Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of a diet formulated with industrial amino acids and a commercial vitamin-mineral mixture on the characteristics of carcass and meat cuts of slow-growing broilers slaughtered at different ages. The experiment involved 600 one-day-old male and female white Naked Neck chicks. The chicks were allotted randomly to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of two diets and three slaughter ages, in a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates of 20 birds each. The experimental period was 84 days. Six chicks were selected and slaughtered on the first day, and then at 56, 70 and 84 days of age 10 birds unit was selected and slaughtered per experimental period. Weight and yield of carcass, abdominal fat and breast, thigh and drumstick meat were determined. Additionally, moisture, protein, fat and mineral matter contents and protein and fat deposition in the breast, drumstick and thigh muscles were determined. The diet did not influence the yields of carcass, abdominal fat, or meat cuts or the nutritional composition of meat. Slaughter age influenced the yields of breast and thigh meat and abdominal fat; the protein content of breast meat; and the moisture, crude protein, fat, and mineral matter contents of drumstick and thigh meat. There was an interaction effect between diet and slaughter age for protein deposition in breast meat. The age factor influenced fat deposition in the drumstick muscles. Protein deposition in the thigh muscles was influenced by the diet. Moreover, a difference was observed between the ages for protein and fat deposition in the thigh muscle. In conclusion, the use of a commercial mixture in the diet results in decreased protein deposition in the breast and thigh muscles, although this difference does not affect the characteristics of carcass or meat cuts. Birds slaughtered at 70 days exhibit similar carcass characteristics to those of birds slaughtered at 84 days, indicating the possibility of an earlier slaughter age.

Resumo Investigamos de que modo problematizações podem emergir de uma prática pedagógica decolonial que utiliza memes misóginos e a reflexão matemática sobre questões de gênero, com recursos digitais, em uma aula de matemática do 1° ano do Ensino Médio. Partimos da concepção de gênero como uma forma de colonialidade. Nessa perspectiva, vamos ao encontro da decolonialidade que atua para desestabilizar a ideia colonial, percebendo a concepção de gênero pela necessidade de se questionar os padrões eurocêntricos. Assim, nesse estudo, o grupo de participantes resolveu atividades com memes e com Google Trends, discutindo aspectos relativos à concepção de gênero, principalmente, pela matemática. Buscamos, sob uma abordagem qualitativa, investigar por meio da matemática com Tecnologias Digitais (TD) uma prática que venha problematizar a concepção de gênero, promovendo a consciência de valores e dos direitos humanos. Nesse artigo, apresentamos um recorte da prática, a qual foi protagonizada por um grupo de estudantes. A problematização começou a ser constatada em um primeiro momento de atividades, pois a imagem que um aluno tinha da mulher continha traços da colonialidade, ou seja, traços de inferiorização, subalternização e invisibilidade da mulher. Mas, no decorrer da pesquisa, esse mesmo aluno demonstrou resistência à colonialidade, questionando, problematizando os padrões de beleza e comportamento feminino impostos pela sociedade. Por meio das práticas de propor um ambiente de discussão com memes e análise crítica dos gráficos gerados pelo Google Trends, as problematizações da concepção de gênero foram efetuadas de modo a tornarem-se potencializadas pela matemática com TD.

Abstract This research aims to investigate how problematizations can emerge from decolonial practice that uses misogynistic memes and mathematical reflection on gender issues with digital resources, in a mathematics class in the 1st year of high school. We apply theoretical lens which discuss the conception of gender as one of the faces of coloniality. In this perspective, we are going to meet the decoloniality that acts to destabilize the colonial idea, realizing the conception of gender by the need to question the Eurocentric standards. Thus, in this study, the participants solved activities with memes and Google Trends, in order to discuss aspects related to the conception of gender, mainly by mathematics. We seek to investigate under a qualitative approach the education in the research itself, through mathematics with Digital Technologies (DT), in order to understand possible practices that can problematize the conception of gender, so that awareness of values and human rights is promulgated from mathematics classes. In this article, we present the problematization regarding the understanding of gender conception in a section of the practice, which was carried out by a student group. The problematization was firstly considered during an activity, the image that one male student had of women contained traces of coloniality, that is, traces of inferiority, subordination and invisibility of women, on the part of men. However, during the research, this same student demonstrated resistance to coloniality, questioning, problematizing the standards of beauty and female behaviour imposed by society, through the practices of proposing discussion environments with memes and critical analysis of the graphics generated by Google Trends. Thus, the problematizations of the gender concept were took into consideration to become potentiated by mathematics with DT.

