Abstract A bistable image admits two possible interpretations, so that the observer can recognize the two percepts, but never at the same time. The alternations between percepts are called “perceptual reversals”. When the observer's position is different from the upright position, the ability to make perceptual alternations may be impaired. Besides, the recognition of the percepts of a bistable image can be a complex reaction time visual task, if it involves recognizing two different conceptual units, added to the fact of having to make a subsequent report. A visual task was performed by 88 people in order to establish whether the perception of Boring’s bistable image My girlfriend or my mother-in-law is associated with areas that condition its interpretation. It was assumed that decoding the image and reporting the perceived percept implied a complex reaction time. The task itself was done in front of a fixed 120 Hz eye-tracker, in two opposite body positions. Analyses were made reviewing the association of the percepts with bottom-up modulation areas of the image, and considering ocular fixations made 200 and 250 milliseconds before the time of the report. The records of these fixations were obtained so as to establish which of the two reaction times (200 ms or 250 ms) was involved in the bottom-up modulation process from the moment of ocular fixation to the reports given by the participants. It was concluded that perceptual reversals decrease significantly when head idiotropic axis points in the gravity vector direction, in comparison to the upright position. Likewise, associations between visual percepts and bottom-up modulating areas of the image were found when analyses were done by considering ocular fixations made 250 ms before the moment of the report. Interpreting Boring’s bistable image implies a complex visual task in accordance with the results obtained.

Resumen Una imagen biestable admite dos interpretaciones, de modo que el observador reconoce cada percepto, pero nunca los dos al mismo tiempo. Cada alternancia entre uno y otro percepto se conoce con el nombre de “reversibilidad perceptual”. Este tipo de percepción, denominada también “biestable”, puede implicar dos tipos de modulación, una mediada por las características físicas del estímulo visual y por las áreas de fijación ocular, y otra por información contextual o por conocimiento almacenado en memoria. En ese sentido, las alternancias perceptuales que se manifiestan durante la observación de una imagen biestable pueden estar condicionadas por la manera en que el observador recorre con su mirada el estímulo biestable, de manera tal que es manifiesta una asociación entre específicas áreas de la imagen y el percepto que se reconoce. En efecto, para la imagen biestable de Boring Mi novia o mi suegra, se han establecido áreas de fijación ocular que favorecen los dos posibles perceptos (una mujer joven y una mujer de edad). Algunas de estas zonas elicitan más la interpretación de uno de los perceptos, otras de los dos indistintamente, como se reconoce en estudios precedentes. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado evidencia de que cuando la posición corporal del observador es distinta a la posición erguida (el tronco y la cabeza alineados con la vertical), puede dificultarse la capacidad para hacer las alternancias perceptuales. La rotación del eje idiotrópico de la cabeza con respecto al vector que apunta verticalmente hacia el cénit tiene repercusiones en los procesos perceptuales visuales y también en la manifestación de las reversibilidades perceptuales inherentes a la observación de imágenes biestables. El reconocimiento de los perceptos de un estímulo visual biestable puede suponer una tarea visual de tiempo de reacción complejo (superior a 230 milisegundos), dado que esta implica reconocer dos unidades conceptuales diferentes. A esto se suma el hecho de tener que hacer un reporte posterior que implique eferencias motoras. A los efectos de establecer si la percepción de la imagen biestable Mi novia o mi suegra está asociada a las áreas del estímulo que condicionan su interpretación cuando se asume que su decodificación más su reporte implican un tiempo de reacción complejo, se hicieron análisis de tareas visuales realizadas por 88 personas frente a un eye-tracker fijo de 120 Hz en dos posiciones corporales opuestas (una, con el tronco erguido y el eje idiotrópico de la cabeza apuntando hacia el cénit, y otra con el vector idiotrópico de la cabeza apuntando hacia el suelo en paralelo al eje gravitacional). Se revisó la asociación de los perceptos con las áreas de modulación de la imagen y considerando las fijaciones oculares realizadas 200 y 250 milisegundos antes del momento del reporte, el cual fue realizado por cada participante mediante el uso de los botones de un dispositivo conectado al registrador de datos. Los registros de fijaciones oculares, tomados en dos momentos previos al momento del reporte de los perceptos identificados, fueron considerados para establecer cuál de los dos tiempos de reacción (200 ms o 250 ms) está implicado en el proceso de modulación bottom-up desde el momento de la fijación ocular hasta el reporte dado por los participantes. Se concluyó que las reversibilidades perceptuales disminuyen significativamente cuando el eje idiotrópico de la cabeza apunta en el sentido del vector gravitacional en comparación con la posición erguida. Se encontraron asociaciones entre los perceptos y las áreas de modulación cuando en el análisis se consideran las fijaciones oculares registradas, 250 milisegundos antes de los reportes. La interpretación de la imagen analizada supone una tarea visual compleja de conformidad con los resultados, pues el análisis de asociación entre perceptos reportados y áreas moduladoras que arroja significancia es el que se hace revisando las fijaciones oculares hechas 250 ms antes del registro del reporte de cada percepto.

