Resumen Introducción: La confiabilidad de la presión sistólica arterial pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica se encuentra limitada por su variabilidad para definir la hipertensión pulmonar. Objetivo: Conocer la variabilidad en la presión sistólica arterial pulmonar estimada por ecocardiografía en la hipertensión pulmonar. Métodos: En el periodo 2016-2020 se captaron sujetos con hipertensión pulmonar que tuvieron estimada la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica y por cateterismo cardiaco derecho. Se obtuvieron sus variables demográficas. Los datos se analizaron con el estadístico descriptivo de Bland-Altman y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (intervalo de confianza al 95%). Resultados: Se estudiaron 152 sujetos, edad 60 ± 12 años. Índice de masa corporal 27.64 ± 4.69 kg/m2. La presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica 58.99 ± 18.62 vs. cateterismo cardiaco 55.43 ± 16.79. Diferencia media (sesgo) –3.6 (29.1, –36.2) y coeficiente de correlación intraclase 0.717 (0.610, 0.794). Conclusiones: La variabilidad es amplia y el acuerdo es sustancial con la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar. Se aconseja estimarla solo como tamizaje de la hipertensión pulmonar.

Abstract Introduction: The reliability of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure by transthoracic echocardiography is limited by its variability to define pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To know the variability of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure estimated by echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension. Their demographic variables were obtained. Methods: From 2016-2020 subjects with pulmonary hypertension were recruited, with pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated by transthoracic echocardiography and by right heart catheterization. Data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman descriptive statistic and the intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval). Results: 152 subjects, age 60 ± 12 years, were studied. Body mass index 27.64 ± 4.69 kg/m2. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated by transthoracic echocardiography 58.99 ± 18.62 vs. cardiac catheterization 55.43 ± 16.79 mmHg. Mean difference (bias) –3.6 (29.1, –36.2) and intraclass correlation coefficient 0.717 (0.610, 0.794). Conclusions: Variability is wide, and agreement is substantial for pulmonary artery systolic pressure. It is recommended to estimate only as screening for pulmonary hypertension.

Resumen Los bancos de leche humana (BLH) utilizan la pasteurización y congelación, como principales métodos de conservación. Sin embargo, su valor nutricional disminuye durante la descongelación y almacenamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de las altas presiones hidrostáticas (HHP) y el secado por aspersión sobre los macronutrientes, la calidad microbiológica e inactivación de Staphylococcus aureus en LH. Para ello, se realizó la cuantificación de proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, cenizas, bacterias lácticas, mesófilos aerobios, coliformes, mohos, levaduras y S. aureus. Los resultados mostraron que S. aureus y los grupos microbianos evaluados fueron reducidos por debajo del límite permitido por los BLH (<10 UFC/mL). Mientras que las concentraciones de macronutrientes permanecieron sin cambio durante todo el proceso de conservación. El uso de fibra soluble durante el proceso de secado permitió obtener un rendimiento mayor al 99 %. El polvo mostró alta solubilidad y bajos niveles de humedad y actividad en agua; las cuales son propiedades deseables en los alimentos deshidratados. Por lo tanto, la combinación de HHP y el proceso de secado por aspersión demostró ser una alternativa para facilitar el manejo y mejorar la calidad microbiológica de la leche humana.

Abstract Human milk banks (HMB) use pasteurization and freezing methods to preserve the milk, nevertheless, the nutritional value of the human milk (HM) decreases during thawing and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) and spray-drying on macronutrients, microbiological quality, and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus on HM. The characterization of HM powder, reduction of S. aureus, and modifications in microbiological viability, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ashes were assessed. The findings demonstrated that while S. aureus and all other examined microbial groups were undetectable, macronutrient concentrations remained constant during the entire conservation process. High yield (> 99 %) was achieved thanks to the inclusion of soluble fiber during the drying process, and the produced powder displayed high solubility, low moisture content, and activity water; which are desirable properties in dried foods. Therefore, the combination of HHP and the spray-drying process is an alternative to facilitate handling, improve the microbial quality, allow the addition of oligosaccharides, and maintain the nutritional value of HM in HMB.

