SUMMARY: Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. Thus, the variables that benefit performance and success have sparked great interest and occupy an essential role in the preparation of athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the body composition and proportionality according to categories and playing position. 111 male soccer players of the Chilean national soccer team under-15 (14.6±0.3 years), under-17 (16.3±0.5 years), under-20 (19.0±0.7 years), and elite (24.3±4.7 years) categories were evaluated through anthropometry. Values of body composition and proportionality were recorded and organized by position and category; significance was established at p<.05. For weight, goalkeepers had the highest for their position; under-20 players, the highest for their category (83.7±3.8 kg). Regarding height, elite and under-17 central defenders had the highest values (187.0±4.2 cm and 179.9±3.5 cm, respectively). Goalkeepers in all categories have the highest BMI values; the highest were observed in elite (25.1±1.3 kg/m2). Under-17 forwards/extremes had the highest values in terms of muscle mass percentage (60.5±8.0 %), whereas under-15 fullbacks have the lowest values in terms of fat mass (9.6±0.7 %). The players of the Chilean national soccer team have similar values to other researches with players of the same age and category; however, the younger categories have significant differences in the variables that provide advantages during a game with the elite category. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on equating physical conditions before promoting a player to the older categories.

RESUMEN: El fútbol es el deporte más popular del mundo, por lo que las variables que benefician el rendimiento y el éxito deportivo generan un gran interés y ocupan un rol esencial en la preparación de futbolistas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la composición corporal y la proporcionalidad según la categoría y posición de juego. Se evaluaron a través de antropometría a 111 futbolistas de la selección chilena de fútbol en las categorías sub-15 (14,6±0,3 años), sub-17 (16,3±0,5 años), sub-20 (19,0±0,7 años) y elite (24,3±4,7 años); la significación se estableció en p<.05. En cuanto al peso, los porteros tuvieron el valor más alto para su posición; la categoría sub-20 obtuvo el valor más alto (83,7±3,8 kg). En cuanto a la estatura, los defensas centrales elite y la categoría sub-17 tuvieron los valores más altos (187,0±4,2 cm y 179,9±3,5 cm, respectivamente). Los porteros de todas las categorías tienen los mayores valores de IMC, siendo la categoría elite el más alto (25,1±1,3 kg/m2). Los delanteros/extremos sub-17 años tienen los valores más altos de masa muscular (60,5±8,0 %), mientras que los laterales sub-15 tienen los valores más bajos de masa grasa (9,6±0,7 %). Los jugadores de la selección chilena de fútbol tienen valores similares a los de otras investigaciones con jugadores de la misma edad y categoría; sin embargo, las categorías más jóvenes presentan diferencias significativas en las variables que proporcionan ventajas durante un partido con la categoría elite. Por lo tanto, se debe hacer énfasis en equiparar las condiciones físicas antes de promover a un jugador a categorías de mayor edad.

Background: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. Results: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Background Physical activity and dietary prescription are the mainstay of overweight and obesity management. Aim To compare the effects of physical activity or dietary management in overweight or obese sedentary women. Material and Methods Thirty-four physically inactive adult women with overweight or obesity, were intentionally divided into three groups: controls (C), exercise (E) and dietary prescription (DP). Women in the E group were trained in a circuit for twelve weeks and a hypocaloric diet was prescribed to those in the DP group. Blood pressure, body composition and phase angle (FA) measured using bioimpedance and dynamometry, were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention. Results Women in the E group had a significant increase in muscle mass and intracellular water and significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. No significant differences in dynamometry were observed between groups. The DP group had significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions The DP group had a higher weight reduction than the E group. Dietary prescription should be complemented with a physical activity program in the management of overweight or obesity.

Background: A higher educational level is associated with healthier lifestyles. Aim: To assess the association between the level of compliance with physical activity recommendations and years of formal education in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Analysis include 6,174 participants from the National Health Survey 2016-2017. Physical activity levels were assessed through the Global Physical Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET/minute/week. Results: Among subjects without education, 44% and 27% of women and men respectively, were physically inactive. Among women and men with the highest number of years of education (> 16) the figures for physical inactivity were 27% and 15% respectively. The odds for not meeting the physical activity recommendations was 2.3 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.57; 3.38] and 3.9 [95% CI: 2.27; 6.95] in women and men without any formal education respectively, as compared with those who reported 12 years of education. Women and men who reported a high level of education ≥ (16 years) did not show significant differences compared to the reference group. Conclusions: People with low levels of education are were likely to be physically inactive.

Background: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in −171.5, −54.8 and −40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs −16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

Abstract Introduction: given the characteristics of soccer, the tendency in the selection of these athletes and their allocation in certain game positions has been conditioned by the morphological characteristics that they present, so that the knowledge of anthropometric particularities by playing position is a relevant antecedent for the technical bodies of professional football. The objective of the present investigation is to identify and compare the anthropometric characteristics by playing position of Chilean professional soccer players. Methods: a total of 390 professional male soccer players, from 15 Chilean professional clubs, were evaluated morphologically by means of the measurement of 25 anthropometric variables, with which the body composition, the somatotype and the Z-score of Phantom were estimated. A Chi-square test with significance level of p < 0.05 was used to compare the variables between groups using SPSS software others players (greater adipose and muscular mass). As for a sample of active subjects, soccer players have a significantly different body composition, similarly occurs when compared to Phantom, where height, weight and muscle mass are greater and fat mass is lower. Conclusion: professional footballers differ by game position compared to other non-sports players and Phantom.

