Abstract: The evolution of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning has greatly benefited several areas of knowledge. For Hydrography, an application improved by this science is the measurement of sea level oscillations resulting from tides. However, to satisfactorily retrieve this information, it is necessary to use low-pass filters (LPF) to match high frequency signals resulting from variation of the vertical component of the GNSS positioning to those of low frequency that characterizes tidal waves. Currently, there is a wide variety of LPF, which are selected according to the required purpose. Thus, the objective of this study is to obtain tidal height variations with high accuracy by applying LPF in GNSS positioning vertical coordinates tracked by an onboard GNSS receiver. For this purpose, field research and the processing of obtained data was performed. Then, two data filters were tested: the Simple Moving Average (SMA) Filter and wavelet compression. In both options, the results reached centimetric accuracy when compared to the real tide in the region of study. However, through quantitative and qualitative evaluations, it was verified that the SMA filter was considered more advantageous because, in addition to its high accuracy, it has a simpler application and less expensive in computational terms. Abstract (GNSS knowledge Hydrography tides However information lowpass pass (LPF waves Currently purpose Thus receiver performed Then tested (SMA compression options evaluations because terms

Abstract: The use of the ellipsoidal heights of a vessel for measuring the tide allows the diminution of uncertainties of sounding reduction in hydrographic surveys. In this article, the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) methods were evaluated by comparing them with data from a tide gauge station while the boat remained moored nearby. When traversing sounding lines, the PPK solution was used as a reference to validate the PPP solution. In all, 12 different periods of surveys were analyzed, distributed throughout the year 2021, in the Guanabara and Ilha Grande Bays, in Rio de Janeiro. The results showed that in comparison with the tide station, when the vessel was moored, the PPK was able to fulfill the strictest criteria (Exclusive Order) of the IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) in 100% of the surveys, while the PPP in 50%. Regarding the use of the PPK as a reference, with the boat both moored and sailing, the PPP met these criteria in 67% for Exclusive Order, 25% for Order 1A and 8% for the 1B. Reducing the vertical uncertainties of hydrographic surveys in shallow waters is useful for all marine and coastal vertical positioning applications, such as integrating terrestrial and marine vertical references. Abstract article (PPP PostProcessing Post Processing (PPK nearby lines 1 analyzed 2021 Bays Janeiro International Organization 100 50 50% sailing 67 25 A 8 1B B applications references 202 10 5 6 2 20

RESUMO A alta precisão na estimativa do volume de madeira em florestas tropicais é necessária para apoiar o manejo sustentável. Os scanners a laser terrestres (TLS) podem fornecer estimativas de alta qualidade a partir de variáveis estruturais de árvores. Comparamos estimativas de variáveis do fuste obtidas por TLS e métodos tradicionais em nível de árvore e equações de volume ajustadas usando dados para uma floresta semidecídua sazonal secundária (Mata Atlântica). Também discutimos a viabilidade do TLS em fragmentos florestais hiperdiversos e secundários. Medições tradicionais (Método I) e medidas baseadas em TLS (Método II) foram realizadas em 29 árvores pertencentes a 10 espécies. Foram geradas equações de volume baseadas nos modelos de Schumacher e Hall (SH) e Spurr. O DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) foi igual para ambos os métodos. A altura total foi superestimada pelo Método II, e a altura comercial apresentou baixa correlação entre os dois métodos. As equações volumétricas ajustadas foram diferentes para ambos os métodos, e aquelas baseadas no modelo de volume SH apresentaram o melhor ajuste. Nossos resultados nos levam a inferir que em florestas secundárias hiperdiversas, as variáveis estruturais das árvores devem ser obtidas via TLS. No entanto, atenção deve ser dada à oclusão das árvores alvo pelo sub-bosque em regeneração e às estimativas de altura, que podem ser influenciadas pelas características da copa das espécies dominantes.

ABSTRACT High accuracy in timber volume estimation in tropical forests is required to support sustainable management. Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) can provide high-quality estimates from tree structural variables. We compared stem variable estimations obtained by TLS and traditional methods at tree level and adjusted volume equations using data of a secondary seasonal semideciduous forest (Atlantic Forest). We also discuss the feasibility of TLS in hyperdiverse and secondary forest fragments. Traditional measurements (Method I) and TLS-based measurements (Method II) were performed on 29 trees belonging to 10 species. Volume equations based on the Schumacher and Hall (SH) and Spurr models were generated. DBH (diameter at breast height) was equal for both methods. Total height (TH) was overestimated by Method II, and commercial height (CH) showed a low correlation between the two methods. The adjusted volumetric equations were different for both methods, and those based on the SH volume model showed the best fit. Our results lead us to infer that in hyperdiverse secondary forests, tree structural variables should be obtained via TLS. However, attention should be given to the occlusion of target trees by the regenerating understory and to height estimates, which can be biased by the crown characteristics of the dominant species.

