Abstract The combination of flours from cereal and legume results in less caloric products, with high contents of fiber, proteins, ash and antioxidants. Thus, this study aimed at developing muffins made with different proportions of wholemeal rye flour (WRF) and wholemeal common black bean flour (WBF). Physicochemical and physical analyses were performed to characterize starches, flours and the muffins. Sensory analysis was also carried out. WRF had the highest values for L* value, moisture and ash contents, whereas WBF had more proteins and lipids, and heterogeneous particle size distribution. The formulation with the highest acceptability grade with total replacement of whole wheat flour, was that containing 70% WRF and 30% WBF (F2). This sample was characterized as high-quality muffin, chocolate flavor, chocolate odor, light and soft crumb. Its texture was defined as low hardness, chewiness and high cohesiveness. It was concluded that the F2 formulation had a high dietary fiber content (20%), low lipid content (8%), containing 32% resistant starch, 9% protein and 51.43 mg GAE 1001 g-1 of total phenolic content, being considered an excellent nutritional food option.

Abstract The exaggerated consumption of fast food and ready to eat products is a common practice which results in an unbalanced intake of saturated fats. In order to improve the fat composition of beef patties, mixture design was used to optimize the inclusion of pomace olive oil (POO) and canola oil (CO). Cooking yield, moisture retention, diameter reduction, color, texture and sensorial parameters were accessed. Models showed, with a 94.5% of variance explained, that the inclusion of POO and CO should be limited in order to maintain a low acidity index and texture parameters comparable to commercial burgers of similar composition. Preference test, consumer profile, acceptability, penalty analysis and Check-all-that-apply (CATA) results indicated that a parcial replacement of pork fat (PF) can be considered. In sum, formulations with improved fat composition (50 or 33% replaced animal fat by POO and CO) were obtained.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar formulações de sopa desidratada com farinha de subproduto de pupunha (SPP), Spirulina platensis ou espinafre, bem como avaliar sua composição por meio de métodos físicos, químicos, instrumentais e sensoriais. Foram preparadas quatro formulações: padrão, farinha de SPP, farinha de SPP e S. platensis, e farinha de SPP e espinafre. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto a composição aproximada, conteúdo de clorofila, compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante, cor, viscosidade, absorção de água e parâmetros microbiológicos. As características sensoriais foram analisadas pelo método “check-all-that-apply”. As sopas contendo espinafre ou S. platensis apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína de 3,3 e 4,6 g 100 g-1, respectivamente. As sopas preparadas com a microalga S. platensis tiveram os maiores teores de fibras, lipídios e antioxidantes. Foram observadas diferenças na cor e na viscosidade das sopas. A sopa desidratada padrão foi caracterizada como brilhante, cremosa, com sabor e fragmentos de tempero e cor amarelo-clara; a formulação com espinafre, como granulosa, com odor e sabor de ervas, fragmentos de tempero e cor verde-escura; e a com S. platensis, com sabor de ervas, fragmentos de tempero e cor verde-escura. As formulações preparadas estão de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos para alimentos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A análise sensorial indicou novo nicho de mercado, e as sopas com SPP e S. platensis mostraram boa aceitabilidade. Farinha de pupunha, Spirulina platensis e espinafre são alternativas para o enriquecimento nutricional de sopas desidratadas com alto teor de proteínas, cinzas, fibras e antioxidantes.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop dehydrated soup formulations using flour from peach palm by-product (PPB), Spirulina platensis or spinach, as well as to evaluate their composition by physical, chemical, instrumental, and sensory methods. Four formulations were developed: standard, PPB flour, PPB flour and S. platensis, and PPB flour and spinach. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, chlorophyll content, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color, viscosity, water absorption, and microbiological parameters. The sensory characterization was performed by the check-all-that-apply method. The soups containing spinach or S. platensis presented the highest protein contents of 3.3 and 4.6 g 100 g-1, respectively. The soups formulated with the microalgae S. platensis showed higher contents of fibers, lipids, and antioxidants. Changes were observed in the color and viscosity of the soups. The standard dehydrated soup was characterized as shiny, creamy, with seasoning flavor and fragments, and a pale-yellow color; the formulation with spinach, as grainy, with an herb odor and flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color; and with S. platensis, with herb flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color. The developed formulations are within the microbiological standards for food established by the Brazilian legislation. The sensory analysis revealed a new market niche, and the soups containing PPB and S. platensis showed good acceptability. Peach palm flour, Spirulina platensis, and spinach are alternatives for the nutritional enrichment of dehydrated soups with high protein, ash, fiber, and antioxidant contents.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of slow (–18 °C) and fast freezing (liquid nitrogen) of pork meat, and the use of exudate released upon thawing, on the physicochemical, color, rheological, microbiological, histological, and sensory characteristics of cooked ham. The meat samples were frozen at –18 °C and thawed after 22 weeks for the production of cooked ham. No significant difference was observed regarding physicochemical, color and microbiological parameters or in sensory acceptance. The hardness and chewiness parameters showed significant differences when compared to the control sample (ham made from chilled meat). Light microscopy of cooked ham samples showed that changes in the tissues were caused by freezing and thawing the meat. The effect of exudate was significant on the sodium content and compression force parameters, but this difference was not perceived in the sensory analysis, confirming that frozen pork meat can be used to produce cooked ham without loss of quality.