Abstract Introduction Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., “Iran”), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as “cannabis,” “marijuana,” “hashish,” “bhang “dual diagnosis,” “use,” “addiction,” “prevalence,” “co-morbidity,” “substance use disorder,” “legalization” or “policy” (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies’ titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries. Results The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal). Conclusions Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.

Resumen Introducción: La congruencia semántica audiovisual es el proceso por el cual información de una modalidad sensorial visual se percibe como integrada a estímulos auditivos, porque coinciden en términos de simultaneidad y correspondencia semántica. Este estudio tuvo por objeto establecer si los perceptos visuales que se corresponden semánticamente a estímulos auditivos están asociados con las fijaciones oculares realizadas en áreas de modulación bottom-up, tanto en una postura corporal definida por la alineación entre la dirección vertical hacia arriba y los ejes vectoriales idiotrópicos, como en otra orientación definida por una oposición vectorial entre la vertical hacia arriba y el eje idiotrópico de la cabeza. Método: Dos grupos fueron seleccionados (uno por cada posición), tomados de una muestra de 88 personas. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un dispositivo fijo de registro de movimientos oculares de 120 Hz. Una imagen biestable se presentó, proporcionando estímulos auditivos de fondo para producir congruencias semánticas y establecer su relación con las fijaciones oculares. Resultados: Se encontró que la congruencia semántica audiovisual está asociada con áreas de fijación ocular cuando los vectores idiotrópicos están alineados con la dirección vertical ascendente. Las fijaciones oculares en áreas de modulación bottom-up no están asociadas con la congruencia semántica audiovisual cuando el vector idiotrópico de la cabeza está alineado con el vector gravitacional. En esta última posición, la cantidad de fijaciones oculares es significativamente menor. Conclusión: La posición del cuerpo puede afectar procesos perceptuales visuales que, a su vez, inciden en el efecto de congruencia semántica.

Abstract Introduction: Multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency is the process by which visual information is perceived as integrated to auditory stimuli, because both coincide in terms of simultaneity and semantic correspondence. This study was aimed at establishing whether visual percepts, which semantically correspond to auditory stimuli, are associated with ocular fixations in modulating bottom-up areas while keeping a body posture alignment between the up-direction and the idiotropic axes, as well as in another orientation corresponding to a vectorial opposition between the up-direction and the head idiotropic axis. Method: Two groups (one for each position) were selected from a sample of 88 people. A bistable image was presented on a screen of a fixed 120 Hz eye-tracker device, providing background auditory stimuli so as to establish semantic congruencies and their relations to ocular fixations. Results: It was found that audiovisual semantic congruency is associated with fixations when idiotropic vectors are aligned with the up direction. Fixations manifested in bottom-up modulating areas are not associated with multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency when the head idiotropic vector is parallel with the gravity vector. Eye fixations decrease significantly if the head idiotropic axis is aligned with the gravity vector. Conclusion: It is concluded that body position can affect visual perceptual processes involved in the occurrence of semantic congruency.