Resumen Introducción: dadas las características del fútbol, la tendencia en la selección de estos deportistas y su asignación en determinadas posiciones de juego se han visto condicionadas por las características morfológicas que estos presenten, por lo que el conocimiento de las particularidades antropométricas por posición de juego es un antecedente relevante para los cuerpos técnicos del fútbol de élite. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar y comparar las características antropométricas por posición de juego de jugadores de fútbol profesional chileno. Métodos: un total de 390 futbolistas profesionales varones, pertenecientes a 15 clubes profesionales chilenos, fueron evaluados morfológicamente mediante la medición de 25 variables antropométricas, con las que se estimaron la composición corporal, el somatótipo y los Z-score de Phantom. Para la comparación de las variables entre los grupos se utilizó una prueba Chi-cuadrado con nivel de significancia de p < 0,05, utilizando el software SPSS versión 21. Resultados: se observan diferencias entre las posiciones de juego, especialmente entre los porteros y el resto de los jugadores (p < 0,001), quienes presentan más de 2 kg de masa muscular y más de 1,8 kg de masa adiposa, frente a las otras posiciones de juego. Respecto de una muestra se sujetos activos, los futbolistas presentan una composición corporal significativamente distinta; de igual manera ocurre al comparar con Phantom, donde la estatura, el peso y la masa muscular son mayores y la masa adiposa es menor. Conclusión: los futbolistas profesionales presentan diferencias por posición de juego y en comparación a otros sujetos no deportistas y a Phantom.

Resumen Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo tiene una gran incidencia en el adulto mayor. Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la cognición y la concentración de lípidos de un programa de caminatas en mujeres mayores de 60 años tratadas con lovastatina. Materiales y métodos. Las participantes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: uno con ejercicio (EG, n=45) sometido a entrenamiento aeróbico y otro inactivo o sedentario (SG, n=22). El estado cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en español del Mini-Mental Test. Los niveles de lipoproteínas se midieron con una prueba de perfil lipídico y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (Six-Minute Walking Test, 6MWT). Resultados. El grupo con ejercicio mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,05) de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y de las concentraciones de colesterol HDL. Además, en la prueba de cognición se observó un efecto de gran tamaño en la orientación espacial, en la atención y en el cálculo. La reducción del colesterol LDL no fue significativa. Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento progresivo y supervisado para mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina, podría mejorar la actividad cerebral relacionada con el colesterol HDL, lo cual podría retrasar el deterioro cognitivo.

Abstract Introduction: The deterioration of cognition is highly predominant in older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a walking program on the cognition and blood concentration of lipids in women over 60 years of age who were being treated with lovastatin. Materials and methods: Participants were distributed in two groups: An exercise group (EG, n=45) with aerobic training and an inactive sedentary group (SG, n=22). The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed through the Spanish Mini-Cog Test version of the MMSE; lipoproteins were quantified using a lipid profile test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT). Results: EG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness and in HDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, the results from the cognition tests showed a large effect size in spatial orientation and in and calculation. The decrease in LDL-C was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: A controlled and progressive walking program for older women treated with Lovastatin may induce a boost of brain activity linked to HDL-C, which could delay cognitive impairment.

Background: A high percentage of Chilean university students are inactive. Aim: To determine differences in physical activity (PA) levels and energy expenditure in a group of university students according to their length of stay in the university. Material and Methods: We studied 56 students aged 22 ± 2 years (29 women). They wore a triaxial accelerometer during seven days, determining steps/day, steps/min, sedentary time and PA levels. Participants also answered a PA questionnaire. Their weight and height were measured. They were divided in two groups according to the time spent at university (1-2 years and 3-5 years). Results: No significant differences in energy expenditure were observed between both groups of students. The number of steps/day and steps/ min was significantly higher in the group with 3 to 5 years in the university than their counterparts with 1-2 years. Conclusions: As the university years increase, there is a tendency to increase the time spent walking (18.3%) but without an increase in the moderate-vigorous PA.

Introducción: La etapa universitaria es un proceso determinante para consolidar los hábitos de vida, donde los estudiantes se ven obligados a cambiar la mayoría de sus hábitos, que propician una mala alimentación, pobre organización del tiempo y menor actividad física, teniendo repercusiones en la condición y estructura física, lo que puede afectar considerablemente el estado de salud de esta población. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las diferencias en la composición corporal y actividad física en estudiantes universitarios según su año de ingreso. Materiales y métodos: Participaron en el estudio 287 estudiantes de ambos sexos (171 mujeres y 116 hombres), pertenecientes a las facultades de "Filosofía y Educación", "Ingenierías" y "Ciencias", a los cuales se les realizó una evaluación antropométrica para estimar la composición corporal con las ecuaciones de De Rose y Guimaraes y un cuestionario de frecuencia de actividad física. Resultados: Los resultados indican que existen diferencias en el Índice de Masa Corporal y masa grasa entre estudiantes mujeres de 1º y 2º año y entre 1º y 5º año en los hombres. La masa muscular no presenta grandes diferencias entre los grupos, pero si se aprecia cambios negativos entre el Índice de Masa Corporal y masa grasa de estudiantes que recién ingresan versus los estudiantes de último año. Conclusiones: Durante la universidad se vive un periodo crítico que afecta el nivel actividad física y el estado nutricional de los estudiantes y que podría empeorar en estudiantes con más años en la universidad.

