle. Thermal properties of the blend were changed only for the doses of 50 and 75 kGy, in which case was observed a reduction in the crystallization enthalpy value, the degree of crystallinity, relative crystallinity and crystallization rate of the blend. It was observed thermal degradation of the PHB films and blends, before and after sterilization processes presented a single stage (250-300 °C).

Resumo Filmes de Poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) foram produzidos com a adição de óxido de zinco nanoestruturado (ZnOnano) em diferentes proporções (1%, 3%, 5% m/m). Os filmes foram caracterizados por TGA, DSC, MEV e infravermelho. A atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes na presença da bactéria E. coli também foi avaliada. Foram obtidos filmes homogêneos com boa dispersão das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica. A estabilidade do polímero não foi comprometida pelas nanopartículas, que funcionaram como agentes nucleantes aumentando a cristalinidade do polímero. A análise por componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que a nanocarga alterou as vibrações dos grupos funcionais indicando a existência de interações entre o ZnO e o polímero. O filme nanocompósito contendo 5% do óxido inibiu o crescimento da bactéria patogênica E. coli, mostrando-se, portanto, promissor em aplicações na indústria de embalagens para alimentos.

Summary Industrial Poly(hydroxybutyrate) PHB films were produced with the addition of nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnOnano) in different proportions (1, 3, 5% w/w). The films were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. coli was also evaluated. Homogeneous films with good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix were obtained. The stability of the polymer was not compromised by the nanoparticles, which functioned as nucleating agents to increase the crystallinity of the polymer. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the nanoclay modified the vibrations of the functional groups, indicating the existence of interactions between the polymer and ZnOnano. The nanocomposite film containing 5% of ZnOnano inhibited the growth of pathogenic E. coli., thus showing promise for applications in the food packaging industry.

The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cashew apples agro-industrial residue and optimize the process of polyphenols extraction in this residue. The extraction process conditions were defined using a 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design using acetone and methanol as solvents. The independent variables were: time (30 to 90 min), temperature (30 to 50 °C), solvent concentrations (50% to 90%), agitation speed (100 to 300 rpm); the dependent variables were: total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity. The optimized process was carried out by applying the Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) considering the results obtained with the 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design. The residue presented bioactive compounds in its composition, with emphasis on the content of total phenolic compounds (1975.64 mg/ 100 g). The extraction process was not affected by methanol; however, acetone affected the amounts of extracted phytochemicals. Extracts with high levels of polyphenols and strong DPPH scavenging capacity (> 80%) were obtained using 55% acetone, 30 minutes, 30 °C, and 150 rpm. The results showed that cashew apple residue is a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant capacity. These compounds could be used partially or totally to replace synthetic antioxidants.