ABSTRACT To measure athlete's success and his sports performance, it is required to quantify the maximum performance developed during seasons of trainings and championships; using a valid, reliable, and adapted to peruvian context instrument. However, caution is urged when considering there is no psychometric evidence to support the use of any scale related to peruvian high performance athletes' sample. The current study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sports Performance Psychological Inventory (IPED) in the mentioned sample. Method: Participated 255 peruvian athletes with ages between 14 and 38 years (N:23; SD: 4.29); who actively represents the country and in sports modalities affiliated with the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). For the collection of information, a sociodemographic record, Sports Performance Psychological Inventory (IPED) and the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ) were used. Results: IPED model demonstrated, that the seven-dimensional model had an acceptable fit (SBχ2 = 2243.096 / df = 798; CFI= .955; SRMR= .095; RMSEA= .084 [IC90%: .080 - .069] and reliability analyses revealed high internal consistency (ω = .841 > ω = .754). In addition, scores correlated positively between IPP and MTQ dimensions (AC= .678; CAN= .557; CAT= .457 ; CVI= .328; NM= .425; CAP= .641; CAC= .662 ) and Control (AC= .558; CAN= .733; CAT= .682 ; CVI= .171; NM= .272; CAP= .432; CAC= .563) Conclusion: The IPED provides adequate evidence of validity and reliability to measure sports performance

RESUMEN Para medir el éxito de un deportista y su ejecución deportiva, se requiere cuantificar el máximo rendimiento que desempeñe durante los entrenamientos y campeonatos, a partir de un instrumento válido, fiable y adaptado al contexto peruano. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen evidencias psicométricas que respalden el uso de alguno para deportistas calificados. El objetivo principal del presente estudio consiste en evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED) en la población mencionada. Método: Participaron 255 deportistas con edades entre 14 y 38 años (N: 23; DT: 4.29), pertenecientes a modalidades afiliadas al Instituto Peruano del Deporte (IPD), y que representan al país de manera activa. Para el recojo de información se utilizó una ficha sociodemográfica, el Inventario de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED y el Cuestionario de Fortaleza Mental (FM). Resultados: El modelo IPED, presentó un buen ajuste de datos (SBχ2= 2243.096 / df= 798; CFI= .955; SRMR= .095; RMSEA= .084 [IC90%: .080-.069] y una consistencia interna adecuada para sus 7 dimensiones, que oscila entre ω = .841 y el menor valor ω = .754. Asimismo, se observaron correlaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas al vincularlo con las dos dimensiones del Cuestionario FM: Confianza (AC= .678; CAN= .557; CAT= .457; CVI= .328; NM= .425; CAP= .641; CAC= .662) y Control (AC= .558; CAN= .733; CAT= .682; CVI= .171; NM= .272; CAP= .432; CAC= .563). Conclusión: El IPED brinda evidencia de validez y confiabilidad adecuadas para medir el desempeño deportivo.

RESUMO Para medir o sucesso de um atleta e seu desempenho esportivo é necessário quantificar o desempenho máximo que ele realiza durante os treinos e campeonatos a partir de um instrumento válido e confiável adaptado ao contexto eduardo.manzanares@upc.pe peruano. No entanto, até o momento não há evidências psicométricas para apoiar o uso de qualquer instrumento por atletas qualificados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Performance Psicológica para o Esporte (IPED) na referida população. Método: participaram 255 atletas que representam ativamente o país nas modalidades esportivas filiadas ao Instituto Peruano de Esportes (IPD). As idades variaram de 14 a 38 anos (N: 23; DT: 4,29). Para a coleta das informações foi utilizado um inventário sociodemográfico, o Sports Performance Inventory e o Mental Strength Questionnaire. Resultados: O modelo sete-dimensional IPED apresentou um bom ajuste dos dados (SBχ2 = 2243,096 / df= 798; CFI= ,955; SRMR= ,095; RMSEA= ,084 [IC90%: 0,080-0,069] e consistência interna adequada para as dimensões que variam entre ω = 0,841 e o menor valor ω = 0,754. Da mesma forma, foram observadas correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas entre as 7 dimensões do IPED com as dimensões de confiança (AC = 0,678; CAN = .557; CAT = .457; CVI = .328; NM = .425; CAP = .641; CAC = .662) e Controle (AC = .558; CAN = .733; CAT = .682; CVI = .171; NM = .272; CAP = .432; CAC = .563) do Questionário FM. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o IPED apresenta evidências de confiabilidade e validade adequadas para medir o desempenho esportivo.