Abstract To examine the association between phytase and xylanase in diets with nutritional adjustments on intestinal morphometry, serum biochemistry and microbiology of broilers, 250 broilers were evaluated in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates. The following treatments were tested: positive control diet - without phytase or xylanase; negative control diet - with an energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg, without phytase or xylanase; and three diets containing xylanase and phytase and energy reductions of 50, 100 and 150 Kcal/kg. For all energy-reduced diets, the nutritional matrix of phytase with phosphorus (0.15%), calcium (0.165%) and sodium (0.035%) was considered. An effect of the association between enzyme inclusion and metabolizable energy reduction in the diets was observed only by contrast analysis, for villus height. Intestinal health was not changed. Only the serum phosphorus concentration was altered by the treatments at the different evaluated ages. The association of phytase (500 FTU/kg) with xylanase (16000 BXU/kg) in diets with reductions of up to 150 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 0.15% digestible P, 0.165% Ca and 0.035% Na does not alter the intestinal morphometry, serum biochemistry or microbiology of broilers.

Resumo Essa pesquisa objetivou investigar como professores em Cyberformação mobile estabelecem conexões matemáticas entre os pares. Para tanto foi proporcionado uma formação baseada na concepção de Cyberformação com professores de matemática (ROSA, 2015), a qual considera as Tecnologias Digitais (TD) no contexto da Educação Matemática como partícipes do movimento de produção do conhecimento. Além disso, no caso da Cyberformação mobile, esse movimento de produção do conhecimento é suscitado, propositalmente, de maneira “informal” por meio do smartphone, em consonância com as redes sociais. Nesse sentido, foram disponibilizados smartphones para o acesso móvel a essas plataformas online, enquanto os participantes encontravam-se dispersos geograficamente. Sob esse viés, entendemos o “ser/participante” sendo/estando conectado a um dispositivo móvel e isso nos enlaça à corporeidade desses participantes na perspectiva de Merleau-Ponty (2011), apontando como resultado que os professores estabelecem conexões matemáticas entre os pares, plugados hipertextualmente de forma ubíqua. Essa perspectiva sugere o ato de formar-se com TD que acontece a todo o momento e em todo lugar, de forma que o recurso tecnológico se torna parte de nós, ampliando/potencializando as conexões matemáticas feitas de forma compartilhada.

Abstract This research aimed to investigate how teachers in Mobile Cybereducation establish mathematical connections between peers. In order to do so, it was provided an education course based on the conception of Cybereducation with mathematics teachers (ROSA, 2015), which considers Digital Technologies (DT) in the context of Mathematics Education as participants in the knowledge production movement. In addition, regarding Mobile Cybereducation, this knowledge production movement is purposely raised in an informal manner through the smartphone, in line with social networks. In this sense, smartphones were made available for mobile access to these online platforms, while the participants were dispersed geographically. Under this bias, we understand the “being/participant” connected to a mobile device and this links us to the corporeity of these participants in the Merleau-Ponty (2011) perspective, pointing out as a result that teachers establish mathematical connections between peers hyper-textually plugged in a ubiquitously way. This perspective suggests the act of education with DT that happens all the time and everywhere, so that the technological resource becomes part of us, expanding/potentializing the mathematical connections made in a shared way.

Multiparticulate systems have biopharmaceutical advantages when compared to the monolithic systems, once they allow different patterns of drug release and can be used in different treatments. The aim of the present work was to develop a biphasic controlled release delivery system, using propranolol hydrochloride (PROP) that can be used for the treatment of circadian diseases. This system was obtained by the combination of cellulosic polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and ethylcellulose (EC) in a 2² factorial experimental design, which allowed the optimization of the development stage. The pellets produced and used in biphasic formulations were evaluated for physical and chemical characteristics and presented acceptable results. The immediate fraction obtained showed the complete release in 30 min while the others kept the release of the drug for 24 h. This study showed that the combination of beads with different releasing characteristics allowed to obtain different release profiles, which can be modulated according to the pathological needs, especially with regard to circadian diseases that suffer alterations throughout the day.

