Resumen El estudio del proceso de mineralización de bagazos y compostas de bagazo (subproductos procedentes de la elaboración del tequila) permite predecir los efectos que tendrán sobre la fertilidad del suelo al ser incorporados al mismo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el proceso de mineralización del carbono orgánico remanente (COR); nitrógeno remanente (NR); y relación carbono/nitrógeno (C/N), de cuatro materiales Bagazo autoclave (BA), Bagazo difusor (BD), composta de bagazo autoclave (CBA) y Composta de bagazo difusor (CBD), en suelos contrastantes (regosol y luvisol), por el método de las bolsas de descomposición. Después de un año de evaluación las variables mostraron diferencias significativas entre los residuos orgánicos (RO); y suelos. Se encontró que la cantidad absoluta de COR disminuyó gradualmente en los bagazos a lo largo del año, mientras que la cantidad de NR no disminuyó de manera significativa, por lo que se observó una evidente reducción de la relación C/N. Estas variables en las compostas permanecieron parcialmente estables durante el proceso de mineralización. Por lo tanto, ambos materiales se pueden añadir al suelo, aunque con objetivos diferentes; en el caso de las compostas se pueden incorporar en el suelo, mientras que en el caso de los bagazos conviene sólo depositarlos sobre el suelo.

Abstract The study of the mineralization process of bagasse and bagasse compost (by-products from the production of tequila) allows predicting their effects on soil fertility upon their incorporation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the mineralization process of the remaining organic carbon (COR), N remaining nitrogen (NR) and Carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), in four materials autoclave bagasse (BA), diffuser bagasse (BD), autoclaved bagasse compost (CBA), and diffuser bagasse compost (CBD), in contrasting soils (regosol and luvisol), by the decomposition bag method. After one year of evaluation, the variables showed significant differences between organic waste (OR) and soils. It was found that the absolute amount of COR gradually decreased in the bagasse throughout the year, while the amount of NR did not decrease significantly, so, an evident C/N ratio reduction was observed. These variables in the composts remained partially stable during the mineralization process. Therefore, both materials can be added to the soil, but with different objectives; in the case of compost, they can be incorporated into the soil, while in the case of bagasse it is only advisable to deposit them over soil surface.

Resumen La industria tequilera del estado de Jalisco (México) genera un residuo sólido llamado bagazo de agave, el cual puede ser aprovechado como enmienda orgánica. Sin embargo, se desconoce su dinámica de descomposición en el suelo. El objetivo del trabajo, fue evaluar la dinámica de degradación de cuatro materiales, bagazo autoclave (BA); bagazo difusor (BD); composta bagazo autoclave (CBA); y composta bagazo difusor (CBD), incubados en dos suelos contrastantes (Regosol y Luvisol) durante un año, midiendo masa seca remanente (MSR) mediante la técnica de bolsas de descomposición y determinando la constante de descomposición (k); y coeficiente isohúmico (C i ). La MSR mostró diferencias significativas entre materiales y suelos, las mayores pérdidas se presentaron en BD y BA 74 y 62 % en Regosol y 62 y 47 % en Luvisol. Los mayores valores de k se presentaron en BD en Regosol (0,0099) y Luvisol (0,0074), seguido del BA en Regosol (0,0059) y Luvisol (0,0025). Los bagazos presentaron valores bajos en C i (0,51 y 0,72 con BA y 0,37 y 0,48 con BD, en Regosol y en Luvisol, respectivamente). La MSR y el Ci revelaron que los procesos de degradación fueron más intensos y acelerados en los bagazos que en las compostas.

Abrstract The tequila industry in the state of Jalisco (Mexico) generates a solid residue called agave bagasse, which can be used as an organic amendment. However, its decomposition dynamics in soil is unknown. The objective of the work was to evaluate the degradation dynamics of four materials: autoclaved bagasse (BA); diffuser bagasse (BD); Autoclaved bagasse compost (CBA); and Diffusion bagasse compost (CBD), incubated in two contrasting soils (Regosol and Luvisol) for one year, measuring remaining dry mass (MSR) using the decomposition bag technique and determining the decomposition constant (k) and isohumic coefficient (Ci). The MSR showed significant differences between materials and soils, the highest losses occurred in BD and BA 74 and 62 % in Regosol and 62 and 47 % in Luvisol. The highest values of k occurred in BD in Regosol (0,0099) and Luvisol (0,0074), followed by BA in Regosol (0,0059) and Luvisol (0,0025). Bagasse presented low Ci values (0,51 and 0,72 with BA and 0,37 and 0,48 with BD, in Regosol and Luvisol, respectively). The MSR and the Ci revealed that the degradation processes were more intense and accelerated in the bagasse than in the composts.