Resumen Marco contextual: Durante todo el curso, los estudiantes de enfermería están expuestos a factores que pueden contribuir a la disminución de su calidad de vida y de su estado de salud en general cuando se asocian con la sintomatología musculoesquelética. Objetivo: Identificar los factores psicosociales asociados con la presencia de sintomatología musculoesquelética en el estudiante de enfermería. Metodología: Estudio transversal, con 253 estudiantes de escuelas de enfermería. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo en marzo y abril de 2018 mediante un cuestionario autocompletado que incluía variables sociodemográficas, así como los cuestionarios Nórdico Músculo-esquelético (QNM), Cuestionario Estado de Salud (SF-36) y la Escalas de Ansiedad, Depresión y Estrés (EADS-21). Resultados: La ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión se identificaron como variables asociadas a la presencia de sintomatología musculoesquelética, que interfieren en la salud de los estudiantes de enfermería. Conclusión: Hay factores psicosociales asociados con la sintomatología musculoesquelética en los estudiantes de enfermería. Conocer estos factores de riesgo permitirá planificar oportunamente las estrategias de prevención y contribuirá también a mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje.

Resumo Enquadramento: Durante todo o curso, os estudantes de enfermagem estão expostos a fatores que podem contribuir para uma diminuição da sua qualidade de vida e do seu estado de saúde em geral, quando associados a sintomatologia musculoesquelética. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores psicossociais associados à presença de sintomatologia musculoesquelética no estudante do curso de licenciatura em enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com 253 estudantes de escolas superiores de enfermagem. A recolha de dados foi realizada em março e abril de 2018, através de um questionário autopreenchido incluindo variáveis sociodemográficas, bem como questionários Nórdico Músculo-esquelético (QNM), Questionário Estado de Saúde (SF-36) e a Escalas de Ansiedade Depressão e Stress (EADS-21). Resultados: A ansiedade, stress e depressão foram identificadas como variáveis associadas à presença de sintomatologia musculoesquelética, interferindo na saúde dos estudantes de enfermagem. Conclusão: Existem fatores psicossociais associados à sintomatologia musculosquelética nos estudantes de enfermagem. Conhecer estes fatores de risco irá permitir que se possam planear atempadamente estratégias de prevenção e, também, contribuir para a potenciação do processo de aprendizagem.

Abstract Background: Throughout their education, nursing students are exposed to factors that can decrease their quality of life and general health status when associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. Objective: To identify the psychosocial factors associated with the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms in undergraduate nursing students. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with 253 students from university-level nursing schools. Data were collected between March and April 2018 through a self-administered questionnaire including sociodemographic variables and the Portuguese versions of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), the 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (EADS-21). Results: Anxiety, stress, and depression were identified as variables associated with the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms affecting nursing students’ health. Conclusion: There are psychosocial factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in nursing students. Understanding these risk factors will allow for the timely planning of prevention strategies and contribute to enhancing the learning process.