A teaching experiment on supervised pattern recognition in chemometrics was proposed in this tutorial to introduce partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A new approach of the experiment published in the first tutorial of this series was revisited and employed to the classification of edible vegetable oils. The spectra of olive, canola, soybean and corn oils were obtained using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer in the range of 600 to 4000 cm-1. The combination of ATR-FTIR and PLS-DA classification method was able to correctly classify 100% of the validation samples. The Matlab commands, routines and functions were presented, and a didactic explanation of the concepts and interpretation of the data was provided.

ABSTRACT The Ipubi Formation represents the Aptian-Albian siliciclastic-evaporitic succession of Araripe Basin, NE Brazil. This succession comprises siliciclastic rocks (bituminous shales and claystones) and evaporites (gypsum and secondary anhydrite) and represents part of the lacustrine-shallow marine post-rift phase I. This study used sequence stratigraphy concepts to define the relations between changes in the relative lake level and the formation of Ipubi deposits. Results show that the organic-rich shales of the Ipubi Formation formed during a transgressive pulse that covered large areas of the proximal domains. These deposits overlie a regional unconformity that marks the end of the deposition of the underlying Crato Formation. A High Stand stage that followed the transgression influenced the formation of evaporitic deposits. Climate conditions played a major role in influencing the triggering and stopping of evaporite deposition. Thus, a new relative lake level fall event caused the exposure of the Ipubi Formation deposits, and created another regional subaerial unconformity accompanied by widespread karstification of evaporite beds. A posterior transgression caused the deposition of siliciclastic rocks of the Romualdo Formation over the Ipubi Formation strata, and also promoted a new event of karstification of the Ipubi upper evaporite beds.

This work aimed at employing partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS2-DA), allied to mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as an analytical method for simultaneous classification of biodiesels from different oils (soybean and used frying oil) and routes (methylic and ethylic). The evaluation of the model was verified through values of sensitivity and specificity for each parameter, in the interest class. PLS2-DA model showed 100% correct classification in the discrimination of types of biodiesels. Therefore, the proposed methodology is fast, because it allows simultaneous classification of different types of biodiesels. Consequently, it can be used in quality control of this type of biofuel.

"Dinâmicas de proteção do espaço no basquetebol: validação e aplicação para a avaliação de padrões ataque-defesa." O estudo teve dois objetivos: i) validar classes de ações defensivas para contenção do ataque no basquetebol (i.e. dinâmicas de proteção de espaço - DPEs); ii) propor uma nova abordagem para analisar partidas de basquetebol baseada nas interações entre uma dinâmica de criação de espaço (DCE) e a respectiva DPE. A estatística Kappa revelou elevada concordância intra- e inter avaliadores, confirmando a reprodutibilidade das DPEs definidas. Seis partidas das finais do campeonato espanhol de basquetebol foram analisadas. DCEs-DPEs foram analisadas quanto a sua frequência de ocorrência e diversidade de ações até a realização de uma finalização. A utilização de DCEs-DPEs foi semelhante entre as equipes e de pequeno comprimento. Além disso, a combinação de uma segunda ação com a primeira pareceu ter um impacto positivo no sucesso do ataque. A análise das interações entre DCEs-DPEs constitui uma abordagem inovadora para a avaliação tática das partidas e pode contribuir para a interpretação dos padrões de jogo das equipes.

The aims of this study were twofold: i) to validate classes of defensive actions (i.e., space protection dynamics - SPDs) for containing offense in basketball; and ii) to propose a novel approach to analyze matches based on the interaction of a space creation dynamic (SCD) and a respective SPD. Kappa statistics revealed high intra- and inter-raters values, supporting the reliability of the defined SPDs. Six matches of the Spanish professional basketball finals were analyzed to achieve the second purpose of the present study. The SCD-SPD couples of actions were analyzed regarding their frequency of occurrence and variety until a scoring attempt. Teams' utilization of sequences of SCDs and SPDs was similar and short in length. Additionally, combining a second action with the first seemed to positively impact on offense success. The analysis of SCDs-SPDs interactions comprehend an innovative approach to the tactical evaluation of matches and may be helpful to interpret teams playing patterns.

