ABSTRACT Corn and garlic are important crops to Curitibanos region (state of Santa Catarina – Brazil), often planted in alternate cropping seasons. Production costs are high, especially due to N fertilizer, since they are highly demanding in N. In addition to reducing economic costs, the search for environmentally sustainable technologies has stimulated the study of interactions between plants and growth-promoting microorganisms. Rhizobacteria, e.g., Bacillus sp., have been presenting as growth-promoting microorganisms. Five isolates of garlic rhizosphere from 27 individuals of the Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms group collection were tested on corn under field conditions, comparing to two levels of nitrogen fertilization: 120 and 60 kg ha-1. The Bacillus collection was also evaluated in vitro for phosphate solubilization, production of IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), extracellular enzymes, and inhibition of Sclerotium cepivorum. For plant height and stalk diameter, the inoculation of the EB16 isolate showed similar results to the fertilization with 120 and 60 kg ha-1 of N in corn. Both EB16 and EB02 isolates increased corn ear diameter and the yield was similar to that observed in the treatment with 60 kg ha-1 of N, indicating their potential as growth-promoters. All strains of the collection produced IAA, and most of them solubilized calcium phosphate and produced lipases and urease. Forty-eight percent of the isolates inhibited S. cepivorum. The EB01, EB15, EB17, and EB27 were positive for three of the four mechanisms analyzed. During these evaluations, it was observed that EB02 and EB16 produced equivalent amounts of IAA, suggesting that more than one growth-promoting mechanism is involved in the efficiency of corn development induction.

To describe the self-evaluation of health and the prevalence of chronic diseases among nurses. This cross-sectional study was performed with 240 nurses, who answered a structured questionnaire. Data treatment performed using descriptive statistics and association with the chi-square test. The sample consisted of nurses, mostly women (90.8%), young adults (69.6%), unmarried (55.4%) and with children (53.4%). In the sample, 35.4% reported working more that 40h, 40% worked the night shift, 31.2% had chronic diseases, and 37.1% evaluated their health as being between average and bad. A significant association was obtained between chronic diseases and age above 39 years (p<0.001), and a self-evaluation of health between average and bad (p<0.001). The findings reveal it is necessary to invest in nurses' health care, mainly regarding their living with chronic diseases, which, in turn, will affect the self-evaluation that these professionals make of their own health and of the care that is delivered.

Describir la autoevaluación de salud y la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas entre enfermeros. Estudio transversal, realizado con 240 enfermeros que respondieron cuestionario estructurado. Datos tratados por estadística descriptiva y asociaciones con test de Chi-cuadrado. Muestra compuesta por enfermeros, en su mayoría mujeres (90,8%), adultas jóvenes (69,6%), no casadas (55,4%) y con hijos (53,4%). En la muestra, 35,4% informó trabajar más de 40hs, 40% trabajaba en horario nocturno, 31,2% convivía con enfermedades crónicas y 37,1% evaluaron su salud de razonable a mala. Se obtuvo asociación significativa entre enfermedades crónicas y edad superior a 39 años (p<0,001) y autoevaluación de salud de razonable a mala (p<0,001). Ante tales hallazgos, surge la necesidad de inversiones en atención de salud de los enfermeros, particularmente en lo atinente a la convivencia con enfermedades crónicas, lo cual, por consiguiente, influirá en la autoevaluación de salud de tales profesionales, y en los cuidados brindados.