Resumo Introdução: A intervenção em saúde mental na infância e adolescência deve ser uma prioridade, tendo em conta a elevada prevalência das perturbações mentais nesta faixa etária associadas a uma alta taxa de comorbilidade e a tendência à cronicidade de psicopatologia para a idade adulta. A literatura realça a importância de descentralizar os cuidados de saúde mental infantil, promovendo uma intervenção baseada na comunidade e em interface entre os serviços especializados e os cuidados de saúde primários. Métodos: Realização de uma formação sobre saúde mental infantil, dirigida a médicos e técnicos dos cuidados de saúde primários. Os participantes, no início e no final do curso, responderam a um questionário de 22 perguntas, elaborado pela comissão científica. Os resultados foram avaliados através do Teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Do total de 120 participantes, 109 questionários foram preenchidos no início (90% dos participantes) e 97 questionários foram preenchidos no final da ação de formação (81% dos participantes). A diferença na pontuação dos questionários inicial e final global foi estatisticamente significativa (valor p<0,05, intervalo de confiança de 95%), sendo a média de respostas corretas dos questionários iniciais de 75,15% e dos questionários finais de 86,40%. Em 15 das 22 questões foi obtida uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. Discussão e Conclusão: Tendo em consideração os resultados é possível reconhecer o impacto significativo que esta formação parece ter tido na aquisição de novos conhecimentos em saúde mental infantil. A equipa de cuidados de saúde primários é uma área privilegiada de articulação, com o potencial de promover estratégias de prevenção e promoção da saúde mental, identificar os problemas precocemente, intervir nos casos menos graves e referenciar aos serviços especializados atempadamente. A equipa de saúde mental deve colaborar com as diferentes estruturas comunitárias, em consultoria, formação, coordenação ou catalisação de iniciativas ou projetos.

Abstract Introduction: Intervention in mental health in childhood and adolescence should be a priority, considering the high prevalence of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence associated with a high rate of comorbidity and the frequent continuity of severe psychopathology in adulthood. The literature highlights the importance of decentralizing child mental health care, promoting community-based intervention, and an interface between specialized services and primary health care. Methods: Conducting specialized training in child mental health, aimed at primary care physicians and technicians. Participants, at the beginning and end of the course, answered a 22-question questionnaire prepared by the scientific committee. The results were evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results: Out of a total of 120 participants, 109 questionnaires were completed at the beginning (90% of participants), and 97 questionnaires were completed at the end of the training course (81% of participants). The score of the global initial and final questionnaires was statistically significant (p-value <0.05, 95% confidence interval), with the average of correct answers from the initial questionnaires being 75.15% and the final questionnaires of 86.40%. In 15 of the 22 questions, a statistically significant difference was obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results, it is possible to recognize the significant impact that this training seems to have had in the acquisition of new knowledge in child mental health. Primary health care teams are privileged areas for articulation, with the potential to promote prevention and mental health promotion strategies, identify problems early, intervene in less severe cases and refer to specialized services in a timely manner.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. Resultados Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. Conclusión Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. Methods Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. Results 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. Conclusion There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.

Abstract The development of a method that identifies radioelectric spectrum opportunities in a channel of a mobile cellular network for an urban environment using received signal power forecast is presented. Radioelectric spectrum occupancy forecast has proven useful in the design of wireless systems able to harness spectrum opportunities like cognitive radio, which is one of the technologies included in the Internet of things. The proposed method integrates the Stanford University Interim large-scale propagation model with a wavelet neural model. The results obtained through simulations are consistent with the observed behavior in experiments carried out in wireless systems of this type. The proposed model in the channel of global system for mobile communication band may help cognitive radio users to share channels and to avoid collisions.

Resumen Se presenta el desarrollo de un método que identifica las oportunidades de espectro radioeléctrico en un canal de una red celular móvil para un entorno urbano usando el pronóstico de potencia de la señal recibida. El pronóstico de ocupación de espectro radioeléctrico ha demostrado ser útil en el diseño de sistemas inalámbricos capaces de aprovechar las oportunidades de espectro, como la radio cognitiva, que es una de las tecnologías que se incluye en el Internet de las cosas. El método propuesto integra el modelo de propagación a gran escala Interino de la Universidad de Stanford con un modelo neuronal de onda wavelet. Los resultados del método son consistentes con el comportamiento observado en experimentos realizados en sistemas inalámbricos de este tipo. El modelado desarrollado en el canal de la banda del sistema global para las comunicaciones móviles puede contribuir a que los usuarios de radio cognitiva compartan canales y eviten colisiones.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. Methods Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. Results 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. Conclusion There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. Resultados Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. Conclusión Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.