"Dinámicas de protección del espacio en el baloncesto: validación e aplicación para evaluación de patrones ataque-defensa." Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron dos: i) validar clases de acciones defensivas para contención ofensiva en baloncesto (i.e. dinámicas de protección del espacio - DPEs); y ii) proponer un nuevo abordaje para analizar partidos de baloncesto basado en la interacción entre una dinámica de creación del espacio (DCE) y una respectiva DPE. La estadística Kappa reveló grande concordancia intra- e inter-evaluadores, confirmando la reproductibilidad de las DPEs. Seis partidos de las finales del campeonato de baloncesto de España fueron analizadas para alcanzar el segundo objetivo del presente estudio. Los pares de acción DCE-DPE fueron analizados cuanto a la frecuencia de ocurrencia y variedad hasta el momento de la finalización. La utilización de DCEs-DPEs por los equipos fue similar y con secuencias cortas. Además, una segunda acción combinada con la primera pareció tener un impacto positivo en el éxito del ataque. El análisis de la interacción DCEs-DPEs consiste un abordaje innovador para la evaluación táctica de los partidos y puede contribuir para interpretar patrones de juego.

Introduction: the resolute capability is a quality to be taken into account to improve the performance of the integrated service networks. Objective: to design a methodological procedure to evaluate the resolute capability of the basic health teams at the primary health care. Methods: developmental research study of health systems and services conducted from December 2012 through February 2013. An expert working group was created in the National School of Public Health. A literature and documentary review using Big 6 model was made. Some scales were set to analyze the results to be achieved in addition to the preparation of a questionnaire, an implementation guide and also a guide to analyze and to validate the results in practice. Results: the resulting instrument of national scope may be applied annually or biannually by the head of the basic working team and by others in the self-inspection or cross-inspection variants. The documentary evidence collected from the health situation analysis, the patient classification system and the individual medical histories were all examined. Ten medical records were selected from each group. Just one person should be in charge of filling out the model. The submitted general and specific aspects are crossed, so as to allow a contextual analysis. Conclusions: the resolute capability of the basic working health team can be measured with working tools inherent to the primary health care level. The designed procedure contributes to integrate service networks at that level and it is recommended to validate the procedure and its measuring instrument.

Introducción: la capacidad resolutiva constituye una resultante a tomar en cuenta para mejorar el desempeño de las redes integradas de servicios. Objetivo: diseñar un procedimiento metodológico para evaluar la capacidad resolutiva de equipos básicos de salud en el primer nivel de atención. Métodos: investigación de desarrollo en sistemas y servicios de salud realizada entre diciembre 2012 y febrero 2013. Se constituyó un grupo de trabajo en la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública considerado experto. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental utilizando el modelo Big 6. Se establecieron escalas que pemitieron hacer un análisis de los resultados a obtener. Se contruyó un cuestionario, guía de aplicación y guía para análisis de resultados para su validación en la práctica. Resultados: el instrumento de alcence nacional, puede ser aplicado de forma anual o bianual por el jefe del grupo básico de trabajo y otros, en la modalidad de autoinspección o inspecciones cruzadas. Se examina la evidencia documental recogida en el análisis de la situación de salud, dispensarización e historias clínicas individuales. Se seleccionan 10 historias clínicas al azar, de cada grupo. Debe llenarse por una sola persona entrenada. Se cruzan los aspectos generales y específicos propuestos, lo que permite un análisis en contexto. Conclusiones: la capacidad resolutiva de los equipos básicos de salud se puede medir con herramientas de trabajo propias del primer nivel de atención. El procedimiento diseñado es un aporte a la integración de las redes en ese nivel de atención. Se recomienda validar el procedimiento y su instrumento de medición.

Introduction: the resolute capability is a quality to be taken into account to improve the performance of the integrated service networks. Objective: to design a methodological procedure to evaluate the resolute capability of the basic health teams at the primary health care. Methods: developmental research study of health systems and services conducted from December 2012 through February 2013. An expert working group was created in the National School of Public Health. A literature and documentary review using Big 6 model was made. Some scales were set to analyze the results to be achieved in addition to the preparation of a questionnaire, an implementation guide and also a guide to analyze and to validate the results in practice. Results: the resulting instrument of national scope may be applied annually or biannually by the head of the basic working team and by others in the self-inspection or cross-inspection variants. The documentary evidence collected from the health situation analysis, the patient classification system and the individual medical histories were all examined. Ten medical records were selected from each group. Just one person should be in charge of filling out the model. The submitted general and specific aspects are crossed, so as to allow a contextual analysis. Conclusions: the resolute capability of the basic working health team can be measured with working tools inherent to the primary health care level. The designed procedure contributes to integrate service networks at that level and it is recommended to validate the procedure and its measuring instrument.