The last four decades have witnessed tremendous growth in research studies applying neuroimaging methods to evaluate pathophysiological and treatment aspects of psychiatric disorders around the world. This article provides a brief history of psychiatric neuroimaging research in Brazil, including quantitative information about the growth of this field in the country over the past 20 years. Also described are the various methodologies used, the wealth of scientific questions investigated, and the strength of international collaborations established. Finally, examples of the many methodological advances that have emerged in the field of in vivo neuroimaging are provided, with discussion of the challenges faced by psychiatric research groups in Brazil, a country of limited resources, to continue incorporating such innovations to generate novel scientific data of local and global relevance.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar um modelo de p-medianas para acessibilidade de serviços de saúde com base na descentralização e na alocação ideal de Unidades Básicas de Saúde no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Por meio de dados geográficos das Unidades Básica de Saúde do estado de São Paulo, possíveis alocações de suporte e suprimento foram simuladas em uma abordagem randomizada. Em seguida, uma série de restrições foi imposta ao sistema, simulando possíveis cenários, e os resultados foram verificados por disposição geográfica. Resultados Dado um número de instalações desejadas, dez como restrição, a abordagem p-mediana alocou três nas proximidades da capital, área de maior concertação de Unidades Básica de Saúde, e as demais foram distribuídas a oeste. Uma segunda rodada de testes avaliou exclusivamente a influência dos custos fixos, variando de 71 posições ótimas, com custo fixo unitário, até seis unidades, para um custo 300 vezes maior. Isso foi relevante no processo de tomada de decisão, pois abrangeu cenários em que apenas o número de instalações finais era conhecido e em que apenas o orçamento estava especificado. Um terceiro conjunto de simulações contemplou uma mistura dos casos anteriores. Conclusão A abordagem p-mediana foi capaz de otimizar uma ampla gama de cenários, com média de tempo de execução abaixo de 2 horas e 30 minutos, considerando um conjunto de dados com mais de 4.000 posições. Apesar de suas deficiências, considerando distâncias euclidianas, o método é simples, mas poderoso para ser considerado como uma ferramenta para o tomador de decisão em relação à distribuição de recursos e de instalações em grandes áreas e alto número de locais considerados.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate a p-median model for health care services accessibility based on decentralization and optimal allocation of Primary Health Care Units in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Using geographical data of Primary Health Care Units located in the State of São Paulo, potential support and supply facility allocations were simulated by means of a random approach. Several constraints were then imposed on the system to simulate different scenarios. Results were assessed according to geographic disposition. Results Using a fixed number of supply facilities, ten as a constraint, the p-median approach allocated three facilities near the state capital (the area with the highest concentration of Primary Health Care Units), while remaining facilities were spread throughout the west of the state. A second round of tests assessed the impact of fixed costs alone on optimization, ranging from 71 optimal locations with a fixed unit cost to six optimal locations at a cost 300-fold higher. This finding was relevant to decision-making, since it encompassed scenarios in which only the final number of facilities or only the budget was known. A third set of simulations contemplates an intermediate scenario. Conclusion The p-median approach was capable of optimizing a wide range of scenarios with an average running time of less than 2 hours and 30 minutes while considering a large dataset of more than 4,000 locations. In spite of some shortcomings, such as estimation of Euclidean distances, the method is simple yet powerful enough to be considered a useful tool to assist decision makers in the distribution of resources, and facilities across large areas with high number of locations to be supplied.

Resumen Los entornos de RV no inmersivos se constituyen en la aplicación de menor interactividad en relación con las técnicas de realidad virtual, de modo que la interacción con el entorno de realidad virtual puede ocurrir de forma común en televisores 3D (TV-3D), sin que exista una inmersión total en el entorno. Este estudio presenta cómo la exposición a la TV-3D, combinada con el registro fisiológico, puede inducir temor a las cucarachas en personas con diferentes niveles de miedo. Treinta y seis participantes, divididos en tres grupos según su nivel de miedo a las cucarachas, fueron expuestos a un entorno de realidad virtual con cucarachas, durante 4 minutos, mientras se registraba su actividad cardíaca, que fue usada como entrada para el entorno de realidad virtual. Los resultados revelaron efectos significativos en las medidas tomadas por autorreporte y en la frecuencia cardíaca de diferentes grupos temerosos a las cucarachas. Además, los participantes más temerosos son más propensos a desencadenar la aparición de cucarachas en el entorno de realidad virtual, debido a su aceleración cardíaca. Los resultados generales sugieren que nuestro entorno de RV es válido para inducir miedo a las cucarachas, con un potencial uso en el dominio terapéutico.

Abstract Non-immersive VR environments are related to the least interactive application of VR techniques, such that interaction with the VR environment can occur commonly by 3D-TV without full immersion into the environment. This study presents how 3D-TV exposure combined with physiology recording can elicit fear of cockroaches among individuals with different levels of fear. Thirty-six participants, set apart into three fear groups (low vs. moderate vs. high), were exposed to VR environment with cockroaches for 4 minutes while recording and using cardiac activity as input to the VR environment. Results revealed significant effects on self-report measures and heart rate between different fear groups. Moreover, participants with higher levels of fear were more likely to trigger cockroaches into the scenario due to their cardiac acceleration. Overall results suggest that our physiology-driven VR environment is valid for fear elicitation while having potential use in therapeutic domain.