Descrever a autoavaliação de saúde e a prevalência de doenças crônicas entre enfermeiros. Estudo transversal, realizado com 240 enfermeiros que responderam a questionário estruturado. Fez-se o tratamento dos dados por meio de estatística descritiva e associações com o teste qui-quadrado. A amostra foi composta por enfermeiros, em sua maioria mulheres (90,8%) adultas jovens (69,6%), não casadas (55,4%) e com filhos (53,4%). Na amostra, 35,4% relataram trabalhar mais de 40h, 40% trabalhavam no período noturno, 31,2% conviviam com doenças crônicas e 37,1% avaliaram sua saúde de razoável a ruim. Obteve-se associação significativa entre doenças crônicas, idade superior a 39 anos (p<0,001) e autoavaliação de razoável a ruim sobre a saúde (p<0,001). Diante dos achados, emerge a necessidade de investimentos na assistência à saúde dos enfermeiros, principalmente no que tange ao convívio com doenças crônicas, o que, por conseguinte, influenciará na autoavaliação da saúde desses profissionais e no cuidado prestado.

This study analyzes taphonomic alteration of brachiopod shells, i.e., Bouchardia rosea (Mawe) from Ubatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. The average age of the studied shell deposits is 674 years BP. The underlying hypothesis is that taphonomic signatures are not uniformly distributed along a bathymetric gradient. Assemblages were sampled using a Van Veen grab sampler (31 x 40cm) along transect of fourteen stations from zero (beach) to 35 m water depth. Four sedimentary environments were recognized: (a) beach, (b) protected bay with clay bottom, (c) protected bay with sandy bottom, and (d) inner shelf with sandy bottom. All brachiopod shells (i.e., total fraction including fragments) from each of the five stations with appreciable accumulations (up to 1607 shells) were investigated following a protocol of ten taphonomic signatures. Six of these ten taphonomic signatures (articulation, fragmentation, edge alteration, color alteration, bioerosion, and encrustation) were homogeneously distributed among studied environments, indicating that these general types of taphonomic signatures per se are not sensitive to environmental conditions in this case. On the other hand, shell surface texture varied along the bathymetric gradient, thus showing a high potential to be used in taphofacies analyses. Several examples of taphonomic generalizations available in the literature are neither applicable nor comparable to our results, which further confirm that overgeneralizations should be avoided in taphonomic studies.

En este estudio se analizó la alteración tafonómica del braquiópodo Bouchardia rosea (Mawe), en la bahía de Ubatuba, litoral norte de São Paulo, Brasil. Los depósitos de conchillas de estos braquiópodos registran una edad media de 674 años AP. La hipótesis subyacente al análisis fue que los índices tafonómicos no están uniformemente distribuidos a lo largo del gradiente batimétrico evaluado. Las conchillas se muestrearon mediante una draga puntal tipo Van Veen (31 x 40 cm) a lo largo de un gradiente batimétrico de 0 (playa) a 35 m de profundidad, incluyendo 14 estaciones de muestreo. Se reconocieron cuatro ambientes sedimentarios: (a) playa, (b) bahía protegida de fondo arcilloso, (c) bahía protegida de fondo arenoso, y (d) plataforma interna de fondo arenoso. Los braquiópodos de cada una de las estaciones (incluida la fracción total de fragmentos) fueron investigados siguiendo un protocolo que contiene 10 índices tafonómicos. Seis de estos índices (fragmentación, alteración de borde, alteración del color, bioerosión e incrustación) se distribuyen homogéneamente entre los depósitos de los ambientes estudiados, indicando que estos índices tafonómicos no son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales en este caso. Por otro lado, la textura de la conchilla mostró un alto potencial para la interpretación ambiental, pareciendo útiles como una herramienta de análisis de tafofacies. Varios ejemplos de generalizaciones tafonómicas disponibles en la literatura no son comparables ni aplicables a nuestros resultados, confirmando además que las generalizaciones de las normas y modelos aplicables a todos los casos sin restricción deben evitarse en los estudios tafonómicos.