Aunque se ha abordado la relación empírica entre el ahorro y el crecimiento económico, ha sido poco común que se revise la causalidad entre estas dos variables para el caso colombiano; por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo es examinar si existe una relación entre el ahorro y el crecimiento económico colombiano en el período 1950-2007. Para ello se presenta una revisión de antecedentes nacionales e internacionales, un marco teórico sobre la relación entreahorro y crecimiento económico y se realizan unas pruebas de causalidad en sentido de Granger; encontrando que no hay relación de causalidad, entre la tasa ahorro y el crecimiento del producto, ni entre el ahorro y el crecimiento del capital, pero sí entre el capital y el producto. Significando que aumentos en la tasa de ahorro no se traducen en incrementos de la inversión, capital y producto.

Although it has addressed the empirical relationship between savings and economic growth, has been very common for a review of the causality between these two variables for the case of Colombia; so the objective of this study is to examine if a relationship exists between savings and economic growth in Colombia over the period 1950-2007. For it present a review ofnational and international background, a theoretical framework on the relationship between savings and economic growth and performed evidence of causality in Granger sense finding that there was no causal relationship between the savings rate and economic growth, nor between savings and capital growth, but between capital and product. Meaning that increases in the savings rate does not translate into increased investment, capital and product.

Même si nous trouvons des études concernant la relation empirique entre l'épargne et la croissance économiquepour le cas colombien, la causalité entre ces deux variables reste encore très peu étudiée. Cepapier prétendmontrer l'existence d'un lien entre l'épargne et la croissance économique pour la Colombie dans période comprise entre 1950 et 2007. Pour ce faire, nous faisons une révision d'autresétudesau niveau national et international, un cadre théorique concernant le lien entre épargne et croissance économique et ensuite nous effectuons des différents tests decausalité de Granger. Nous montrons qu'il n'y a pas de lien de causalité entre le taux d'épargne et la croissance du produit, ni entre l'épargne et la croissance du capital mais bien entre le capital et le produit. Ce résultat signifie que la hausse du taux d'épargne ne se traduit pas dans une hausse de l'investissement, ni du capital et encore moins du produit.

We determined the neutralizing activity of 12 ethanolic extracts of plants against the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom in Swiss Webster mice. The material used consisted of the leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis (Rubiaceae); the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plant of Pleopeltis percussa (Polypodiaceae) and Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae) and Dracontium croatii (Araceae), and the ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae). After preincubation of varying amounts of each extract with either 1.0 µg venom for the edema-forming effect or 2.0 µg venom for the defibrinating effect, the mixture was injected subcutaneously (sc) into the right foot pad or intravenously into the tail, respectively, to groups of four mice (18-20 g). All extracts (6.2-200 µg/mouse) partially neutralized the edema-forming activity of venom in a dose-dependent manner (58-76% inhibition), with B. orellana, S. orbicularis, G. panamensis, B. rosademonte, and D. croatii showing the highest effect. Ten extracts (3.9-2000 µg/mouse) also showed 100% neutralizing ability against the defibrinating effect of venom, and nine prolonged the coagulation time induced by the venom. When the extracts were administered either before or after venom injection, the neutralization of the edema-forming effect was lower than 40% for all extracts, and none of them neutralized the defibrinating effect of venom. When they were administered in situ (sc at the same site 5 min after venom injection), the neutralization of edema increased for six extracts, reaching levels up to 64% for C. limon.