RESUMO A cerâmica de matriz resinosa consiste em uma matriz polimérica contendo compostos refratários predominantemente inorgânicos que podem incluir porcelana, vidro, cerâmica e cerâmica vítrea. A cerâmica de matriz resinosa é subdividida em três subgrupos: nanocerâmica, vitrocerâmica e zircônia-sílica. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as propriedades mecânicas e biológicas, por meio de uma revisão da literatura, das cerâmicas de matriz resinosa comprando-as com cerâmicas de matriz vítrea e cerâmicas policristalinas. Após revisão de literatura de 44 artigos pesquisados na base de dados da Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (PUBMED) dos EUA (estudos publicados no idioma inglês, estudos clínicos em humanos, estudos in vitro ou in vivo) que avaliaram algumas propriedades deste material, como módulo de elasticidade, resistência ao desgaste, adesividade, resistência a manchas e dureza, este estudo concluiu que, embora pertençam ao mesmo grupo, as cerâmicas de matriz resinosa têm características diferentes umas das outras devido às suas diferentes microestruturas. Além disso, quando comparada aos demais grupos cerâmicos, apresentou algumas propriedades superiores, como resistência à flexão, resistência à fadiga e adaptação interna.

ABSTRACT Resin matrix ceramics consist in a polymeric matrix with predominantly inorganic refractory compounds which may include porcelain, glass, ceramics, and glass ceramics, and are divided into three subgroups: Nanoceramics, Vitroceramics, and Zirconia-silica. The aim of this study was to compare, through a literature review, the mechanical and biological properties of resin matrix ceramics, with glass matrix ceramics and polycrystalline ceramics. After reviewing 44 articles found in the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database (studies published in English, human clinical studies, in vitro or in vivo studies) that evaluated some properties of this material, such as elasticity modulus, wear resistance, adhesiveness, stain resistance and hardness, this article concluded that, although they belong to the same group, resin matrix ceramics are different from each other due to their microstructures. Moreover, when compared to other ceramic groups, it showed some superior properties, such as flexural strength, fatigue strength and internal adaptation.

Resumo Introdução Recentemente, vêm surgindo no mercado alguns alginatos de armazenamento prolongado. Não há, no entanto, um consenso na literatura a respeito da estabilidade dimensional destes materiais durante este armazenamento Objetivo Avaliar, por meio de método prático experimental, a estabilidade dimensional de um alginato de armazenamento tardio. Material e método O material de moldagem utilizado foi o alginato Hydrogum 5 (Zhermack). Uma matriz metálica cilíndrica foi utilizada para a realização das moldagens, com 38 mm de diâmetro externo, 30 mm de diâmetro interno e cuja superfície superior apresenta três linhas paralelas entre si com 25 mm de comprimento e 20, 50 e 75 µm de largura. Após o tempo de geleificação do material de moldagem, 16 moldes foram colocados em um umidificador e essas amostras foram fotografadas utilizando-se uma câmera digital (Canon EOS Rebel 3Ti, Canon) associada a um software para análise das imagens obtidas (ImageJ 1.52a, U.S. National Institutes of Health; DI). A calibragem da régua foi 10 cm e, posteriormente, três linhas foram medidas três vezes, para se obter uma média dos comprimentos das linhas. As amostras foram fotografadas nos seguintes intervalos: imediatamente, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Resultado Os dados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o fator tempo quando comparada a leitura imediata com os demais períodos de tempo de leitura (p<0,001) e quando comparada a leitura após 24 h de armazenagem com os demais períodos de tempo (p<0,001). Não houve diferença estatística (p>0,05) quando os tempos de armazenamento de 48 h, 72 h, 96 h e 120 h foram comparados entre si. Todos os valores encontravam-se dentro dos valores preconizados pela ISO 21563:2013. Conclusão Os moldes dos alginatos testados podem ser armazenados por até cinco dias em 100% de umidade relativa.