Resumo A Educação Física é uma das disciplinas do currículo que gera o maior nível de confusão entre os estudantes na carreira da Educação Pré-Escolar na Universidade de Pinar del Río, uma vez que o objetivo desta carreira é proporcionar uma educação infantil abrangente no final dos seus estudos, pelo que ensinam todas as áreas do currículo nas instituições infantis; este é o caso da Educação Física. Esta disciplina faz parte do ciclo educativo geral, e é ensinada no primeiro e segundo anos do curso. Os responsáveis pela sua gestão, dadas as imprecisões que existem atualmente e que contribuem para a sua concepção inadequada na prática pedagógica, necessitam de alcançar uma nova cultura de aprendizagem da Educação Física, a fim de proporcionar ao futuro educador uma visão panorâmica do seu próprio desempenho no trabalho, de modo a satisfazer as exigências sociais. A situação descrita acima revela a necessidade de desenvolver o presente trabalho, que visa propor condições para a Educação Física na carreira da Educação Pré-Escolar. Com base no método dialético-materialista, são utilizados métodos teóricos: o histórico-lógico, a modelação, sistémico-estrutural-funcional, bem como métodos empíricos: o inquérito, a entrevista e a observação de aulas. Como resultado, é possível incorporar um grupo de fatores condicionantes para melhorar a Educação Física.

Abstract Physical Education is one of the disciplines of the curriculum that generates more confusion in students of the Preschool Education career of the University of Pinar del Río, because this career has as its objective the integral educational attention to early childhood, so they teach all the areas of the curriculum in children's institutions, such is the case of Physical Education. This discipline belongs to the general formation cycle, it is located in the first and second year of the career and later in the third and fourth year within the particular didactics, they receive the Physical Education and its didactics, those responsible for its direction, given the existing imprecision at present, which contributes to its inadequate conception in the pedagogic practice needs to achieve a new culture of learning of the Physical Education with the purpose of offering to the future educator a panoramic vision of his own task in his work performance, so that it satisfies the social demands. The situation previously exposed reveals the need to develop the present work that has as objective to propose conditioners for the Physical Education in the Preschool Education career. Based on the dialectical materialist method, theoretical methods are used: the historical-logical, the modeling, the systemic-structural-functional; as well as the empirical methods, the survey, the interview and the observation to classes. As a result, it is possible to incorporate a group of conditioning factors to improve Physical Education.

Resumen La Educación Física constituye una de las disciplinas del currículo que mayor nivel de confusión genera en estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Prescolar de la Universidad de Pinar del Río, dado que esta carrera tiene como objeto de su profesión, al culminar sus estudios, la atención educativa integral a la primera infancia, por lo que imparten todas las áreas del currículo en las instituciones infantiles; tal es el caso de la Educación Física. Esta disciplina pertenece al ciclo de formación general, es ubicada en el primer y segundo año de la carrera y, posteriormente, en el tercer y cuarto año, dentro de las didácticas particulares, reciben la Educación Física y su didáctica. Los responsables de su dirección, dada las imprecisiones existentes en la actualidad que contribuyen a su inadecuada concepción en la práctica pedagógica, necesitan lograr una nueva cultura del aprendizaje de la Educación Física, con la finalidad de brindar al futuro educador una visión panorámica de su propio quehacer en su desempeño laboral, de modo que satisfaga las exigencias sociales. La situación antes expuesta revela la necesidad de desarrollar el presente trabajo que tiene como objetivo: proponer condicionantes para la Educación Física, en la carrera de Educación Prescolar. Sustentado en el método dialéctico-materialista, se emplean métodos teóricos: el histórico-lógico, la modelación, el sistémico-estructural-funcional, así como los métodos empíricos: la encuesta, la entrevista y la observación a clases. Como resultado se logra incorporar un grupo de condicionantes para mejorar la Educación Física.