Abstract Grape pomace, which is derived from the skin and seeds, is the residue from the production of grape juice and wine. It corresponds to up to 20% of the total volume and it contains a high level of dietary fibers and bioactive compounds. In the Brazilian market, there is no product containing grape pomace as a replacement for conventional wheat flour. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of whole-wheat flour and organic Bordeaux grape pomace (Vitis labrusca L.) on the sensory, physicochemical and functional properties of cookies using response surface methodology (RSM). The regression models indicated that the addition of whole-wheat and organic grape pomace decreased (p < 0.0001) the water activity and significantly increased the content of fibers, hardness, brittleness, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the cookies. The RSM models presented suitable R2 and R2adj values (> 65% of explained data variability), except for brittleness. The sensory evaluation results revealed that no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for the cookie samples, implying that the addition of grape pomace and whole-wheat flour did not negatively affect the preference of cookies.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a redução do tempo de fermentação de massa de pizza avaliando-se o desenvolvimento da massa durante a fermentação com emprego de reofermentômetro Chopin® e a influência das variáveis tempo e temperatura em um planejamento fatorial 2². A intenção foi produzir massa característica de pizza, com formação de bolhas, crocância nas bordas e maciez no centro da massa verificando-se estes atributos pela metodologia de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ). A massa foi preparada com os ingredientes usuais, fermentada a temperaturas variando de 27 a 33 ºC por períodos de 30 a 42 minutes, alargada, adicionada de molho de tomate, assada e congelada. Por intermédio do reofermentômetro confirmou-se a influência das variáveis tempo e temperatura para liberação de gás carbônico (H'm) com efeito positivo e significativo, o que não ocorreu para desenvolvimento ou altura máxima da massa (Hm). As mesmas condições de fermentação do planejamento foram utilizadas para a produção de massa de pizza em processo industrial sendo submetida à Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), onde as amostras foram descritas por nove atributos. Os resultados permitiram concluir que algumas amostras apresentaram características desejadas de massa de pizza demonstradas pela análise de componentes principais (ACP), indicando um tempo de fermentação reduzido em pelo menos 30% quando comparado ao processo convencional.

The aim of this study was to reduce the fermentation time of pizza dough by evaluating the development of the dough during fermentation using a Chopin® rheofermentometer and verifying the influence of time and temperature using a 2² factorial design. The focus was to produce characteristic soft pizza dough with bubbles and crispy edges and soft in the center. These attributes were verified by the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The dough was prepared with the usual ingredients, fermented at a temperature range from 27 to 33 ºC for 30 to 42 minutes, enlarged, added with tomato sauce, baked, and frozen. The influence of the variables time and temperature on the release of carbon dioxide (H'm) was confirmed with positive and significant effect, using a rheofermentometer, which was not observed for the development or maximum height of the dough (Hm). The same fermentation conditions of the experimental design were used for the production of the pizza dough in the industrial process; it was submitted to Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), in which the samples were described by nine attributes. The results showed that some samples had the desired characteristics of pizza dough, demonstrated by the principal component analysis (PCA), indicating a 30 % fermentation time reduction when compared to the conventional process.

O trabalho objetivou caracterizar a influência da eliminação de biomassa no processamento da sidra e na qualidade do produto fermentado em bancada de laboratório utilizando condições observadas na indústria. O mosto da cultivar Gala foi despectinizado e transferido para fermentadores de 500 mL e inoculado com 2,0x10(6) ufc/mL de leveduras naturais ou comerciais. A cada 12 horas em um dos fermentadores a biomassa foi reduzida por centrifugação, em seguida o mosto era deixado fermentar. Os sete fermentados de maçãs foram analisados após 20-26 dias de fermentação, mantendo açúcar residual na bebida, um baixo grau alcoólico e aroma frutado. Além disso, foi possível eliminar todo o nitrogênio assimilável, importante no controle da gaseificação natural. Desta forma, a redução de biomassa pode ser um tratamento eficiente para obter uma sidra suave e de baixo grau alcoólico com uma melhor qualidade.

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of biomass reduction in the cider processing and the quality of the fermented product made on laboratory scale, but in the same conditions usually found in factory units. The must, made with apples of the Gala variety, depectinized and transferred to 500 mL-fermenters, was inoculated with 2.0x10(6) cfu/mL of natural or commercial yeast, and at each 12 hours biomass was removed by centrifugation in one flask of the experimental set, and the must was left to ferment. All seven flasks of the fermented beverage were analyzed for 20-26 days after the inoculation, and the results showed that the best moment for biomass removal was 1.5-2.0 days of fermentation, leading to a product with significant residual sugars content, a low alcoholic degree, and with a fruity flavor. In addition, it was possible to practically eliminate all nitrogen, which was important to control the natural gasification. It was quite clear that biomass removal could be a very efficient treatment in order to obtain a sweeter and more pleasant alcoholic beverage, a better cider.