As aderências pulmonares em cães são sequelas comuns após trauma penetrante, fratura costal, infecção, intervenção cirúrgica, entre outras que prejudicam eventuais intervenções ou reintervenções. Neste estudo, pretendeu-se verificar, em cães, a eficiência da solução de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) 0,9%, adicionada ou não com dexametasona, na prevenção de aderências após toracotomia intercostal. Para isso, foram utilizados três cães, em estudo piloto, e 15 cães, separados em três grupos (A, B, C), submetidos a toracotomia no quinto espaço intercostal esquerdo. Nos cães do grupo A, foi feita somente a toracotomia e a toracorrafia; nos do grupo B, foram realizadas a toracotomia e a toracorrafia e injeção na cavidade pleural ipsolateral de 1mg kg-1 de dexametasona, diluída em 10ml de NaCl a 0,9%. Nos do grupo C, além da toracotomia e toracorrafia, foram injetados no tórax 10ml kg-1 de solução de NaCl a 0,9%. Após 15 dias, foi efetuada videotoracoscopia transdiafragmática para se determinar a presença e o escore de aderências entre o pulmão e a parede costal. Os resultados demonstraram presença de aderências na maioria dos animais do grupo A e reduzida a nenhuma aderência nos demais grupos. Na avaliação estatística, foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. O uso de solução de NaCl a 0,9% adicionada ou não com dexametasona no espaço pleural evita ou reduz aderências pulmonares após a toracotomia intercostal.

Pulmonary adhesions in dogs are a common sequel after surgical intervention, undermining any interventions. This study aimed to determine in dogs, the efficacy of sodium chloride solution 0.9% with or without dexamethasone in order to prevent adhesions after intercostal thoracotomy. Fifteen dogs were separated into three groups of five animals, A, B and C and underwent thoracotomy in the fifth left intercostal space. Three other dogs were submitted to a previous study. In the dogs of Group A it was performed only a thoracotomy and thoracorraphy; in group B, it was performed a thoracotomy, thoracorraphy and injection into the pleural cavity of isotonic sodium chloride (10ml) and dexamethasone (1mg kg-1). In the dogs of the group C, it was performed the thoracotomy thoracorraphy and injected isotonic sodium chloride (10ml kg-1) into the pleural cavity. After 15 days of thoracotomy, it was performed transdiaphragmatic thoracocospy to determine the presence and score of adhesions between the lung and chest wall. The results demonstrated the presence of adhesions in the majority of group A and reduced or no adhesions in the other groups. For statistical evaluation, it was pplied the chi-square test with significance level of 5% (P≤0.05). The sodium chloride solution 0.9% with or without dexamethasone in the pleural space prevented or reduced lung adhesions after intercostal thoracotomy.

Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is an aromatic plant originating from European and African continents whose essential oil possesses anti-inflammatory and inhibitory activity against bacteria, besides the large use as food additive. However, there is a lack of information regarding to the photochemical stability of the essential oil and its degradability. Thus, this study aimed to obtain information about the photodegradation profile of marjoram essential oil, since this is a very important factor for the storage and preservation of the product. As results, 2-undecanone and p-diisopropyl-benzene were identified as the main products of essential oil photodegradation. It may be an important information for future quality control protocols, since these substances are not found in fresh essential oil. www.relaquim.com

Mejorana (Origanum majorana L.) es una planta aromática procedente de los continentes europeos y africanos cuyo aceite esencial posee actividad anti-inflamatoria, anestésico y inhibitoria contra bacterias, además de la utilización a gran como aditivo alimentario. Sin embargo, hay una falta de información con respecto a la estabilidad fotoquímica de los aceites esenciales y su degradabilidad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener información sobre el perfil de la fotodegradación de aceite esencial de mejorana, ya que este es un factor muy importante para el almacenamiento y la conservación del producto. Como resultados, 2-un-decanona y diisopropil-benceno son los principales productos de fotodegradación de lo aceite esencial. Puede ser información importante para futuros protocolos de control de calidad, ya que estas sustancias no se encuentran en el aceite esencial fresco. www.relaquim.com