Renewed interest in conulariids has resulted in clarification of problems in the paleobiology of this group. Discoveries of skeletal structures and specimens preserved in situ, coupled with cladistic analyses, have led to a revival of Kiderlen's (1937) hypothesis that conulariids were polypoid scyphozoans or a sister taxon of this class. Until 1979, research on conulariids centered on the description of new species and on the erection of subgroups using phenetic approaches. Few papers addressed the paleobiology and phylogenetic affinities of conulariids, and none employed cladistics. In contrast, the 1980's saw the publication of major papers on the paleoecology of conulariids, and during this decade the hypothesis that conulariids were benthic organisms was corroborated. Also, new ideas concerning the affinities of conulariids, including the proposal that conulariids represent an extinct phylum, were presented. During the 1990's, the problem of conulariid affinities was widely debated, with authors advocating either that conulariids represent a separate phylum or that they were cnidarians. Near the close of that decade, certain advocates of a cnidarian affinity argued that conulariids were most closely related to Cnidaria. Taphonomic evidence indicates that conulariids were benthic animals originally oriented with their aperture opening upward and that they attached to or were embedded in hard and soft substrates. To understand unresolved problems we recommend that (1) conulariid specialists develop a standard morphological nomenclature based on rigorous definitions; and (2) studies on conulariid paleoecology be carried out using a sequence stratigraphy approach.

El renovado interés en los conuláridos ha dado como resultado la clarificación de los problemas sobre su paleobiología. Descubrimientos sobre la morfología del peridermo y especímenes preservados in situ, juntamente con la aplicación de la teoría cladística en el análisis de afinidades de los conuláridos, contribuyeron a revivir las ideas de Kiderlen (1937), de que los conuláridos fueron afines a los Scyphozoa. Hasta 1979, las investigaciones sobre los conuláridos estuvieron concentradas en la descripción y propuesta de nuevas especies, fundamentadas en criterios fenéticos. Pocos trabajos abarcaron la paleobiología y afinidades filogenéticas de los conuláridos. En los años 80, el enfoque cambió y se publicaron artículos sobre la paleoecología, siendo ampliamente aceptada la hipótesis de que este grupo fue formado por organismos sésiles. En ese período se presentaron ideas sobre sus afinidades evolutivas, incluyendo la propuesta de que los conuláridos representaban un linaje evolutivo independiente. Durante la década de 90, el problema de las afinidades de los conuláridos fue intensamente debatido. En ese período, muchos autores obtuvieron nuevas evidencias que reforzaron conclusivamente la idea de que los conuláridos son afines a los Cnidaria. Evidencias tafonómicas indicaron que los conuláridos fueron organismos bentónicos fijados o anclados al substrato. Sin embargo, varios problemas permanecen aún no resueltos por lo que recomendamos (1) los especialistas en conuláridos deben aclarar los diversos términos morfológicos y (2) la estratigrafía secuencial debe ser integrada a los estudios sobre la paleoecología de los conuláridos.

O treinamento da marcha com carga parcial é comum na prática do fisioterapeuta, entretanto, na área hospitalar, o tempo para esse treinamento é limitado, durando somente o tempo da internação. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do treinamento prévio de carga parcial de peso, em voluntárias sem lesões ortopédicas buscando direcionar esse treinamento para pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas nos membros inferiores. Participaram deste estudo 32 voluntárias sem alterações posturais ou história de traumas nos membros inferiores. O treinamento de carga parcial foi realizado distribuindo-se 20% da massa corporal total no membro inferior direito em uma balança digital antropométrica. As voluntárias foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo que o grupo I repetiu o treinamento 6 vezes e o grupo II, 12 vezes. Os dados da distribuição estática da carga foram coletados em uma plataforma de pressão Matscan-Tekscan® e comparados no pré e pós-treinamento. Foi verificado que houve diferença significativa no treinamento repetido 12 vezes (p< 0,015). O treinamento prévio de carga parcial mostrou-se eficaz para ser realizado no paciente durante a fase hospitalar, pois com apenas a realização do treinamento uma única vez, repetido 12 vezes, foi observado o aprendizado da carga parcial.

