The objective of this work was the detection and traceability of the occurrence of diethyl phthalate (DEP) migrating from flexible packaging to food. Brazil is one of the largest producers of flexible plastics widely used in food. The evaluation of migrations of contaminants for food, mainly fatty foods, elucidates the possible transmission of diseases through the daily consumption of migrant contaminants from packaging. Throughout an accurate and highly specific methodology, with no use of simulants or organic solvents during sample preparation, the proposal of this study obtained a direct DEP ranking through migration traceability via headspace: HS-GC-MS. Of the 9 samples of flexible packaging and packaged foods analyzed, DEP was identified in 100%, thus confirming its occurrence in foods. Despite the storage conditions: temperature, shelf life, fat content of the products and the manufacturer’s assessment of use. It is urgent to review official standards to promote intense restrictions on the occurrence of DEP in food and encourage the benefits of reflecting daily consumption habits. (DEP methodology preparation headspace HSGCMS. HSGCMS HS GC MS. MS HS-GC-MS analyzed 100 100% conditions temperature life manufacturers manufacturer s habits 10 1

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of addition of microencapsulated natural extracts of aromatic herbs in comparison with synthetic antioxidants on fatty acids profile of different meat products (restructured product of Tilapia mechanically separated fish meat (RP) and Fresh pork sausage (FS) stored under freezing and cold storage. Synthetic antioxidant sodium erythorbate was used in the RP and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used in the FS. Natural oregano extract (Origanum vulgare) was used in the RP, while the rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) was used in the FS. The fatty acid profiles of each formulation were obtained by gas chromatography (GC-MS). The oleic acid was the most abundant compound in both evaluated products, also, during the observed storage period there was an increase in SFA and MUFA composition (p < 0.05) in all the treatments. However, the treatments with addition of synthetic antioxidant and microcapsules loaded with different content of aromatic herb extracts showed similar behavior. Moreover, the addition of microencapsulated aromatic herb extracts increased the content of PUFA, improving the nutritional quality indexes in both RP and FS. Our results infer that the addition of oregano and rosemary extracts have antioxidant potential equivalent to synthetic antioxidants.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different packaging on the storage of milk candy in tablets by means of moisture, ash, lipid, protein, colour and texture profile analysis. The were used: Expanded polystyrene wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (PEBD) bags. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, and the evaluations were carried out at 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days. All treatments presented darkening of the milk candy; however, those candies packaged in PVC presented a light and yellow colour (L = 39.84, b* = 20.06), while those in PEBD presented a dark colour (L = 36.75). According to the conditions studied, PVC packaging is not recommended for the storage of milk candy in tablets due to the intense changes in the physical-chemical characteristics, texture and colour. In contrast, PVC, PP and PEBD packages are efficient materials for maintaining the initial properties of this type of candy.

Abstract The objective was to elaborate gluten-free bread, using different hydrocolloids and to verify the effect of substitution of rice flour for sweet potato flour (SPF) on the technological and sensory quality of bread. Better results were observed with the use of 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), without significant difference (p > 0.05) in the sensory evaluation of the samples containing hydrocolloids. Lower specific volume and higher hardness was observed with the addition of CMC and higher levels of SPF. The microbiological evaluation of bread made from the substitution of 25% rice flour for SPF allowed to establish shelf life of 7 days, with an acceptability index of 80.3%, which is considered high because it is a new product. Regarding the purchase intention, only 2% of assessors would certainly not buy the product, showing that the addition of hydrocolloids and SPF to gluten-free bread formulations may be an effective alternative for the gluten-intolerant public.