OBJECTIVES: Although a large number of studies have shown brain volumetric differences between men and women, only a few investigations have analyzed brain tissue volumes in representative samples of the general elderly population. We investigated differences in gray matter (GM) volumes, white matter (WM) volumes, and intracranial volumes (ICVs) between the sexes in individuals older than 66 years using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Using FreeSurfer version 5.3, we obtained the ICVs and GM and WM volumes from the MRI datasets of 84 men and 92 women. To correct for interindividual variations in ICV, GM and WM volumes were adjusted with a method using the residuals of a least-square-derived linear regression between raw volumes and ICVs. We then performed an analysis of covariance comparing men and women, including age and years of schooling as confounding factors. RESULTS: Women had a lower socioeconomic status overall and fewer years of schooling than men. The comparison of unadjusted brain volumes showed larger GM and WM volumes in men. After the ICV correction, the adjusted volumes of GM and WM were larger in women. CONCLUSION: After the ICV correction and taking into account differences in socioeconomic status and years of schooling, our results confirm previous findings of proportionally larger GM in women, as well as larger WM volumes. These results in an elderly population indicate that brain volumetric differences between sexes persist throughout the aging process. Additional studies combining MRI and other biomarkers to identify the hormonal and molecular bases influencing such differences are warranted.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Package leaflets of medicines need to be intelligible, but tools for their evaluation are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To validate a new tool for assessing subjects’ satisfaction with medicine package leaflets (LiS-RPL). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in two regions of Portugal (Lisbon and Centre). METHODS: 503 participants (53.1% male) were selected according to convenience and homogenously distributed into three groups: 1 to 6; 7 to 12; and > 12 years of schooling. LiS-RPL was developed based on international regulation guidelines and was initially composed of 14 items. Twelve package leaflets were tested. Dimensionality calculations included: exploratory factor analysis and minimum rank factor analysis; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index and Bartlett’s sphericity test to assess matrix adequacy for exploratory factor analysis; exploratory bifactor analysis with Schmid-Leiman solution to detect possible existence of a broad second-order factor; and Bentler’s Simplicity Index and Loading Simplicity Index to assess factor simplicity. Diverse coefficients were calculated to assess reliability. RESULTS: Minimum rank factor analysis detected a two-factor or single-factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis with 12 items showed a two-factor structure, explaining 69.11% of the variance. These items were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.80). Schmid-Leiman: all items seemed to represent the general factor (loadings above 0.50), which was 76.4% of the extracted variance. Simplicity indices were good (percentile 99): Bentler’s Simplicity Index of 0.99 and Loading Simplicity Index of 0.48. Internal consistency indexes indicated good reliability. LiS-RPL was shown to be homogenous. CONCLUSION: LiS-RPL is a validated tool for evaluating subjects’ satisfaction with medicine package leaflets.

RESUMO Síndrome de Alice no País das Maravilhas (SAPM) é uma condição paroxística visual perceptiva e somestésica que pode ser encontrada em pacientes com enxaqueca, epilepsia, doença cerebrovascular ou infecções. A condição é relativamente rara e tem características alucinatórias peculiares. Objetivo: Discutir as potenciais vias envolvidas na SAPM. O interesse pelo assunto surgiu com um caso de nosso serviço, onde a distropsia da imagem corporal foi relatada pela paciente, que via isto em seu filho. Métodos: Os autores revisaram e discutiram a literatura médica de casos relatados de SAPM, possíveis vias anatômicas envolvidas e estudos de imagem funcional. Resultados: Uma complexa rede neural incluindo junção temporoparietal direita, córtex somatossensitivo secundário, córtex pré-motor, região posterior da ínsula direita, e regiões do córtex visual primário e extra-estriatal têm diferentes graus de envolvimento na SAPM. Conclusão: SAPM é uma condição complexa que tipicamente foi descrita apenas com casos isolados ou séries de casos.

ABSTRACT Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a paroxysmal, perceptual, visual and somesthetic disorder that can be found in patients with migraine, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease or infections. The condition is relatively rare and unique in its hallucinatory characteristics. Objective: To discuss the potential pathways involved in AIWS. Interest in this subject arose from a patient seen at our service, in which dysmetropsia of body image was reported by the patient, when she saw it in her son. Methods: We reviewed and discussed the medical literature on reported patients with AIWS, possible anatomical pathways involved and functional imaging studies. Results: A complex neural network including the right temporoparietal junction, secondary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, right posterior insula, and primary and extrastriate visual cortical regions seem to be involved in AIWS to varying degrees. Conclusions: AIWS is a very complex condition that typically has been described as isolated cases or series of cases.