Gait training with partial load is common in a physical therapist practice; however, in the hospital environment, the time for this training is limited, lasting only for the time of hospitalization. Therefore, this study was aimed to check on the effects of previous partial weight load training in volunteers without orthopaedic injuries seeking to indicate it to patients submitted to orthopaedic surgeries on lower limbs. 32 volunteers showing no postural changes or history of trauma on lower limbs were included in this study. The partial load training was carried out by distributing 20% of the total body mass on the right lower limb in an anthropometric digital scale. The volunteers were divided into two groups, with group I repeating the drill 6 times, and group II 12 times. Data about the static load distribution were collected by a pressure platform Matscan-Tekscan® and compared on the pre- and post-training periods. A significant difference was found for 12-repetitions drills (p<0.015). Pre-training with partial weight load was shown to be effective to be applied on patients during hospitalization period, because with only a single drill repeated 12 times, partial load learning was noticed.

Camadas ricas em conulários da Formação Ponta Grossa (Devoniano) da Bacia do Paraná, sul do Brasil, contêm espécimes de Conularia quichua Ulrich e Paraconularia africana Sharpe bem preservados, muitos em posição de vida. Adicionalmente, um exemplar de C. quichua apresenta cinco faces verdadeiras (ao invés de quatro), constituindo evidência adicional para a afinidade entre conulários e cnidários. Os conulários em rochas do Membro Jaguariaíva (ou Seqüência B, um trato de sistemas trangressivos) que encerra diversos depósitos de sufocamento abaixo de superfícies transgressivas. Dados tafonômicos obtidos dos depósitos de sufocamento mostram que C. quichua e P. africana foram invertebrados sésseis de epifauna originamente orientados com seu eixo maior perpendicular ao fundo e com a região da abertura voltada para cima. Dos 136 espécimes de C. quichua examinados, 125 ocorrem isolados. 11 espécimes de C. quichua formam cinco agrupamentos, consistindo de dois ou três espécimes. Todos os espécimes estão inflados (exibindo seção transversal retangular) ou ligeiramente comprimidos longitudinalmente. Em todos os espécimes o ápice está faltando e, desse modo, o problema se, os agrupamentos são colônias clonais ou formados pelo assentamento preferencial de larvas, não pode ser solucionado. Entretanto, três espécimes de um único agrupamento, todos orientados perpendicularmente ao plano de acamamento, não convergem adapicalmente. Contato entre os espécimes se dá apenas ao longo da porção média/superior das tecas. Essas características, juntamente com a ausência de estolão laminar de brotamento, sugerem que, pelo menos esse agrupamento, foi formado por assentamento preferencial das larvas.

The "Conularia beds" of the Ponta Grossa Formation (Devonian) of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, yield well-preserved specimens of Conularia quichua Ulrich and Paraconularia africana Sharpe. Many of these are preserved in life orientation. Also, one of the C. quichua specimens has five faces instead of four, providing additional evidence of a cnidarian affinity for conulariids. Conulariids occur in the Jaguariaíva Member (or Sequence B, transgressive system tract) containing several obrution deposits beneath marine flooding surfaces. Taphonomic data obtained from these beds show conclusively that both C. quichua and P. africana were epibenthic, sessile invertebrates originally oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the bottom and with their aperture opening upward. Of the 136 C. quichua specimens examined here, 125 occur isolated. Eleven of the C. quichua specimens collectively occur in five discrete clusters consisting of two or three specimens. All of the clustered specimens are fully inflated (exhibiting a rectangular transverse cross section) or slightly compressed longitudinally. In all of these specimens the apex is missing, and thus the problem of whether the clusters were clonal colonies or formed through preferential larval settlement cannot be resolved conclusively. However, in the single cluster consisting of three specimens, the specimens are oriented perpendicular to bedding, and thus they do not converge adapically. The three specimens are in contact with each other along the upper portion of their median region. These and the lack of any evidence of a sheet of budding stolons, suggest that this cluster was formed by preferential larval settlement.