ABSTRACT The bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of jabuticaba fruits var. Pingo de mel were evaluated during their physiological development. The fruits were harvested ten days after anthesis until maturity, at intervals of four days between collections. The period between anthesis and maturity was 34 days. Higher phenolics levels, hydrolysed tannins, and antioxidant activity were observed in 10 days after anthesis, while vitamin C contents were higher throughout the ripening process. At the end of development (34 days), higher levels of vitamin C and lower hydrolysed tannin were observed. It is known that the lower the hydrolysed tannins, the better the sensory characteristics of the fruit, and considering the benefits of vitamin C, it is necessary to harvest the jabuticaba fruits var. Pingo de mel in 34 days after anthesis for better use of these compounds.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different calcium chloride concentrations on the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel at different storage temperatures. The fruit were collected 30 days after the anthesis and subjected to immersions in calcium chloride solution at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, the fruit were dried and packed in polypropylene bags and incubated in a chamber at different temperatures (6 °C, 12 °C, and 25 °C). Samples were analyzed at time 0 and every two days, up to 12 days of storage. No effect of different calcium chloride concentrations was observed in the fruit characteristics at different storage temperatures over time. During storage, an increase of soluble and total pectin contents, antioxidant activity, CO2, total sugars, acidity, and weight loss was observed. Higher storage temperatures affected both the increase in weight loss, pH, and O2 production and the reduction of vitamin C content. Refrigeration was important for the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel , once the fruit stored at 6 °C suffered minor variations with improvements or little changes during the 12 days.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a qualidade nutricional bem como a estabilidade lipídica de filés de Arapaima gigas. Um total de 27,32 kg de filés de A. gigas foi obtido e a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos foram imediatamente determinados. Além disso, os parâmetros de oxidação lipídica foram analisados durante 15 e 90 dias, a 4 °C e -20 °C, respectivamente. Os filés de A. gigas apresentaram elevado teor de proteína (>15%) e baixa quantidade de lipídeos (<2%), com elevado conteúdo de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) (43,97%). Os índices de qualidade nutricional foram: índice de aterogenicidade (0,35); índice de trombogenicidade (0,28) e razão de ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmico/hipercolesterolêmico (2,37). Em geral, um aumento seguido por uma diminuição foi observado nos resultados de índice de peróxidos (IP) e malonaldeído (MDA), em ambas as temperaturas de estocagem (p < 0,05). O perfil lipídico apresentou uma elevada qualidade nutricional, entretanto novos métodos de conservação devem ser investigados nesta matriz, devido ao aumento de oxidação lipídica durante a refrigeração e o congelamento.

Abstract The nutritional quality and lipid stability of Arapaima gigas fillets were investigated. A total of 27.32 kg of A. gigas fillets were obtained and the proximate composition and fatty acid profile immediately determined. In addition, the lipid oxidation parameters were analyzed during 15 and 90 days at 4 °C and –20 °C, respectively. The A. gigas fillets presented high protein (> 15%) and low lipid (< 2%) contents with elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents (43.97%). The nutritional quality indices were the atherogenicity index (0.35), thrombogenicity index (0.28) and the hypocholesterolemic acid/ hypercholesterolemic acid ratio (2.37). Overall, an increase followed by a decrease was observed in the peroxide index (PI) and malondialdehyde content (MDA) results at both storage temperatures ( p < 0.05). The lipid profile exhibited great nutritional quality, however new conservation methods should be investigated for this matrix due to increased lipid oxidation during refrigerated and frozen storage.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize jabuticaba fruits for their proximate composition, minerals profile, and predominant sugars during fruit physiological development. The fruits were harvested ten days after anthesis (DAA) until maturity, at intervals of four days between collections. The period between anthesis and maturity was 34 days. An increase in moisture was observed, as for protein and lipids up to 18 DAA, with subsequent reduction until ripening, while an opposite behavior was observed for ash and carbohydrates levels. In general, minerals decreased throughout the fruit development. Regarding the carbohydrates profile, fructose showed the highest concentration, followed by glucose and sucrose, respectively, with an increase during ripening for all sugars. Whereas the sweet taste of fruit is a major factor for both consumption in natura and processing, we observed that jabuticaba fruits harvested 34 days after anthesis presented the best results.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of freezing and atomization on bioactive compounds in cagaita fruit. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, vitamin C, β-carotene, the antioxidant potential assessed by DPPH and ABTS, sugar profile, and mineral profile were all evaluated. High levels of total polyphenols (881.95 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (42.93 mg/100 g) and condensed tannins (67.00 mg/100 g) were detected in atomized cagaita pulp. A higher content of vitamin C was found in fresh cagaita pulp (29.75 mg/100 g), compared to frozen pulp, or atomized pulp, which had levels of 24.64 mg/100 g and 20.38 mg/100 g, respectively. Atomized pulp had the highest antioxidant activity as assessed using the ABTS method (517.04 µmol Trolox/g), compared with frozen pulp (357.73 µmol Trolox/g) and fresh cagaita pulp (276.07 µmol Trolox/g). The drying method demonstrated the best performance with respect to fruit preservation.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical changes and the antioxidant potential of caja-manga (Spondias mombin L.) fruit during its physiological development. The cycle comprised a period of 260 days after anthesis (DAA), set when the fruits were yellow-orange colored and easily detached from the pads. The results showed that the fruits had simple sigmoid type of growth pattern, with significant increase in mass, and longitudinal and transverse diameters up to 220 DAA. A decrease in total pectins and an increase in soluble pectins, lower acidity and chlorophyll levels, and masking of carotenoids exposure was observed, leading to color changes and softening in fruit. Significant changes were observed from 200 to 220 DAA, which may be the period that fruit has reached its maturity, emphasizing phenolic, vitamin C and antioxidant activity.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar relevantes parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais de três diferentes porções musculares da espécie Arapaima gigas. Porções cranial, medial e caudal foram analisadas em relação a composição centesimal, parâmetros instrumentais de cor e textura e atributos sensoriais. As porções medial e caudal apresentaram o maior conteúdo de lipídeos e valor energético (P < 0,05); no entanto, os menores teores de umidade e carboidrato ( P < 0,05). O conteúdo de proteína foi similar ( P > 0,05) entre as diferentes porções musculares. Antes do cozimento, as porções medial e caudal demonstraram os maiores valores de L* , a*, dureza e mastigabilidade (P < 0,05). Após o cozimento, não se observou diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor entre as diferentes porções musculares. A porção medial apresentou menor dureza e mastigabilidade ( P < 0,05), quando comparada à porção caudal. A porção cranial apresentou o menor escore de sabor e impressão global (P < 0,05). Portanto, as porções musculares medial e caudal de Arapaima gigas demonstraram potencial superior para satisfazer as exigências dos consumidores.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the relevant physicochemical and sensory parameters of three different Arapaima gigas muscle portions. Cranial, medial and caudal portions were analysed regarding their proximate compositions, instrumental colour and texture parameters, and sensory evaluations. The medial and caudal portions exhibited the greatest (P < 0.05) lipid contents and energy values and the lowest (P < 0.05) moisture and carbohydrate levels. The protein contents were similar (P > 0.05) for the different muscle portions. Before cooking, the medial and caudal portions displayed the greatest (P < 0.05) values for lightness, redness, hardness and chewiness. After cooking, no differences ( P > 0.05) were observed between the different muscle portions for the instrumental colour parameters, while the medial portion exhibited lower (P < 0.05) values for hardness and chewiness as compared to the caudal portion. The cranial portion received the lowest (P < 0.05) scores for flavour and overall liking. Thus the Arapaima gigas medial and caudal muscle portions presented the greatest potentials to satisfy the consumer requirements.