Na classificação das maçãs para o comércio doméstico, uma parcela de até 30% pode ser descartada. As frutas de descarte, também chamadas de industriais, apresentam potencial tecnológico e podem ser aproveitadas na fabricação de diversos produtos, como sucos e fermentados alcoólicos. Cerca de 90% da produção brasileira de maçãs correspondem as cultivares Fuji e Gala, que apresentam baixa aptidão industrial, entretanto outras cultivares podem apresentar características que tornem o produto final com qualidade superior. Assim, foi avaliado o potencial tecnológico da cultivar Joaquina para a fabricação de suco clarificado e de vinho de maçã em comparação com as cultivares Fuji e Gala. Maçãs das cultivares Fuji e Gala foram obtidas no comercio local e da cultivar Joaquina, colocadas à disposição pela Estação Experimental de São Joaquim (Epagri). O suco clarificado e o vinho de maçã foram obtidos em bancada de laboratório com protocolos definidos. O suco varietal da Joaquina, quando comparado físico-quimicamente com os da Fuji e da Gala não diferiu significativamente, porém os julgadores em avaliação sensorial atribuíram-lhe as menores notas (3,78), com alto grau de rejeição (64%). O vinho varietal da maçã Joaquina, físico-quimicamente idêntico aos da Fuji e da Gala, foi considerado de aceitação semelhante ao da Gala (4,52) sendo o da Fuji (3,80) absolutamente rejeitado, com 67%. Assim, a maçã da variedade Joaquina pode ser usada com parcimônia no processamento de suco e com segurança na produção de vinho.

The classification process of apples to domestic market, around 30% can be considered as a sub-product, but still with some economical value: they are the so-called industrial fruits. They have a very high technological potential and can be used in the processing of many food products, as apple juices and alcoholic beverage. Around 90% of the apple production are related to Fuji and Gala varieties, that by themselves show very low industrial appeal. However, there are some other apple cultivars with better industrial profile and that can be used to obtain products with high quality. The objective was to evaluate the technological potential of fruits from Joaquina cultivar concerning clarified juice and wine production and quality, comparing them with the products obtained from apples of Fuji and Gala varieties. Fuji and Gala apple cv. were acquired in local market and Joaquina cv. were received from Experimental Station of São Joaquim (Epagri). The clarified juice and the wine were processed in a laboratory scale, with an appropriate protocol. The varietal juice of the Joaquina did not differ significantly from the juices from Fuji and Gala, considering physico-chemical parameter; however, in sensorial analysis the judges gave lower scores to Fuji (3.78), with a high rejection index (64%). The varietal dry wine of the Joaquina, also identical to the reference wines of Fuji and Gala in physico-chemical terms, was considered of similar acceptance to the wine of Gala (4.52), but the wine from Fuji (3.80) was absolutely rejected (67%). The apple from Joaquina variety can be use with parsimony in the processing of juice but with confidence in the production of wine.

O doce de leite é um importante alimento regional, produzido e consumido em grande escala no Brasil e na Argentina. Há grande heterogeneidade da qualidade desse produto, ocorrendo inclusive fraudes com excesso de adição de amido. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a preferência de amostras de doce de leite obtidas em laboratório com quantidades conhecidas de amido e a atitude de consumidores frente a duas amostras comerciais, contendo 1,0 e 7,6% de amido. O método de ordenação foi utilizado na avaliação da preferência das amostras produzidas em laboratório. Verificou-se o nível de aceitação das amostras através de escala hedônica de 9 pontos, no qual 50 julgadores avaliaram as amostras pelos atributos cor, consistência, sabor e doçura. As amostras comerciais foram avaliadas através de uma escala de ação. Nas amostras produzidas em laboratório verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa quanto à preferência (p>0,05) no teste de ordenação e, na avaliação da aceitação por atributos verificou-se que amostras menos doces e com valores intermediários de cor e consistência foram preferidas. Para as amostras comerciais a média de aceitação foi de 6,7 para o produto com teor permitido de amido e 4,9 para aquela com excesso de amido.

The doce de leite is an important regional food produced and consumed in large scale in Brazil and Argentina. There are many problems related to the quality standardization, mainly the excess of starch addition. In the present paper the sensory evaluation of samples produced in the laboratory containing known amounts of starch and two commercial samples with 1.0 and 7.6% of starch was performed. The ranking test was employed for preference evaluation of the laboratory samples. An acceptance test using an hedonic scale was carried out with 50 panelists that evaluated the samples by considering their color, consistency, taste and sweetness. The commercial samples were evaluated through an action scale. For the samples produced in the laboratory there was no significant difference for preference (p>0.05) in the ranking test and for the preference by attributes it was possible to conclude that the less sweet samples and with intermediary values of color and consistency were preferred. The commercial sample containing 1.0% of starch had an average acceptance of 6.7 whereas the other sample that contained 7.6% of starch had 4.9.