Este artigo evidencia aspectos do Role Playing Game (RPG), jogo de representação de personagens, que o tornam um importante procedimento de investigação em termos de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Educação (no caso, Educação Matemática) a Distância. Esse jogo foi adotado em uma pesquisa (ROSA, 2008) que estudou as relações estabelecidas entre a construção de identidades online e o ensino e a aprendizagem do conceito de Integral Definida (conceito do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral) em um curso a distância. Assim, a partir dessa investigação que utilizou o RPG jogado a distância, via chat, como procedimento de coleta de dados, discutimos a inserção desse jogo como procedimento metodológico de pesquisa em Educação Matemática a Distância e caracterizamos como esse processo liga-se a questões referentes à Pesquisa Qualitativa nesse novo cenário: o ciberespaço. Logo, assumimos que adotar o RPG como procedimento de pesquisa favorece tanto o pesquisador, quanto os sujeitos investigados, em termos de mostrarem-se como "diferentes" mesmo sendo "os mesmos" (ROSA, 2008) e isso potencializa a produção do conhecimento matemático, bem como a análise das ações e possibilidades educacionais vislumbradas pelo ser online que se apresenta no ambiente natural apresentado. Também apontamos a adoção do RPG como fator que impele e amplia a concepção pós-estruturalista de Educação que, em ambientes virtuais, cada vez mais, vem destacando e estabelecendo uma amplitude de investigação que transforma esse espaço imaginativo e surpreendente em um ambiente natural de pesquisa.

This article highlights aspects of the Role Playing Game (RPG), which make an important procedure in terms of research on Qualitative Research in Distance Education (in this case, Mathematics Education). This game was used in a research (ROSA, 2008) that studied the relations between the construction of online identities and teaching and learning of the concept of Definite Integral (concept of Differential and Integral Calculus) in a distance course. Thus, from this investigation that used the RPG (which was played from distance, through chat) as the procedure of data collection, we discuss the inclusion of this game as a methodological procedure of research in Distance Mathematics Education and we characterize how this process connects to Qualitative Research issues in this new scenario: cyberspace. Therefore, we assume that to adopt the RPG as a research procedure favors both the researcher and the subjects investigated in terms of showing themselves as "different" even though "the same" (ROSA, 2008) and this enhances the production of mathematical knowledge as well as the analysis of actions and educational possibilities glimpsed by being online that presents itself in the natural environment presented. Also, we point to the adoption of the RPG as a factor that pushes and extends the poststructuralist conception of education which, in virtual environments, are increasingly emphasizing and establishing a range of research that makes this amazing and imaginative space a natural environment research.

O objetivo deste trabalho é salientar uma alternativa eficaz no tratamento da ruptura dos ligamentos cruzados cranial e caudal de cães, sem associação de imobilização externa. Foram atendidos seis animais portadores de ruptura de ambos os ligamentos cruzados. Optou-se pela correção cirúrgica intracapsular, utilizando-se dois implantes sintéticos de polipropileno, para a estabilização da articulação. Os pacientes retornaram ao apoio completo do membro em 11,8±3,5 dias e não mantiveram instabilidade articular, após 0, 30 e 90 dias de avaliação clínica pós-operatória. Aos 90 dias após a cirurgia, não se percebeu claudicação nos pacientes avaliados. Concluiu-se que a técnica utilizada promoveu total estabilidade articular na ausência dos ligamentos cruzados cranial e caudal.

The objective of this study is to point out an effective alternative in the treatment of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments rupture in dogs, with no association of external immobilization. Six dogs with rupture of both cruciate ligaments were included in the present study. Stifle joint was surgically stabilized by an intracapsular technique, using two polypropylene synthetic implants. The animals returned to full member support in 11.8±3.5 days and did not sustain any joint instability degree after 0, 30 and 90 days of clinical evaluation after surgery. At 90 days after surgery, it became apparent lameness in any of the six patients. It was concluded that the technique employed caused total joint stability in the absence of caudal and cranial cruciate ligaments.