Abstract Starch-rich liquid effluent is generated after peeling, cutting and washing of tubers during the fries processing. After sedimentation of this effluent is recovered a wet residual pulp, and after drying is obtained dry residual pulp or simply named in this study residual pulp of potato (RPP). In order to convert the effluent into a material easy to store for long periods (such as the potato starch), which would make it suitable for various applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the drying conditions, specifically variables temperature and air flow on the drying time and water activity, pH, titratable acidity, instrumental colour parameters, water absorption index, water solubility index and oil absorption capacity of dry RPP. Central Composite Design was used, with temperature levels from 50.0 to 70.0 °C and air flow from 0.06 to 0.092 m3 m–2 s–1. Temperature and airflow affected the study characteristics, except for lightness (L*), water solubility index and oil absorption capacity. It was concluded that milder conditions (lower temperatures) and intermediate air flow resulted in higher-quality final products (lighter, less acidic), although requiring higher drying time. Therefore, depending on the product application, different drying conditions can be used.

Considerando-se que, no processamento da mandioca, resíduos líquidos e sólidos são gerados, o presente estudo objetivou elaborar pães com farelo de mandioca. Após avaliação físico-química e microbiológica das amostras de farelo de mandioca, cinco formulações de pães, com níveis de substituição entre 0% e 20% de farinha de trigo (FT) por farelo de mandioca seco (FMS), foram avaliadas por meio do diâmetro médio dos alvéolos da massa, análise de imagem e teste de aceitação. O farelo de mandioca apresentou elevado teor de umidade (89,1 g 100 g-1), portanto, para sua utilização segura, quanto ao aspecto microbiológico, foi realizada a secagem do resíduo, visando a garantir um armazenamento seguro, antes do processamento dos pães. As amostras de FMS apresentaram ausência de Bacillus cereus, coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. A partir da análise de imagem, verificou-se que a substituição de FT por FMS influenciou, negativamente, no crescimento da massa dos pães, sendo possível sugerir um modelo para descrever a variação do tamanho dos alvéolos dos pães, em função do nível de substituição dos ingredientes. A formulação que apresentou melhor aceitação sensorial foi aquela com 10% de substituição de FT por FMS. Concluiu-se que o uso do FMS, em pão de forma, é viável, do ponto de vista tecnológico, microbiológico e sensorial, podendo contribuir para a melhoria de aspectos econômicos e ambientais das indústrias produtoras de fécula de mandioca.