Introducción: la capacidad resolutiva constituye una resultante a tomar en cuenta para mejorar el desempeño de las redes integradas de servicios. Objetivo: diseñar un procedimiento metodológico para evaluar la capacidad resolutiva de equipos básicos de salud en el primer nivel de atención. Métodos: investigación de desarrollo en sistemas y servicios de salud realizada entre diciembre 2012 y febrero 2013. Se constituyó un grupo de trabajo en la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública considerado experto. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental utilizando el modelo Big 6. Se establecieron escalas que pemitieron hacer un análisis de los resultados a obtener. Se contruyó un cuestionario, guía de aplicación y guía para análisis de resultados para su validación en la práctica. Resultados: el instrumento de alcence nacional, puede ser aplicado de forma anual o bianual por el jefe del grupo básico de trabajo y otros, en la modalidad de autoinspección o inspecciones cruzadas. Se examina la evidencia documental recogida en el análisis de la situación de salud, dispensarización e historias clínicas individuales. Se seleccionan 10 historias clínicas al azar, de cada grupo. Debe llenarse por una sola persona entrenada. Se cruzan los aspectos generales y específicos propuestos, lo que permite un análisis en contexto. Conclusiones: la capacidad resolutiva de los equipos básicos de salud se puede medir con herramientas de trabajo propias del primer nivel de atención. El procedimiento diseñado es un aporte a la integración de las redes en ese nivel de atención. Se recomienda validar el procedimiento y su instrumento de medición.

INTRODUCTION:Disability-adjusted life years is a composite measure that integrates the components of mortality and morbidity. It is a useful indicator of overall disease burden and is particularly useful for evaluating health intervention outcomes. In the cases of breast and reproductive system cancers, these can also negatively affect childbearing opportunities for young women. OBJECTIVE: Determine disability-adjusted life years for breast and reproductive system cancers in Cuban women aged 15-44 years during the period 1990-2006. METHODS: A national epidemiological study was conducted using Cuba's disease and vital statistics registry data for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2006. Disability-adjusted life years in women aged 15-44 years were calculated for breast cancer and three female reproductive system cancers (cervical, endometrial and ovarian), by summing years of life lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability. Years of life lost due to premature mortality were determined based on age-specific estimates of life expectancy. Years lived with disability were calculated as the product of severities (provided by the 1990 Global Burden of Disease study) and incidence and average duration, both obtained via the DISMOD II program. Data entered in the program include national statistics on incidence, prevalence, and mortality. RESULTS: Breast cancer and cervical cancer proved to have the highest rates of potential years of life lost due to premature mortality, with the sharpest increases in the period (from 139 to 206.5 and 114.7 to 215.2 per 100,000, respectively). Endometrial and ovarian neoplasms crept up more slowly. An increase in years lived with disability was seen in three of these four types of cancer; only cervical cancer saw a decline (from 12.7 to 9 per 100,000). Breast cancer and cervical cancer presented the highest levels of disability-adjusted life years for all four years studied, rising from 146.9 to 227.8 and 127.4 to 224.2 per 100,000, respectively between 1990 and 2006. CONCLUSIONS: An unfavorable trend in disability-adjusted life years was seen for breast and cervical cancer between 1990 and 2006 in Cuban women of childbearing age.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da experiência competitiva sobre as seguintes variáveis de desempenho: 1) diversidade das dinâmicas de criação de espaço (DCEs) no setor defensivo; 2) eficiência das DCEs (i.e., frequência de êxito/total de execuções); 3) grau de cooperação ofensiva (i.e. número de passes e assistências). Foram analisados 46 jogos do Campeonato Paulista Masculino de Basquetebol (i.e. pré-mini a adulto). Variáveis medidas: 1) DCEs realizadas, que precederam o término da posse de bola em finalização, falta ou erro; 2) eficiência das DCEs; 3) passes em um ataque; 4) assistências. A reprodutibilidade foi testada pelo teste Kappa, tendo apresentado índices entre 0,78-0,85. A diversidade das DCEs não apresentou diferença significante para nenhuma classe de DCE entre todas as faixas etárias. Na análise intra-faixa etária, contra defesa individual, verificou-se significante predomínio de Desmarque com Bola com Drible para os mais jovens (pré-mini a infantil) e de Bloqueio Direto para os mais velhos (juvenil e adulto). Contra defesa zona, Desmarque sem Bola foi significantemente mais frequente em todas as faixas etárias em relação às demais DCEs, exceto Desmarque com Bola com Drible. Não foi verificada diferença significante para nenhuma das DCEs quanto à eficiência entre todas as faixas etárias. Todas as faixas etárias apresentaram perfil semelhante quanto ao número de passes, assim como de assistências. Estes resultados contrariam a hipótese formulada que previa aumento da complexidade e diversificação das ações com o aumento da experiência competitiva dos jogadores. Estas evidências sugerem a necessidade de propostas metodológicas de ensino do jogo com foco no coletivo e na cooperação.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of competitive experience in the following performance variables: 1) diversity of the Space Creation Dynamics (SCDs); 2) efficiency of the SCDs (i.e. successful SCDs/total amount of SCDs); 3) offensive cooperation (i.e. number of passes and assists). A total of 46 matches of all age goups (i.e. pré-mini to seniors) of the São Paulo state championship for men were analyzed. Measured/ calculated variables: 1) SCDs performed; 2) SCDs efficiency; 3) passes performed on ball possession; 4) assists performed. Researcher's reliability was tested in three moments with one week apart of each other (Kappa rates: 0.78-0.85). SCDs diversity presented no significant difference for any SCD class among all age groups. Intra-age analysis, against man-to-man defense, presented significant prevalence of "Desmarque com Bola com Drible" for younger players (pré-mini to infantil) and of "Bloqueio Direto" for older players (juvenil and seniors). Against zone defense, "Desmarque sem Bola" was significantly more frequent for all age groups in comparison to all others SCDs, except for "Desmarque com Bola com Drible". It was not observed a significant difference for efficiency of the SCDs at any age group. All age groups presented similar distribution regarding frequencies of number of passes and assists as well. These results contradicted the preliminary hypothesis, which expected an increase in complexity and diversity of actions paralleled with an increase in players' competitive expertise. These evidences suggest the need of cooperation and collective-focused teaching games methodology.