Abstract The present study had the main goal of testing a mediation model of expression of feelings and sexual satisfaction via sexual self-disclosure, trying to understand if the process of sexual self-disclosure is a significant mediator variable of the association between expression of feelings and sexual satisfaction. The sample of this study comprised by 564 cisgender, heterosexual participants (370 women, 65.60%), who were in a dyadic and exclusive relationship of commitment. Two models were tested: a simple mediation model and a moderate mediation model in which the objective is to test the influence of gender on the of mediation. Overall, results showed that men and women had similar mean values for sexual self-disclosure and sexual satisfaction, however, a significantly higher expression of feelings was found in women compared to men. The results demonstrated that expression of feelings was a significant predictor variable of sexual satisfaction and that sexual self-disclosure is partially a mediator variable of the tested model. Gender did not moderate the association between expression of feelings and sexual self-disclosure. The present study shows that expression of feelings and sexual self-disclosure are important aspects of sexual satisfaction in both genders.

Resumo O objetivo de deste estudo foi testar um modelo de mediação da expressão de sentimentos e a satisfação sexual via autorrevelação, enquanto processo, é uma variável mediadora significativa da associação entre a expressão de sentimentos e a satisfação sexual. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 564 participantes (370 mulheres, 65,60%), cisgénero, heterossexuais, numa relação diádica de exclusividade e compromisso. Foram testados dois modelos: um modelo de mediação simples e um modelo de mediação moderada, sendo este último usado para testa a influência do género no modelo de mediação. Os resultados demonstraram que, globalmente, homens e mulheres apresentaram valores médios idênticos na autorrevelação sexual e satisfação sexual; se contudo, na expressão de sentimentos, as mulheres apresentaram valores significativamente superiores. A expressão de sentimentos revelou-se uma variável preditora significativa da satisfação sexual e a autorrevelação sexual como uma variável parcialmente mediadora do modelo. No entanto, o género não modera a expressão de sentimentos e a autorrevelação. O presente estudo demonstra que a expressão de sentimentos e a autorrevelação sexual são importantes aspetos da satisfação sexual de ambos os géneros.

Este estudo apresenta o processo de desenvolvimento e os estudos psicométricos iniciais da Escala das Dimensões do Desenvolvimento Identitário (DIDS), um instrumento que avalia os processos de desenvolvimento da identidade. Participaram no estudo 403 indivíduos (15-29 anos), que responderam a um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, à DIDS e ao Inventário da Sintomatologia Psicológica (ISP). Foram analisadas as características psicométricas da DIDS. Para o estudo da validade de construto foi realizada uma análise fatorial confirmatória. As validades convergente e discriminante foram analisadas através: da Variância Extraída Média (VEM); da comparação dos valores de VEM com os valores de correlação ao quadrado entre os fatores; e das correlações entre os processos de desenvolvimento da identidade e o ISP. A DIDS apresentou índices satisfatórios de fiabilidade compósita e consistência interna e a estrutura fatorial proposta foi confirmada. Os resultados sugerem que o instrumento poderia tornar-se mais fiável com o aumento do número de itens em alguns fatores e a eliminação de alguns itens existentes. No entanto, a DIDS é um instrumento passível de ser usado na medição do desenvolvimento identitário em adolescentes e adultos emergentes portugueses.

This paper presents the development process and the initial psychometric studies of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), an instrument for assessing identity development processes. The study involved 403 participants (ages ranging from 15 to 29 years) who answered the DIDS, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a questionnaire about socio-demographic information. We analyzed the psychometric properties of DIDS. We conducted a confirmatory factorial analysis to study the construct validity. Convergent and discriminant validity were analyzed through: the Average Variance Extracted (AVE); the comparison between the VEM values with the value of the correlation to square between the factors; and the correlations between the BSI and the identity processes. The Portuguese version of DIDS showed acceptable composite reliability, internal consistency, and the proposed factorial structure was confirmed. The results suggest that DIDS would be more reliable by increasing of the number of items in some factors and eliminating some existing items. However, DIDS is an instrument that can be used to measure identity development processes among Portuguese adolescents and emerging adults.