Given that solid and liquid residues are generated in the cassava processing, the present study aimed at using cassava bran to make bread. After a physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of cassava bran samples, five bread formulations, with substitution of wheat flour (WF) by dry cassava bran (DCB) between 0% and 20%, were evaluated by analyzing the mean diameter of the dough alveoli, image and acceptance test. The cassava bran presented a high moisture content (89.1 g 100 g-1). Thus, to use it in a safe way, concerning the microbiological aspect, the residue was dried, in order to provide a proper storage, before making the bread. The DCB samples showed no Bacillus cereus, thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella sp. From the image analysis, it was found that the replacement of WF by DCB negatively affected the dough rise, being possible to suggest a model to describe the size variation of the breads alveoli, depending on the ingredients substitution level. The formulation with a 10% substitution of WF by DCB showed the best sensorial acceptability. It was possible to conclude that the use of DCB for making white bread is viable, from a technological, microbiological and sensorial point of view, and that it can improve economic and environmental aspects of industries that produce cassava starch.

Potato pulp waste (PPW) drying was investigated under different experimental conditions (temperatures from 50 to 70 °C and air flow from 0.06 to 0.092 m³ m- 2 s- 1) as a possible way to recover the waste generated by potato chip industries and to select the best-fit model to the experimental results of PPW drying. As a criterion to evaluate the fitting of mathematical models, a method based on the sum of the scores assigned to the four evaluated statistical parameters was used: regression coefficient (R²), relative mean error P (%), root mean square error (RMSE), and reduced chi-square (χ²). The results revealed that temperature and air velocity are important parameters to reduce PPW drying time. The models Midilli and Diffusion had the lowest sum values, i.e., with the best fit to the drying data, satisfactorily representing the drying kinetics of PPW.

Na produção da fécula de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), é gerado o bagaço de mandioca, que é o resíduo fibroso da raiz. Frente à importância econômica, físico-química, tecnológica e nutricional deste resíduo, objetivou-se desenvolver uma farinha, a partir do bagaço de mandioca, avaliar suas propriedades e compará-las com as da fécula, a fim de fomentar o seu uso e fornecer informações, tanto para as indústrias produtoras quanto aos consumidores. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, valor energético total, granulometria, atividade de água, cor, microscopia e índice de absorção de água (IAA), solubilidade em água (ISA) e absorção de óleo (IAO). Em relação à fécula de mandioca, a farinha de bagaço apresentou teores muito mais elevados de fibra alimentar total [63,95 g (100g)-1], solúvel [3,51 g (100 g)-1] e insolúvel [56,84 g (100 g)-1], bem como valores de proteínas [1,97 g (100 g)-1], teor de cinzas [1,81 g (100 g)-1] e lipídios [2,35 g (100 g)-1]. A farinha de bagaço de mandioca apresenta baixo custo e propriedades tecnológicas desejáveis, como IAA [6,73 g de gel (g de matéria seca)-1] e ISA (1,23%), sendo, também, uma matéria-prima alternativa, com características tecnológicas diferenciadas. Sugere-se sua aplicação em mingaus, cremes, alimentos infantis e, principalmente, em alimentos diet ou light.

The production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch generates cassava bagasse, which is the fibrous residue from the root. Due to its economic, physical, chemical, nutritional and technological importance, this study aimed at developing a flour from cassava bagasse, evaluating its properties and comparing them with those of cassava starch, in order to promote its use and provide information for industry processors and consumers. Analysis of proximate composition, total energy value, particle size, water activity, color, microscopy, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and oil absorption index (OAI) were carried out. In relation to cassava starch, the bagasse flour showed much higher contents of total [63.95 g (100 g) -1], soluble [3.51 g (100 g) -1] and insoluble [56.84 g (100 g)-1] dietary fiber, as well as proteins [1.97 g (100 g) -1], ashes [1.81 g (100 g)-1] and lipids [2.35 g (100 g)-1]. The cassava bagasse flour presents low cost and desirable technological properties, such as WAI [6.73 g of gel (g dry mass)-1] and WSI (1.23%), being also an alternative raw material, with differentiated technological characteristics. It can possibly be used in paps, puddings, baby food and especially in diet or light food.