Introducción: Los quistes epidermoides cerebrales son tumores de origen embrionario presentes desde la formación del tubo neural. Caso clínico: Hombre de 78 años con focalización en hemicuerpoizquierdo TAC cerebral reportó masa frontotemporal que se extirpó quirúrgicamente y el estudio histopatológico confirma diagnóstico de quiste epidermoide. Discusión: Los quistes epidermoides son tumores poco frecuentes y representan menos del 2% de los tumores intracraneales, el angulo cerebelopontino es la ubicación más frecuente y la resección completa junto con toda la cápsula es el único tratamiento efectivo.

Introduction: Epidermoid cysts are tumors of embryonic origin present since the formation of the neural tube. Case report: A 78-year-old male with a left hemisphere, brain CT scan reported frontotemporal mass that was surgically removed and the histopathological study confirmed a diagnosis of epidermoid cyst. Discussion: Epidermoid cysts are rare tumors and account for less than 2% of intracranial tumors, cerebellar angle is the most frequent site, and complete resection with the entire capsule is the only effective treatment.

Resumen: En las últimas décadas, el problema de la desigualdad económica ha tomado relevancia en la mayoría de economías en el mundo. Ecuador no ha sido la excepción. En el año 2014, el 5% de la población más rica del Ecuador concentró 46 veces el ingreso del 5% de la población más pobre. Esta disparidad entra en seria controversia con los principios de desarrollo estipulados en la constitución ecuatoriana. En este contexto, el presente documento analiza las principales fuentes de ingresos que contribuyen a la desigualdad económica del Ecuador. Los datos utilizados provienen de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida 2013-2014.

Abstract: In the last decades, the economic inequality problem has taken relevance in most economies in the world. Ecuador has been no exception. In 2014, the 5% of the richest population of Ecuador concentrated 46 times the income of 5% of the poorest population. This disparity creates a serious controversy with the development principles stipulated in the ecuadorian constitution. In this context, this paper analyzes the main income sources that contributes the economic inequality in Ecuador. The data come from the Survey of Living Conditions 2013-2014.

Abstract: This paper studies the economic determinants of fecundity. In the analytical part, authors have analyzed the vast economic literature devoted to the study of fecundity, from which several testable hypotheses that relates it to household income, education level of the mother and her occupation have been derived. The article provides empirical evidence from 46,716 Ecuadorian women between 12 and 49 in 2006 and 2014. In particular, it was found, through count data models, that years of mother education and household income have a negative effect on fecundity.

Resumen: En este trabajo se estudia los determinantes económicos de la fecundidad. En la parte analítica se examina la vasta literatura económica dedicada al estudio de la fecundidad, de la que varias hipótesis comprobables que relacionan los ingresos económicos de los hogares, el nivel de educación de la madre y su ocupación laboral con la fecundidad se derivan. El artículo elaborado con datos ecuatorianos proporciona evidencia empírica de 46.716 mujeres entre 12 y 49 años, en dos momentos temporales (2006 y 2014) que son combinados en un pool de datos. En particular, se comprobó, mediante modelos de datos de recuento, que los años de educación de la madre y los ingresos del hogar tienen un efecto negativo en la fecundidad.

ResumoNeste artigo adotamos uma perspetiva de demonstração como forma particular de argumentação matemática. O estudo apresentado envolve uma experiência de ensino no 9.° ano, na qual foram tratadas propriedades do triângulo e seus pontos notáveis. Este estudo segue uma metodologia qualitativa, de carácter interpretativo. Os dados provêm de observação participante, gravações de áudio e vídeo das aulas, produções dos alunos com papel e lápis e no computador e de entrevistas. A partir de figuras construídas no Geogebra, os alunos estruturaram ideias matemáticas e raciocínios e construíram cadeias argumentativas. Os dados analisados mostram que a maioria dos alunos formula e explora conjeturas, procurando caminhos para a sua justificação. Os alunos reconhecem a importância do Geogebra na sua atividade como fator motivador e, acima de tudo, por permitir experimentar e manipular figuras. Os resultados apontam a importância da atividade com o Geogebra, na construção e manipulação como ponto de partida para a demonstração.