Abstract Introduction Recently, some extended-pour alginate impression materials have been placed in the market. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding the dimensional stability of these materials during these storage. Objective To evaluate, through the experimental model, the durability and velocity with respect to dimensional alteration, analyzing the material and detecting distortions. Material and method The material for molding in this test was alginate (Hydrogum 5, Zhermack). A cylindrical metallic matrix was used to make the moldings with: 38 mm of external diameter, 30 mm of internal diameter and superior of the upper series of the card 3d transport lines with each 25 mm in length and 20, 50 and 75μm in width. After the time of jellification / polymerization of the molding material, 16 molds were inserted in a doser and were photographed with a digital camera (Canon EOS Rebel 3Ti, Canon) associated with a software for analysis of sacred images (ImageJ 1.52a, US National Institutes of Health, DI). The calibration of the ruler was performed in 10 cm and then in 3 lines were means 3 (three) times to obtain a mean of the lengths of the lines. The photographs were taken at the following intervals: immediately, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after being cast. Result The data were found when compared with the other parts of the reading time (p <0.001) and when compared to the execution after 24 hours of locomotion with the other parts of the time (p <0.001). The rest time of 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours and 120 hours were compared to each other. Conclusion The molds of the tested alginates can be stored for 5 days in 100% relative sauce.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A proximidade das raízes com o seio maxilar pode criar uma variedade de riscos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre as raízes dos dentes hígidos com o seio maxilar, assim como com a ocorrência de doenças sinusais. MÉTODO: Três radiologistas analisaram 109 imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). O teste Kappa avaliou a concordância intra e interexaminadores. Os testes de Qui-quadrado e Razão de Prevalência foram utilizados para testar a hipótese de que raízes de dentes hígidos dentro do seio maxilar favorecem a ocorrência doenças sinusais (nível de significância = 0,01). RESULTADOS: A concordância intra e interexaminadores variou de boa a excelente. O teste Qui-quadrado mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,006) entre as raízes dentárias dentro do seio maxilar patológico (6,09%) e aquelas dentro do seio normal (3,43%). O teste de Razão de Prevalência mostrou uma ocorrência de raízes dentárias dentro de seios patológicos estatisticamente maior do que dentro de seios normais (p < 0,0001). As raízes dentro do seio maxilar foram encontradas 1,82 vezes mais associadas a seios patológicos. CONCLUSÃO: Raízes dentárias dentro do seio maxilar são quase duas vezes mais associadas a seios patológicos do que a seios normais. Dentes hígidos que têm raízes dentro do seio maxilar podem induzir uma resposta inflamatória da mucosa sinusal. Suspeita-se que procedimentos odontológicos possam agravar tal situação.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The proximity of the roots to the maxillary sinus can create a variety of risks. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the roots of healthy teeth and the maxillary sinus, as well as the occurrence of sinus pathologies. METHODS: Three radiologists analyzed 109 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The Kappa test was used to assess the intra- and inter-rater agreement. The chi-squared test and prevalence ratio were used to test the hypothesis that roots of healthy teeth in the maxillary sinus favored the occurrence of sinus pathologies ( p = 0.01). RESULTS: Intra- and inter-rater agreement ranged from good to excellent. The chi-squared test demonstrated a statistically significant difference ( p = 0.006) between the tooth roots in diseased maxillary sinuses (6.09%) and those in normal sinuses (3.43%). The prevalence ratio test showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of tooth roots in diseased sinuses than in normal sinuses ( p < 0.0001). Roots in the maxillary sinus were 1.82 times more associated with diseased sinuses. CONCLUSION: Dental roots in the maxillary sinus are almost twice as likely to be associated with diseased sinuses than normal sinuses. Healthy teeth whose roots are inside the maxillary sinus may induce an inflammatory response in the sinus membrane. It is suspected that dental procedures may exacerbate the condition.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the relationship between palatal bone height and facial types using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: The study sample consisted of 110 CBCT images. Subjects aged 18 to 35 years old were classified as brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial, according to SN.GoGn angle, measured in cephalometric analysis with Nemotec 3D software. Three observers evaluated the bone height of the palate in the anterior region, at the level of the maxillary first premolars. The measurements were performed in sagittal and coronal views, in median and paramedian regions of the palate, also using Nemotec 3D software. Measurements were repeated after 15 days on 25% of the sample to analyse intra and interobserver agreements by CCI test. Analysis of variance was performed to calculate statistical differences between the bone heights of the three facial types, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The correlation level of intra-observer agreement was excellent. No significant differences were observed between the palatal bone height in the region of first premolars and the different facial types (p>0.05). Conclusions: Based on CBCT evaluations, there is no association between palatal bone height and facial morphological patterns.

