RESUMO O estudo sobre os materiais para obter fibras naturais tem tido grande importância nas últimas décadas devido às características excepcionais que essas fibras oferecem, as quais as convertem em uma alternativa interessante para substituir as fibras sintéticas em diferentes aplicações. O Bambu tem alta disponibilidade em várias regiões do mundo, devido à capacidade de adaptação e de crescimento em diferentes áreas. Apesar de as fibras de bambu estarem sendo altamente aplicadas, sua organização microestrutural dentro das hastes não tem sido estudada amplamente. O objetivo desta pesquisa está baseado no desenvolvimento e estudo das características e distribuição das fibras dentro do colmo no bambu nativo colombiano Guadua angustifolia Kunth. Neste estudo foram consideradas duas variedades de Guadua: Guadua angustifolia Kunth Rayada Amarilla e Guadua angustifolia Kunth Macana. As Guaduas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, esta técnica é usada para observar a morfologia da fibra de Guadua e a sua variação através do colmo. Difração de raios X é usada para observar variação dos compostos através do colmo. Finalmente, a metodologia da “Association Official Agricultural Chemist - 2000” (AOAC-2000) é usada para obter informação quantitativa do conteúdo de fibra não solúvel. Os resultados indicaram que a distribuição de fibras não solúveis não é homogênea entre as camadas internas e externas da haste do bambu, isso aumenta na direção radial da parede interna até a parede externa; os padrões de difração de raios X mostram que a celulose presente no colmo tem uma preferência de ligação cristalina relacionada à direção do crescimento da planta. A combinação da análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a difração de raios X oferecem informações importantes sobre a distribuição e a morfologia dentro do colmo dos componentes do Bambu.

ABSTRACT Studies about lignocellulosic materials have gained importance in the last decades due to the outstanding characteristics that their fibers offer, which becomes in a good alternative to replace synthetic fibers. Lignocellulosic materials such as bamboo have high availability in most of regions around the world due to the adaptation capacity to grow in different areas and diverse climatic conditions. Despite of this fiber has being widely used; their microstructural organization into the culm has not been fully studied. The focus of this research is to study the morphology, distribution and crystalline compounds of fiber in native Colombian Bamboo called Guadua angustifolia Kunth for two varieties Rayada Amarilla and Macana. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe Guadua fiber morphology and their variation throughout the culm, X-ray diffraction was used to identify crystalline compounds present in Guadua angustifolia Kunth and AOAC-2000 methodology (Association Official Agricultural Chemist) was used to get quantitative information about the insoluble and soluble fiber content into Guadua culm. Findings indicated that the insoluble fiber distribution is not homogenous between the internal and external layer of bamboo culm; the fiber content inside of Guadua angustifolia culms increases from inner to outer layer. X-ray patterns showed that the insoluble fiber has a preferential crystalline orientation in relation to the growth direction of bamboo. The combination of scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffraction offers important information about the localization and morphologic distribution of components inside bamboo culms.

Introduction: During menopause there is weight gain and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) that has been related with periodontal disease (incidence between 5-30%); therefore, it is essential to assess the risk factors related with anthropometry and BMD. Objective: To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMl), skeletal composition, waist circumference, tooth loss, fracture risk, BMD of the spine, hip, femur, and mandible in pre and post-menopausal women with periodontitis. Subjects and methodology: We studied 60 women aged 35-60 years, divided in 4 groups (n = 15): Control group: premenopausal women without periodontitis; Experimental group 1: premenopausal women with periodontitis; Experimental group 2: postmenopausal women without periodontitis; and Experimental group 3: postmenopausal women with periodontitis. Periodontitis was diagnosed by means of a computerized digital periodontal probe; BMD of the mandible by means of digital radiograph with X ray conversion, the number of teeth by digital panoramic radiograph. We measured: BMI, skeletal composition, waist circumference, risk fracture by the FRAX questionnaire. Results: The variables with a negative correlation with periodontitis were: weight, BMI, and BMD of the mandible with risk fracture (p < 0.05). The group that showed differences (ANOVA) was EG3: with older age, lower height, lower BMD of the mandible, and lower number of teeth (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Periodontitis in the presence of menopause is related with older age, lower height, low BMD of the mandible, and lower mayor number of teeth. Higher fracture risk is associated with low weight and BMI and low BMD of the mandible.

