The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cytokinin and gibberellin on the characteristics of banana fruits (Musa spp. AAA, cv. Nanica) as a function of the formation period and position in the bunch. A completely randomized, 2x5 factorial design was adopted consisting of two bunch development periods (summer and winter) and five treatments as well as the same arrangement in a split plot with the 2×5 factorial arrangement as the plot and the position of the hand in the bunch (basal, middle and apical) as the subplot. Treatments consisted of spraying twice with either water, 150 mg L-1 of kinetin, 200 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid, 100 mg L-1 of kinetin plus 200 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid or 200 mgL-1 of kinetin plus 200 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid, all of which were applied from the fourth to the last hand of the bunch. The bunch formation period influenced the filling time, the mass of the bunch and the stalk, the number and the mass of the hands, the number of fruits per hand, fruit size, and the position of the fruit in the bunch as well as the time postharvest shelf life, mass loss, peel color, pH, the soluble solids content and the titratable acidity of the pulp. As applied, the cytokinin and gibberellin did not influence the yield or fruit size, but bunch position had a strong influence on the size and number of fruits per hand.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la citoquinina y de giberelinas en las características de los frutos de banano (Musa spp. AAA, cv. Nanica), en función del período de formación y la posición en el racimo. Se adoptó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 2x5, dos períodos de desarrollo del racimo (verano e invierno) y cinco tratamientos o, el mismo diseño en parcelas subdivididas, considerando en la parcela el arreglo factorial 2×5, y en la subparcela, la posición de la mano en el racimo (basal, mediana y apical). Los tratamientos constituyeron dos pulverizaciones con agua, 150 mg L-1 de cinetina, 200 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico, 100 mg L-1 de cinetina más 200 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico y 200 mg L-1 de cinetina más 200 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico, aplicados desde la cuarta hasta la última mano del racimo. El período de formación del racimo influye sobre el tiempo de llenado, el peso del racimo y del tallo, el número de manos, el número de frutos por mano y el tamaño del fruto, dependiendo de la posición que ocupa en el racimo, así como la vida poscosecha, la pérdida de masa, el color de la cáscara, el pH, el contenido de sólidos solubles y la acidez valorable de pulpa. Citoquinina y giberelina, en la forma que fueron aplicadas no influyeron en la producción, calidad, tamaño de y rendimiento fruta. La posición en el racimo tuvo una fuerte influencia en el tamaño y número de frutos por mano.

O feijoeiro é uma planta exigente em nutrientes, seja devido ao pequeno e pouco profundo sistema radicular, seja devido ao ciclo curto. Partindo de um trabalho com doses de calcário e boro, realizaram-se correlações entre dois tipos de folha (+1 e +3) do feijoeiro, com os teores dos elementos presentes nas plantas e na produção, objetivando-se estabelecer a folha mais adequada para a diagnose foliar. O experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de casa de vegetação empregando-se sementes de feijoeiro cv. BRS Talismá. As doses de calcário empregadas considerando-se a saturação por bases igual a 70%, foram calculadas como: zero de calcário, metade da dose padrão, dose para elevar V = 70% (padrão), uma vez e meia a dose e duas vezes a dose padrão enquanto para o boro as quantidades aplicadas foram: zero; 0,6; 1,2; 1,8 e 2,4 mg de B dm-3. Realizaram-se, no momento do florescimento, a coleta das folhas diagnóticas +1 e +3 (folhas amadurecidas a partir do ápice); a coleta de uma planta (parte aérea) por vaso e a mensuração da produção. Através de correlações constataram-se, para os nutrientes alvo do estudo, cálcio, magnésio e boro em que a folha +3 apresentou maiores coeficientes de correlação com os teores na planta e com os dados de produção.

The bean is a nutrient demanding plant, either due to the small and shallow root system or due to the short cycle. A study with doses of lime and boron was conducted and correlations were made between two types of leaf (+1 and +3) of the bean with the contents of these elements in plants and production, aiming to establish the most appropriate leaf for diagnosis of nutritional status. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions employing bean seeds cv. BRS Talismá. Lime rates considering the saturation of bases (70%), were calculated as zero, half the standard dose, dose to increase V = 70% (default), one and a half and twice the standard dose, while the boron amounts used were: zero, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 mg B dm-3. At the time of flowering, diagnostic leaves +1 and +3 (mature leaves from the apex) were collected along with sampling of a plant (aerial part) per pot and the measurement of production. Through correlations it was verified that nutrients, calcium, magnesium and boron in the leaf +3 showed higher correlation coefficients with levels in the plant and production data.

A precisão do tamanho ideal da amostra foliar determina a otimização de mão-de-obra, e diminui erros inerentes ao laudo de diagnose do estado nutricional. Com este trabalho se objetivou determinar, em pomares de goiabeira submetidos a dois regimes hídricos, o tamanho de amostras foliares e a variação do erro amostral para a diagnose do estado nutricional dessa frutífera. O respectivo trabalho contou com o emprego de dois estudos, ambos sob um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo: Estudo 1: Realizado em pomar sob regime não irrigado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, que constaram da coleta de folhas em 5, 10, 20 e 40 plantas. Estudo 2: Realizado em pomar sob regime irrigado, com cinco tratamentos e dez repetições, que constaram da coleta de folhas em 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 goiabeiras. Concluiu-se que em pomares não irrigados é necessário amostrar folhas em 40 plantas, a fim de manter o erro amostral de macronutrientes entre 5 a 10%; já para os micronutrientes seriam necessárias, no mínimo, 40 plantas e, se considerados o Fe e o Zn, a amostra deverá ser maior. Em pomares irrigados folhas provenientes de 10 plantas seriam suficientes para manter o erro amostral entre 5 e 10%; considerando-se, porém, os micronutrientes, seriam necessários amostrar 20 goiabeiras.

The ideal size precision of the foliar sample determines manual work optimization, and also diminishes inherent errors in diagnosis reports of nutritional state. This work aimed to determine the size of the foliar samples and the sample error variation in guava plantations submitted to two hydric cultivations for the nutritional state diagnosis of this fruit. The work included two studies, both under an entirely randomized experimental design. Study 1 was carried out in an orchard under unirrigated cultivation with four treatments and six repetitions that consisted of leaf collection in 5, 10, 20 and 40 plants. Study 2 was carried out in an orchard under irrigated cultivation with five treatments and 10 repetitions that consisted of leaf collection in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 guava plants. It was concluded that in unirrigated orchards it is necessary to sample leaves in 40 plants in order to keep the macronutrients sample error between 5 to 10%. For the micronutrients, on the other hand, at least 40 plants were necessary and, if Fe and Zn were considered, the sample must be even larger. In irrigated orchards, leaves deriving from 10 plants were enough to keep the sample error between 5 to 10%. However, considering the micronutrients, it was necessary to sample 20 guava plants.