In the treatment of thyroid cancer, the greatest problem existis in tumors that continue to grow or express recurrences, despite surgical, radioidine or t4 supressive therapies. Improved knowledge of the molecular biology of tumors showed that elevated expression of oncogeneses, uncontrolled ativation of tyrosine cinase receptors and their signaling pathways, and inibition of programmed apoptosis are all important factors in the origin and evolution of tumors and their metastasis. The development of therapies targeted against especific molecular deregulation envolved in tumor progression is now been evaluated, with sucess, in various types of cancer. In thyroid cancer, target therapies using drugs, antibodies, genes, and small molecules are in development in preclinical studies and show a potential role in the managment of thyroid cancer, in the future. In this review, some of these studies are discussed.

Hyperparathyroidism is a desease caused by increase of parathormone secretion, leading to a misfunction of calcium metabolism. Although not very common among population in general, it is frequently observed in patients with cronic renal disease. It can involve a slight syntomatic form, but as a whole, its main repercurssions occur in skeletic muscles, urinary and intestinal systems. The authors conduct a broad revision of the literature, focusing on the methods of diagnosis and spot checking before and during the operations of parathyroid glands. Surgical recommendations, tatic aspects and types of surgery to be implemented are discussed. A systematization for adequate surgical technics performed at the General Surgery Service of Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro is fully discribed and recommended.

OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor da dosagem da tireoglobulina (Tg) plasmática na detecção de recidivas, nos pacientes com carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide, submetidos à tireoidectomia parcial. MÉTODOS: São analisados, retrospectivamente, 48 pacientes portadores de carcinoma diferenciado e submetidos à tireoidectomia parcial que foram acompanhados no pós-operatório com dosagens de Tg plasmática. O exame foi realizado no paciente com TSH suprimido (< 0,6mU/cc) e o valor da Tg de 10ng/cc considerado como limite entre os casos com e sem suspeita de recidiva. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 8,1 anos. RESULTADOS: Onze pacientes apresentaram Tg elevada (> 10ng/cc) e quatro eram portadores de doença benigna capaz de elevar a Tg como hipertireoidismo (dois casos) e doença de Hashimoto (dois casos). Estes quatro pacientes não foram considerados na análise estatística. Os sete restantes foram considerados suspeitos de recidiva tumoral que foi confirmada em seis (verdadeiro positivo) e não confirmada em um (falso positivo). Nos 37 pacientes com Tg baixa (< 10ng/cc) apenas um apresentou recidiva (verdadeiro negativo: 36 e falso negativo: 1). A análise estatística da capacidade da Tg em detectar recidivas mostrou: sensibilidade 85%; especificidade 94%; valor preditivo positivo 85%; valor preditivo negativo 84% e acurácia 95%. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que a dosagem da Tg é de valor na detecção de possibilidade de recidivas no seguimento de pacientes operados por carcinoma diferenciado mesmo quando submetidos à cirurgia parcial.

BACKGROUND: Serum thyroglobulin determination has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of serum thyroglobulin levels in predicting tumor recurrency after parcial thyroidectomy. METHODS: Forty eight patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were followed with serum thyroglobulin measurement after parcial thyroidectomy. Patiens recived hormonal suppressive therapy to maintain plasma TSH level below 0,6 mU/cc. Mean follow-up was 8,1 years. Serum thyroglobulin level above 10ng/cc was considered suspect of tumor recurrency. RESULTS: Eleven patients showed serum thyroglobulin level above 10 ng/cc. In four of them, elevations were considered spurious (hiparthyroidisme - 2 cases, and Hashimoto disease - 2 cases) and were excluded from statistical analysis. In the other 7, tumor recurrence was demonstrated in 6 (true positive: 6; false positive: 1). In 37 patients with low thyroglobulin level, only 1 had recurrence (true negative: 36; false negative: 1). Statistical analysis show sensibility 85%, specificity 94%, positive predictive value 85%, negative predictive value 84% and accuracy 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Serum thyroglobulin determination is an useful test to identify patients with persistent or recurrent differenctiated cancer, inicially submited to parcial thyroidectomy.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os doentes operados de carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF); avaliar a divisão destes doentes em alto e baixo riscos e a validade da cirurgia conservadora nos pacientes com carcinoma diferenciado de baixo risco. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 169 pacientes operados no HUCFF por carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide. Cento e cinqüenta e dois (90%) eram mulheres e 17 (10%) homens. A idade variou entre 13 e 85 anos com mediana de 39 anos. Cento e onze tumores (65,7%) eram papilíferos e 58 (34,3%) foliculares. RESULTADOS: Vinte e um por cento apresentaram metástases linfonodais cervicais quando vistos pela primeira vez e 1,7% metástases a distância. Houve 75 cirurgias unilaterais (lobectomia subtotal ou total) e 94 bilaterais (tireoidectomia subtotal, lobectomia total + lobectomia subtotal ou tireoidectomia total). 127 casos (75,2%) foram considerados pacientes de baixo risco e 42 casos (24,8%) de alto risco. O seguimento pós-operatório foi conseguido em 155 pacientes: 116 entre os de baixo risco, com seguimento médio de 8,4 anos (extremos: um ano a 21 anos) e 39 entre os de alto risco (seguimento médio cinco anos, extremos um ano e 17 anos). Foram encontrados 13 recidivas tumorais (8,3%) e cinco óbitos pelo tumor (3,2%) em toda a série: 10 (8,6% recidivas e nenhum óbito nos pacientes de baixo risco e três recidivas (7,5%) e cinco óbitos (12,5%) nos de alto risco. Nos pacientes de baixo risco submetidos à tireoidectomia parcial houve 7,5% de recidivas e nos pacientes com tireoidectomia total a ocorrência de recidivas foi de 10%. Não houve óbitos pelo tumor em nenhum dos grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com tumores de baixo risco apresentam evolução mais favorável: número igual de recidivas (relativamente aos tumores de alto risco), porém menos graves, e nenhum faleceu pelo tumor. Nos pacientes de baixo risco a cirurgia unilateral mostrou resultados idênticos aos da bilateral.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies challenge the efficacy of unilateral resection in the prevention of recurrences in differentiated thyroid carcinoma of low-risk group. Our objectives were to compare recurrence rates after unilateral and bilateral resections in our so-called low-risk group and to evaluated the accuracy of the criteria used to classify patients into high and low-risk group. METHODS: We evaluate outcome of 169 patients who underwent surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma at the HUCFF. They were divided in 2 groups: low-risk patients (n = 127) and high-risk patients (n = 42). Unilateral resection was undertaken in 71 patients of the low-risk group and in 4 of the high-risk group; bilateral resection was the operation used in 56 and 38 patients, respectively, in each of these groups. RESULTS: Follow-up was obtained in 155 patients in a mean period of 8.4 years for 116 low-risk patients and 5 years for 39 high-risk ones. In high-risk group recurrence occurred in 3 patients (7.5%) and there were 5 tumor related deaths (12.5%). In the low-risk group, there were 13 recurrences (8,3%) but no death occurred. The difference in recurrence rate between groups does not attain statistical e significance (p= 0.57). Recurrence occurred in 5 (7.5%) in the low-risk patients submmited to unilateral resection and in 5 (10%) of those submmited to bilateral resection. CONCLUSIONS: The division of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in high and low-risk groups is useful is predicting more aggressive recurrences and tumor-related deaths. Unilateral resection in low-risk patients is not associated with higher recurrence rates.