Abstract This paper uses two national surveys of the ejido sector to analyze households' responses to the reforms that affected this sector between 1994 and 1997. Results show that the period was not favorable to incomes derived from agriculture as a consequence of both low incentives and decline in institutional support to productivity. The reforms have induced households to seek income strategies with increasing reliance on off-farm activities, particularly self-employment in non-agricultural activities and migration to the United States. Educational levels and locational advantages have been key in explaining why some households have been better able to take advantage of non-agricultural employment opportunities than others. PROCAMPO has been quite effective in protecting household incomes from the decline in agricultural incomes. Cash transfers received through this program have generated large income multipliers as they have been used to acquire inputs otherwise constrained by lack of access to credit.

Resumen Este artículo utiliza como fuentes de información dos encuestas nacionales del sector ejidal para analizar las respuestas de las familias ejidales a las reformas que modificaron este sector. La información abarca el periodo 1994-1997. Los resultados muestran que el periodo no fue favorable a los ingresos derivados de la agricultura como consecuencia de dos factores: bajo incentivo y deterioro del apoyo institucional a la productividad. Las reformas han inducido a las familias ejidales a buscar estrategias de ingreso en actividades extrapredio, particularmente las que se refieren a empleo por cuenta propia y migración a Estados Unidos. Los niveles educacionales y las ventajas de ubicación han sido la clave para explicar por qué las familias han sido exitosas en usar más oportunidades de empleo extrapredio que otras. PROCAMPO ha sido muy efectivo en proteger los ingresos de las familias ejidales ante el descenso de los ingresos agrícolas. Transferencias en efectivo por medio de este programa han generado efectos multiplicadores de ingreso importantes porque han servido para adquirir insumos que de otra manera no se hubieran adquirido debido a falta de acceso al crédito.

RESUMO A política de industrialização executada em vários países em desenvolvimento (Brasil e México, por exemplo) produziu um crescimento extraordinariamente rápido dessas economias quando essa política foi bem-sucedida. No entanto, a evolução recente mostra que os principais problemas não foram realmente resolvidos. Por meio da elaboração de um modelo, este trabalho estuda em profundidade o mecanismo de desarticulação social, entendido como a incapacidade do setor moderno de promover o desenvolvimento de toda a economia, particularmente no caso brasileiro (de 1968 a 1973), no que então foi chamado “o milagre brasileiro. Brasil México exemplo bemsucedida. bemsucedida bem sucedida. sucedida bem-sucedida entanto resolvidos modelo social economia 196 1973, 1973 , 1973) 19 197 1

ABSTRACT The industrialization policy executed in several developing countries (Brazil and Mexico, for example) produced an unusually fast growth of these economies when such policy succeeded. Nevertheless, the recent evolution shows that the main problems were not really solved. Through the development of a model, this paper studies at length the mechanism of social disarticulation, which is understood as the incapacity of the modern sector to promote the development of the whole economy, particularly in the Brazilian case (from 1968 to 1973), at the top of what was then called “the Brazilian miracle”. Brazil Mexico example succeeded Nevertheless solved model disarticulation economy from 196 1973, 1973 , 1973) miracle. miracle . miracle” 19 197 1