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado (LC) é uma enfermidade diagnosticada em grande parte dos cães com problemas articulares, sendo a causa mais comum de afecção articular degenerativa da articulação do joelho. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar clinicamente a ação da malha de polipropileno como único substituto do LC cranial e caudal de cães, ressaltando particularidades da técnica aqui proposta. Foram utilizados 20 cães, submetidos à desmotomia unilateral dos LC cranial e caudal. Vinte e um dias após a ruptura, todos foram tratados cirurgicamente pela técnica de redução aberta, com o implante de polipropileno substituindo apenas o LC cranial. A técnica proposta demonstrou rápida execução e pouca dissecação de tecidos moles, retorno precoce à deambulação, resistência adequada do implante sem associação de imobilização externa e ausência de reação articular até os 90 dias de pós-operatório.

The ligament rupture (LC) is an illness diagnosed in most dogs with joint problems, and the most common cause of degenerative joint disease of the knee joint. This study aimed to evaluate clinically the action of a polypropylene mesh as the only substitute for cranial cruciate ligament and flow of dogs, highlighting features of the technique proposed here. It was used 20 dogs which underwent unilateral desmotomy cranial and caudal LC. Twenty-one days after the desmotomy, all were treated surgically by the technique of open reduction, with implantation of polypropylene replacing only the cranial LC. The proposed technique has shown rapid implementation and low soft tissue dissection, early return to ambulation, adequate strength of the implant without associated external immobilization and absence of articular reaction until 90 days after surgery.

Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas células mononucleares provenientes da medula óssea (MO) de ratos para implantação em discos intervertebrais, a fim de estudar a sua participação em possível regeneração tecidual. Essas células foram obtidas por centrifugação, em gradiente de Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS, e cultivadas em frascos apropriados, por um período de 14 dias. Em etapa posterior, foram submetidas à marcação celular, em que foi utilizado o marcador citoplasmático CM-Dil, seguida de implantação em discos intervertebrais de ratos, em um sistema de cultivo in vitro. Foram feitas avaliações diárias dos discos com utilização de um microscópio de fluorescência, sendo constatadas alterações morfológicas com um formato alongado semelhante a células que originalmente compõem o anel fibroso. O exame histopatológico revelou a presença de células mononucleares entremeadas em fibras de colágeno. As alterações morfológicas das células e a presença de células viáveis são indícios de que essas células se integraram e proliferaram no disco intervertebral, interagindo com o microambiente deste, assumindo inclusive características semelhantes às apresentadas por células-tronco mesenquimais.

In this study, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) derived from rats were used in order to promote intervertebral disc regeneration. These cells were isolated after centrifugation in a Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS density gradient and then placed in plastic dishes to proliferate during a period of 14 days. The BM-MNCs were previously labeled with the fluorescent membrane marker Chloromethyl-benzamidodialkylcarbocyanine (CM-DIL), and thereafter were implanted in rats' intervertebral discs explants as an in vitro experimental model. Daily analyses of the cells under a fluorescence microscope revealed morphological changes, which assumed a thin and elongated shape similar to cells that originally form the annulus fibroses. Histopathological analysis demonstrated the presence of mononuclear cells interspersed within collagen fibers. The presence of viable cells, in which were found morphological changes and their disposal in the same pattern of the layers that originate the annulus fibrosus, is an indicator that they engrafted and proliferated on the intervertebral disc. Therefore, morphological changes presented by these cells indicate that they presented mesenchymal stem-like cell characteristics.

Este artigo trata da avaliação como um aspecto bastante relevante para a educação em geral, que também deve ser pensado e discutido frente à Educação a Distância (EAD). Assim, a partir de nossa experiência como professores e tendo por contexto um curso realizado totalmente à distância, analisamos algumas interações ocorridas ao longo do curso, que foi desenvolvido tendo como norte a teoria educacional construcionista. Valemo-nos também desta teoria para elaborar nossas idéias a respeito do caráter da avaliação frente a uma concepção formativa, em um ambiente de EAD, o qual valorizou todos os tipos de interação. Então, aliamos o Construcionismo<A NAME="top1"></A><A HREF="#back1">1</A> à Avaliação Formativa que visa ao aperfeiçoamento do processo de aprendizagem do aluno em vez de buscar medir o que este aprendeu.