Introduction: The university stage is a determining process when consolidating people’s habits of life, where students are forced to change most of their habits favoring a poor diet, poor organization of time and less physical activity, which at the same time, has an impact on the condition and physical structure and can significantly affect the health status of this population. Objective: To determine the differences in body composition and physical activity in university students according to their year of admission. Materials and methods: The study involved 287 male and female students (171 women and 116 men) who belonged to the faculties of Philosophy and Education, Engineering and Science, who underwent an anthropometric assessment to estimate body composition with De Rose and Guimaraes equations and a frequency of physical activity questionnaire. Results: The results show that there are differences in Body Mass Index and fat mass among female students of first and second year and between the first and fifth year in men. Muscle mass had no significant differences between groups, but there is negative changes between Body Mass Index and fat mass from students newly admitted versus students in their last year. Conclusions: During the university stage, students face a critical period that affects their physical activity level and nutritional status, which could get worse for students with more years at the university.

There are different tests that have been developed to assess the quality of education. One of the best known and longest-term tests in Latin America is SIMCE in Chile. 2010 SIMCE PE starts, in response to a decree of law, but does not respond to the concept of human movement that defines physical education. For political and social issues, such as the inclusion of European Gymnastics in schools in the first half of the twentieth century, comes a test that evaluates the physical condition, but does not include many of the components of the motricity. Research indicates that the quality measure is necessary to recognize not only the performance of students, but also contextual elements of establishments. The challenge is to generate a comprehensive proposal and to contribute to improving the quality of physical education.

The body mass index (BMI) provides one of the indices used to determine the nutritional status of the population worldwide, where despite the existence of clear recommendations for interpretation and defined as gender, age, race, etc. usually their classification, independent of the variables is standardized, increasing the error in the result and classification of nutritional status. The use of body composition through anthropometry, delivers more information than BMI, being fat mass and muscle mass leading useful results. This article presents a review of existing and proposed those equations simpler and less error estimate to be used as a tool to replace or supplement to BMI, promoting a better understanding and interpretation of nutritional status and level of physical activity in children and adolescents.

El índice de masa corporal (IMC) otorga uno de los índices más usados para determinar el estado nutricional de la población a nivel mundial, donde a pesar de existir recomendaciones claras y definidas para su interpretación como el sexo, edad, raza, entre otros, normalmente se estandariza su clasificación, independiente de las variables, aumentando el error en el resultado y en la clasificación del estado nutricional. El uso de la composición corporal a través de la antropometría entrega mayor información que el IMC, siendo la masa grasa y la masa muscular los principales resultados útiles. Este artículo presenta una revisión de las ecuaciones existentes y propone aquellas más simples y con menor error de estimación para ser usadas como una herramienta que reemplace o complemente al IMC, favoreciendo una mejor comprensión e interpretación del estado nutricional y nivel de actividad física en niños y adolescentes.

Resumo: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) é amplamente utilizado ao nível mundial, apesar de existir recomendações para sua interpretação em relação ao sexo, idade e raça; normalmente o seu entendimento é padronizado, aumentando o erro no resultado e na classificação do estado nutricional. O uso da composição corporal oferece informações de maior relevância que o IMC, sendo a massa gorda e massa muscular as principais. Esta comunicação apresenta uma revisão das equações existentes e propõe aquelas mais simples, e com menor erro de estimativa, para ser usadas como uma ferramenta que substitua ou complemente ao IMC, favorecendo uma melhor compreensão e interpretação do estado nutricional e nível da atividade física.

Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used in the world, despite caveats concerning its interpretation in relation to gender, age, and race. BMI reading is normally standardized, potentially producing error in the results and classification of nutritional status. Body composition provides more relevant information than BMI: fat mass and lean mass are the main indices. This paper reviews existing equations and proposes the simplest ones and those with the lowest estimation error to replace or complement BMI and improve interpretation of nutritional status and physical activity.

Resumen: El uso del índice de masa corporal (IMC) es el más masivo a nivel mundial y a pesar de existir recomendaciones para su interpretación en relación al sexo, edad y raza, normalmente se estandariza su entendimiento, aumentando el error en el resultado y en la clasificación del estado nutricional. El uso de la composición corporal entrega información de mayor relevancia que el IMC, siendo la masa grasa y la masa muscular las principales. Esta comunicación presenta una revisión de las ecuaciones existentes y propone aquellas más simples y con menor error de estimación para ser usadas como una herramienta que reemplace o complemente al IMC, favoreciendo una mejor comprensión e interpretación del estado nutricional y nivel de actividad física.