AbstractIn this study, we adopt a perspective of proof as a particular form of argumentation in mathematics. The study involves an experiment developed with 9th grade students, in which activities related to the triangle and its centres were proposed and carried out. This study follows a qualitative methodology of interpretative nature. Data were collected through participant observation, audio and video recordings of classes, student productions with paper and pencil, and with computers and interviews. Starting with the construction of figures in Geogebra, students structured their mathematical reasoning and ideas and built argumentative chains, which led to proving. The data show that most students were able to explore and formulate conjectures as a path leading to proving. Students recognized the importance of Geogebra as motivating but mainly for allowing experimenting and manipulating figures. The results point to the importance of the activity with Geogebra in construction and manipulation as a springboard to proof.

Este artigo relata a metodologia e os resultados da pesquisa empírica qualitativa realizada para identificar os fatores determinantes da competitividade dos principais autoveículos compactos brasileiros produzidos pela Fiat, Ford, General Motors e Volkswagen. Optou-se pela utilização da metodologia prescrita pelo modelo de campos e armas da competição, visto que é qualitativa e quantitativa e consegue representar com bastante clareza as estratégias competitivas de negócios e as operacionais da empresa. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses, validadas segundo o método popperiano dedutivo de prova: 1) não há diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os campos da competição escolhidos para os autoveículos mais competitivos e os escolhidos para os menos competitivos, pois todos eles competem basicamente em projeto, qualidade e preço do produto; e 2) o foco (variável matemática que mede o alinhamento das armas da competição aos campos da competição escolhidos para cada veículo) explica por que um autoveículo é mais competitivo que outro.

This article describes the methodology and the results of a study carried out to identify the determinants of competitiveness of the most important compact automotive vehicles produced by the four major car manufacturers operating in Brazil: Fiat, Ford, General Motors and Volkswagen. The methodology chosen was the one suggested by the Fields and Weapons of the Competition model, because it is both qualitative and quantitative, and because it provides a very clear representation of the competitive business and operational strategies of companies. The results validated the hypotheses formulated, and it is possible to conclude that: 1) there is no statistically significant difference between the fields of competition chosen for the more competitive automotive vehicles and the ones chosen for the less competitive, since they all compete primarily on design, quality and price of product; 2) the focus ( the mathematical variable that measures the alignment of the weapons of the competition to the fields of competition chosen for each vehicle) explains why one automotive vehicle is more competitive in relation to the other.

A case presenting the diagnosis of Tethered Cord Syndrome was assisted at "Mario Catarino Rivas" Hospital in the Service of Neurosurgery, San Pedro Sula, Honduras-2009. A 22 year-old female patient with health records presented urinary retention of two years of natural history. Tethered cord syndrome was diagnosed and the patient underwent a surgery with satisfactory results; this is a rare pathology in adults with only 60 cases reported at present.

Se presenta un caso con el diagnóstico de médula anclada atendido en el servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital "Mario Catarino Rivas" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, en el año 2009. Paciente femenina, de 22 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud, que presentó un cuadro de retención urinaria de dos años de evolución. Se le diagnostica médula anclada y es operada con resultados satisfactorios. Es una patología poco frecuente en el adulto y hasta el momento se registra un aproximado de 60 casos reportados.

An electronic nose (E-nose) coupled to gas chromatography was tested to monitor alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ICV-K1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae T306, two strains well-known for their use in oenology. The biomass and ethanol concentrations and conductance changes were measured during cultivations and allowed to observe the standard growth phases for both yeast strains. The two strains were characterized by a very similar tendency in biomass or ethanol production during the fermentation. E-nose was able to establish a kinetic of the production of aroma compounds production and which was then easy to associate with the fermentation phases. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the data collected by E-nose during the fermentation mainly contained cultivation course information. Discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) was able to clearly identify differences between the two strains using the four main principal components of PCA as input data. Nevertheless, the electronic nose responses being mainly influenced by cultivation course, a specific data treatment limiting the time influence on data was carried out and permitted to achieve an overall performance of 83.5%.