There are two theories to explain the apomorphine induced yawning: the pre synaptic one and the post synaptic one. Alcoholic abstinence may provide evidence of the second one considering the dopaminergic hypersensitivity that it causes. Wister alcoholic rats were deprived of alcohol and the apomorphine test was performed during abstinence. The same procedure was performed on non alcoholic rats. Media rate of the apomorphine group was higher than in the rest. Those treated with apomorphine and treated with placebo showed similar records. We consider that apomorphine acts with hypersensitive postsynaptic receptors due to alcoholic abstinence and not because of auto receptors inhibiting dopamine liberation, given that hypersensitivity is increased in abstinent groups because of the inhibition of Dopamine liberation, and according to the first theory, the group treated with placebo, should have showed a larger number of yawning than the rest.

Existen dos teorías para explicar el bostezo inducido por Apomorfina: la presináptica y la postsináptica. La Abstinencia Alcohólica puede aportar evidencias de la segunda aprovechando la hipersensibilidad dopaminérgica que provoca. Se alcoholizaron ratas wistar 10 y se realizó la prueba de la apomorfina durante la abstinencia. Se procedió igual con ratas no alcohólicas. 10 La mediana de bostezos del grupo en abstinencia con apomorfina, fue superior al resto de los grupos. La de los grupos de abstinencia y las no alcoholizadas tratadas con placebo resultó ser similar. Consideramos que la apomorfina actúa sobre receptores postsinápticos hipersensibles por la abstinencia alcohólica y no sobre autoreceptores inhibiendo la liberación de Dopamina, dado que la hipersensibilidad en la abstinencia se debe a la inhibición de la liberación de Dopamina y según la primera teoría el grupo en abstinencia tratado con placebo debió mostrar un número de bostezos superior al resto de los grupos.

This article presents a part of the results obtained in the study conducted at the National Institute of Endocrinology (NIE) aimed at understanding the meanings and perceptions of infertility of a group of males that receive medical attention due to this ailment. Fourteen males from infertile couples attended at the NIE were interviewed. The information was recorded, transcribed, coded and triangulated, according to the qualitative research methodology. It was found that infertility is interpreted by males as an element of loss and personal frustration, where the impossibility to be father gives rise to strong consequences that endanger his identification as a full male. The negativity in the meanings of infertility constructed by males is in correspondance with the person who presents the infertility factor and with the presence of previous children.