ABSTRACT: The Itatiaia Alkaline Massif comprises some of the largest meso-cenozoic alkaline igneous occurrences in Brazil, covering over 215 km2 between the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It appears as an elongated, 30-km long and 4.5-11.5-km wide SE-NW-trending body emplaced along accommodation zones of the Continental Rift of Southern Brazil, intruding metapelites, orthogneiss and granites of the Brasília and Ribeira fold belts. New data and geological mapping suggest that the massif evolved from a migratory magmatic center manifested as ring structures and successive moon-shaped intrusions from SE to NW in three sectors of distinct lithological and geomorphological characteristics: Southeastern, Central and Northwestern. The lithological variants in the three sectors present themselves as discrete intrusive bodies, comprising feldspathoid-bearing and quartz-bearing syenites, porphyritic to breccioid trachytes, granite, monzonite, gabbro and trachybasalt, which can be grouped into 21 units. These rocks occur in five petrographical sets: plagioclase-free nepheline syenites, plagioclase-bearing nepheline syenite and pulaskites, nordmarkite-granite series, anti-rapakivi associations and basic rocks. Sin- to tardi-plutonic dykes of nephelinites, phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites are also present.

A atenção e a memória de trabalho são funções cognitivas básicas humanas. Uma resposta comportamental adequada, face a um ambiente em constante mudança, depende da integridade destas funções. Quando estas funções estão comprometidas, a aplicação de ambientes de realidade virtual (ARV) pode ser uma técnica valida para avaliação e reabilitação dessas capacidades. No entanto, a maioria dos ARV regista medidas indiretas para fazer inferências sobre os processos atencionais e mnésicos (e.g., tempo para a conclusão da tarefa, taxa de erros). O eye tracking (ET) pode contornar algumas limitações das medidas comportamentais, visto permitir avaliar onde ocorre foco atencional e como se desloca. Foram registados os movimentos oculares de 39 estudantes universitários (25 mulheres; n= 64%), com 1 média de idades de 29,8 anos (DP = 12,2) durante duas tarefas de pesquisa visual comparativa aleatórias, fazendo parte de um conjunto de tarefas cognitivas da Systemic Lisbon Battery (SLB), uma ARV concebida para avaliar défices cognitivos. A duração total da fixação ocular, o número de visitas nas áreas de interesse, bem como o tempo total de execução variariam em função dos grupos com diferentes scores no Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Os resultados mostram que a aplicação destas tarefas, presentes na SLB, quando combinadas com ET, é um método confiável e não intrusivo para avaliar capacidades cognitivas em indivíduos saudáveis e com potencial uso em amostras clínicas.

Attention and working memory are basic human cognitive abilities. An adequate behavioral response, due to constant changes in the environment, depends on the integrity of these abilities. When these cognitive functions are impaired, the use of virtual reality applications (VRAs) can be a reliable technique for assessing and rehabilitating these cognitive processes. However, most VRAs use indirect measures to make inferences about visual attention and mnesic processes (e.g., time to task completion, error rate). The eye tracking (ET)can offer a better alternative to probe more directly where and how attention is deployed. The eye movements of 39 healthy participants (25 Female; n= 64%), with an age average of 29,8 years old (SD= 12.2), were continuously recorded while two comparative visual search tasks, as part of a set of cognitive tasks in the Systemic Lisbon Battery (SLB), a VRA designed to assess of cognitive impairments were randomly presented. The total fixation duration, the number of visits in the areas of interest, along with the otal execution time were significantly different as a function of the Mini Mental State Examination scores. The present study demonstrates that the “spot the differences” tasks in SLB, when combined with ET, can be reliable and unobtrusive method for assessing cognitive abilities in healthy individuals with a relevant potential use in clinical samples.