This paper presents the assessment as an aspect, sufficiently important for the education in general, that also it must be thought and be discuss in front of the Distance Education. Thus, from our experience as professors and having for context a course fulfilled totally at distance, we analyzed some interactions that occurred during the course, which was developed having as north the constructionist educational theory. We also used this theory to elaborate our ideas regarding the character of the evaluation front of a formative conception, in an environment of Distance Education, which valued all the types of interaction. Then, we united the Constructionism with the Formative Evaluation, which aims to perfect the learning process of the pupil instead of measure what this learned.

Este artículo trata de la evaluación como un aspecto muy destacado en la educación, y que debe ser discutido en el marco de la Educación a Distancia (EaD). Luego, con base en nuestra experiencia como docentes y en el marco de un curso realizado totalmente a distancia, investigamos algunas interacciones ocurridas a lo largo del curso que se desarrolló teniendo en cuenta la teoría educacional Construccionista. Empleamos también esta teoría al elaborar nuestras ideas respecto al carácter de la evaluación frente a una concepción formativa, en un ambiente de EaD, en el que se valoro a todo tipo de interacciones. De hecho, unimos el Construccionismo a la Evaluación Formativa buscando el mejor desarrollo del proceso de aprendizaje en lugar de buscar una medida de aquello que un alumno pueda haber aprendido.

OBJETIVOS: quantificar o sub-registro e avaliar a qualidade das informações dos óbitos infantis em Blumenau, durante o ano de 1998. MÉTODOS: foram obtidas informações de 125 óbitos registrados nos cartórios de registro civil e de outros 12 óbitos junto aos hospitais de Blumenau. Preencheu-se uma Declaração de Óbito Nova (DO Nova) para comparação com cada Declaração de Óbito Original (DO Original), com base nas informações dos prontuários hospitalares. Foram comparados os novos coeficientes de mortalidade infantil e sub-componentes com os originais e determinada a concordância entre variáveis. RESULTADOS: observou-se um sub-registro de 8,8% de óbitos, verificando-se que: os coeficientes oficiais são Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil 16,7; Coeficiente de Mortalidade Perinatal 21,0; Coeficiente de Mortalidade Neonatal 12,8; Coeficiente de Mortalidade Pós-neonatal 3,9; e os novos são 18,0; 23,0; 13,8; e 4,1 respectivamente. As variáveis sócio-demográficas dos óbitos fetais e não fetais são mal preenchidas tanto na DO Original como nos prontuários médicos. No geral, as DO Originais de óbitos fetais são pior preenchidas que as de óbitos não fetais. O índice Kappa entre as DOs Originais e Novas para causas perinatais e malformações congênitas foi de 0,73 e 0,80, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: apesar do sub-registro e da insatisfatória qualidade das informações sócio-demográficas dos óbitos infantis, as causas podem ser utilizadas para planejamento em saúde em vista da boa concordância observada.

OBJECTIVES: to quantify inaccurate and missing information and to assess the quality of data related to infant deaths in Blumenau during the year of 1998. METHODS: information was obtained on 125 deaths entered in the civil registration records and of 12 other deaths from hospitals in Blumenau. A new Death Certificate was filled (New DC) for comparison with each original Death Certificate (Original DC) based on hospital records information. New coefficients of child mortality and underlying causes were compared with the original information and the consistency between variables was determined. RESULTS: an inaccuracy of 8,8% of the death records were demonstrated with the following outcomes: official coefficients are Child Mortality Coefficient 16,7; Perinatal Mortality Coefficient 21,0, Neonatal Mortality Coefficient 3,9, and the new ones depicted, 18,0, 23,1, 13,8 and 4,1 respectively. Social and demographic variables of fetal and non-fetal deaths are poorly reported not only in the Death Certificates but in hospital records as well. In general the Original Death Certificates for fetal deaths are worse than those of non-fetal deaths. The Kappa index between Original Death Certificates and New Death Certificates for perinatal causes and congenital malformations was of 0,73 and 0,80 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: notwithstanding the deficiency of information and unsatisfactory quality of the social and demographic data of infant deaths, the causes could be used for health planning considering their consistency.