Este artículo presenta una parte de los resultados que se obtuvieron en el estudio realizado en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología (INEN), el cual se propuso comprender los significados y las percepciones sobre la infertilidad que tiene un grupo de varones atendidos por este padecimiento. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas en profundidad, con varones de parejas infértiles atendidos en el INEN. La información fue grabada, transcrita, codificada, triangulada e interpretada, como corresponde a la metodología cualitativa de investigación. Se encontró que la infertilidad es interpretada por los varones como elemento de pérdida y frustración personal, donde la imposibilidad para consagrarse como padre da lugar a fuertes consecuencias que ponen en riesgo su identificación como varón pleno. La negatividad en los significados que los varones construyen sobre la infertilidad está relacionada con quien presente el factor de infertilidad y con la presencia de hijos previos.

With the objective of determining the ideas of a group of adolescents on some issues as beginning of the sexual life pregnancy and abortion, the filling of self-applied questionnaires by 399 nine-graders of both sexes from 4 previously selected junior high schools located in "Plaza de la Revolución" municipality was supervised. It can be seen that 72.5% of male teenagers and 90.3% of female teenagers believed that the right moment for starting their sexual life is when both members of the couple wish so and they know very well each other. 67.7% of boys and 78.1% of girls are aware of the health risks for a girl who gets pregnant in her teens whereas 63.3% of males and 78.1% of females consider that abortion is a health risk. It may be concluded that there are significant differences between the ideas of male teenagers and those of the female teenagers regarding the best moment for beginning their sexual life, and early pregnancy and abortion risks. The family has been the main responsible for providing a differentiated education and communication by gender.

Con el objetivo de determinar las percepciones de un grupo de adolescentes sobre aspectos como: Iniciación sexual, embarazo y aborto, se le supervisó el llenado de un cuestionario autoadministrado, a 399 adolescentes de 9no grado de ambos sexos, de 4 escuelas secundarias del municipio "Plaza de la Revolución", seleccionadas opináticamente; mediante el cual se pudo constatar que el 72,5 % de los adolescentes varones y el 90,3 % de las adolescentes mujeres consideran que el momento ideal para iniciar las relaciones sexuales es cuando ambos miembros de la pareja lo desean y se conocen bien. El 67,7 % de los chicos y el 78,1 % de las chicas advierten riesgos para la salud de la muchacha, ante un embarazo en la adolescencia; percibiendo el 63,3 % de los varones y el 78,1 % de las mujeres el aborto como riesgoso para la salud. Se puede concluir que existen diferencias significativas entre las percepciones de los y las adolescentes sobre el momento ideal para comenzar las relaciones sexuales, los riesgos de un embarazo temprano y del aborto; a lo cual la familia ha sido la principal responsable de brindar una "educación" y comunicación diferenciada por género.

To confirm if arginine-vasopressin (AVP) hormone has any influence on spontaneous yawing in Wistar adult rats, two experimental series were performed: a) study of effect of water deprivation (WD) on yawing, and b) study of WD effect on yawing in fasting animals over 96 h. (fasting suppress spontaneous yawing within 24 h. in study animals). We observed that WD not damage significantly the yawing in animal given a normal feeding. In fasting animals, suppression of yawing was observed in controls (fasting and water ad libitum) while in experimental group (WD and fasting) suppression of yawing from fasting, was avoided. From these results, we infer AVP is involved in yawing regulation under study conditions, and mechanism of action is beyond reach of this study.

Con el objetivo de comprobar si la hormona arginina-vasopresina (AVP) tiene alguna influencia sobre el bostezo espontáneo en ratas adultas de la cepa Wistar se efectuaron 2 series experimentales: a) estudio del efecto de la privación de agua (WD) sobre el bostezo y b) estudio del efecto de la WD sobre el bostezo en animales en ayuno durante 96 h (el ayuno suprime el bostezo espontáneo a las 24 h en los animales estudiados). Se observó que la WD no afecta de manera significativa el bostezo en los animales con alimentación normal. En los animales en ayuno se observó la supresión del bostezo en el grupo control (ayuno y agua ad libitum) mientras que en el grupo experimental (WD y ayuno) se evitó la supresión que sobre el bostezo provoca el ayuno. Se infiere de estos resultados que la AVP participa en la regulación del bostezo en las condiciones estudiadas; la forma en que lo hace queda fuera del alcance de este estudio.