<sec><title>Aim:</title><p>To compare the qualitative and quantitative information yielded by imaging modalities on the evaluation of the relationship between the maxillary sinus and the apices of posterior teeth.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>Three oral radiologists examined 109 panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from a digital archive. A total of 1,875 apices were classified according to their topographic relationship in both imaging modalities. Agreements between the two imaging techniques were examined statistically. The evaluation was repeated in 25% of the sample to statistically evaluate the intraobserver agreement, with a 30-day interval.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>The values found in the Kappa test for qualitative assessment and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for quantitative assessment showed nearly perfect and excellent correlation, respectively. Regarding the correlation between the two images, the Kappa test in the quality assessment showed a slight correlation between the palatal roots of the right first molars and second molars. Moreover, the quantitative evaluation by ICC showed poor agreement for the palatal roots of the left first molar and second molar, as well as for the buccomesial of the right second molars and for the buccodistal of the left second molars.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>There is low correlation between panoramic radiography and CBCT when roots are in contact or above the maxillary sinus floor. A high level of agreement was observed when roots are below the maxillary sinus floor.</p></sec>

The mandibular canine is a robust and long tooth which allows an adequate implantation in the dental arch. It is considered a valuable pillar in many rehabilitating treatments. In order to maintain this important dental element, it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis, for which the knowledge of the different anatomic variations should be kept in mind. The objective of this article is to present a case of a mandibular canine with two roots with their respective root canals. A 21-year-old female patient went to the Radiology Clinic at the Faculty of Odontology of Piracicaba with the indication of a panoramic radiography for preoperative third molars surgery. An unusual root configuration of the mandibular canines was observed. In the cone beam CT, it was observed that the right mandibular canine presented two separate roots, each one with their respective radicular canals. It was concluded that, despite of the low prevalence of anatomical variations, these can occur in the root system of the mandibular canines, as presented in this case report.

El canino inferior es un diente con raíz larga y ancha que le permite una adecuada implantación en el arco dentario. Es considerado un pilar valioso en muchos tratamientos rehabilitadores. Con la finalidad de mantener este elemento dentario es necesario realizar un correcto diagnóstico, para lo que se tendrá en cuenta el conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas. El objetivo del artículo es presentar un caso de canino mandibular con dos raíces con sus respectivos canales radiculares .Paciente femenina de 21 años, que acudió a la Clínica de Radiología de la Facultad de Odontología de Piracicaba con indicación de una radiografía panorámica para valorar cirugía de terceros molares. Llamó la atención una configuración inusual de las raíces de los caninos mandibulares. En el examen de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico se observó que el canino mandibular del lado derecho presentaba dos raíces separadas, cada una con sus respectivos canales radiculares. Se concluyó que a pesar de la baja prevalencia de las variaciones anatómicas, estas pueden ocurrir en el número de raíces y canales de los caninos mandibulares, tal como se presenta en este reporte de caso.

AIM: To compare panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of bifid mandibular condyle. METHODS: The sample consisted of 350 individuals who underwent panoramic radiography and CBCT. In the panoramic radiographs and CBCT images, the presence or absence of bifid mandibular condyle was determined. RESULTS: Presence of bifid mandibular condyle was detected in four cases (1.1%). In all cases, the relation of one condylar process to the other was mediolateral and history of trauma was reported. None of the individuals had symptoms. In two cases, panoramic radiography did not reveal the presence of bifid mandibular condyle. CONCLUSIONS: Initial screening for bifid mandibular condyle can be performed by panoramic radiography; however, CBCT images can reveal morphological changes and the exact orientation of the condyle heads.

The mandibular bifid condyle is a rare condition, frequently observed in routine X-rays, characterized by division of the mandible head. According to the literature, the prevalence varies from 0.018% to 0.3%. Several causes have been suggested to justify the development of bifid mandibular condyle, however there is no agreement between studies about the main causative factor. The aim of this paper is to report a case of mandibular bifid condyle in a 21-years-old girl. The panoramic radiograph showed hypoplasia of the left mandibular condyle, with an apparent presence of calcification in the left temporomandibular joint. Other conventional extraoral radiographs were performed (postero-anterior with fronto-nasal support, open mouth; panoramic and trascranial radiographs), however, only in the cone beam computed tomography ir was possible to obtain the diagnosis of mandibular bifid condyle.

El cóndilo mandibular bífido es una condición rara, observada frecuentemente como hallazgo radiográfico, caracterizada por la división de la cabeza de la mandíbula. Su prevalencia varía entre 0,0018% a 0,3%, donde múltiples causas han sido sugeridas en la literatura para justificar su desarrollo, sin embargo no hay concordancia entre los estudios acerca del factor causal principal. El objetivo de este artículo es relatar un caso de cóndilo mandibular bífido observado en una mujer de 21 años de edad, el cual fue revelado por una radiografía panorámica donde se observó hipoplasia del cóndilo mandibular izquierdo, con presencia de una aparente calcificación en la región de la articulación temporomandibular izquierda; otros exámenes convencionales fueron realizados (radiografía postero-anterior, con apoyo frente-nasion en boca abierta, transcraniana y panorámica), sin embargo, apenas en la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, fue posible obtener el diagnóstico de cóndilo mandibular bífido.