Introducción: Durante la menopausia existe aumento de peso y disminución de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) el cual se ha relacionado con enfermedad periodontal (incidencia entre 5 a 30%), de ahí que sea indispensable evaluar factores de riesgo relacionados con antropometría y DMO. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC), complexión esquelética, circunferencia de cintura, pérdida dentaria, riesgo de fractura, DMO de columna, cadera, fémur y mandíbula en mujeres pre y postmenopáusicas con periodontitis. Sujetos y metodología: Se estudiaron 60 mujeres de 35-60 años, se estudiaron 4 grupos (n = 15): Grupo control: mujeres premenopáuscas sin periodontitis, Grupo experimental 1: mujeres premenopáusicas con periodontitis, Grupo experimental 2: mujeres postmenopáusicas sin periodontitis y Grupo experimental 3: mujeres postmenopáusicas con periodontitis. La periodontitis fue diagnosticada con sonda periodontal digital computarizada, la DMO de mandíbula por radiografía digital con conversión de rayos X, el número de dientes por radiografía panorámica digital. Se obtuvo: el IMC, la complexión esquelética, circunferencia de cintura, riesgo de fractura mediante el cuestionario FRAX. Resultados: Las variables con correlaciones negativas a periodontitis: peso, IMC y DMO mandibular con riesgo de fractura (P < 0,05). El grupo con diferencias (ANOVA) fue el GE3: con mayor edad y con menor: talla, DMO mandibular y número de piezas dentarias (P < 0,05). Conclusión: La periodontitis con presencia de menopausia se relaciona con mayor edad, menor talla, DMO mandibular baja y menor número de piezas dentarias. Con mayor riesgo de fractura en mujeres: con bajo peso e IMC y DMO mandibular.

Es indispensable evaluar los factores de riesgo en osteoporosis, principalmente los modificables, como: los estilos de vida, para prevenirla, ya que es un grave problema de salud pública. Se estudiaron 805 mujeres (35-55 años) de la ciudad de Querétaro, México. Se obtuvieron datos personales, historia familiar, hábitos como: fumar, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y de cafeína (refresco de cola y café). Las participantes completaron el cuestionario de riesgo de osteoporosis (19 factores, con uno, existe riesgo) (International Osteoporosis Foundation). Se evaluó: Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), riesgo cardiovascular y complexión corporal (Talla/Circunferencia de muñeca). Se realizó una densitometría ósea (DXA) en dos regiones diagnósticas: columna lumbar y cadera total y las participantes se clasificaron en: densidad mineral ósea (DMO) normal, DMO baja y osteoporosis. La prevalencia de osteoporosis fue de 7% y de DMO baja fue de 34%, predominantemente en región lumbar y en aquellas con menopausia. La edad fue mayor en mujeres osteoporóticas (51 años) y el 85% menopáusicas, con valores menores de: peso, talla, IMC, circunferencia de cintura y cadera, que las normales. Los factores de riesgo modificables que aumentaron el riesgo fueron: bajo peso, fumar y consumo de refresco de cola con 6,5, 1,2 y 1,4 (razón de momios) respectivamente (p<0,05). Factores no modificables significativos: menopausia (quirúrgica), historia de fractura y riesgo de osteoporosis. Se concluye que dentro de los factores de riesgo modificables para la prevención de osteoporosis de mayor impacto en esta muestra son: bajo peso, cigarrillo y el refresco de cola.

It is essential to evaluate osteoporosis risk factors, mainly the modifiable, like the lifestyle, in Mexican women in order to prevent it, since it is a serious public health problem.We studied 805 women (35-55 years old) in the City of Queretaro, México. We obtained: personal data, family history, habits, such as smoking, alcohol, caffeine (coffee and soft drink of cola) and physical activity. Participants complete the questionnaire on 19 risk factors for osteoporosis (International Osteoporosis Foundation) one of them with risk. We evaluated: body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular risk and corporal complexion. Bone densitometry was performed in two diagnostic regions: lumbar spine and total hip and participants were classified as normal bone mass density (BMD), low BMD and osteoporosis. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 7% and of low BMD was 34%, predominantly in the lumbar region and in those with menopause. In osteoporotic women, the age was higher (51 years) and 85% menopausal women, also lower values of weight, height, BMI, waist circumference and hip than women with normal bone mass density. The significantly modifiable risk factors were: low weight, smoking and consumption of soft drink of cola with 6,5, 1,2 and 1,4 (odds ratio), respectively (p <0,05). The significantly non-modifiable risk factors were: menopause (surgical), history of fracture and risk. It is concluded that within the modifiable risk factors for the prevention of osteoporosis, those with the greatest impact were low weight, cigarette and soft drink of cola.

La espectroscopia mediante celda fotoacústica diferencial (CFD) tiene la capacidad de medir in situ el desarrollo de diversos procesos dinámicos, entre otros la difusión de agua a través de una membrana. Mediante esta técnica se realizó el estudio de permeación de agua en huesos de rata Wistar sanos y descalcificados. Los huesos descalcificados fueron tratados mediante estimulación electromagnética a fin de evaluar la actividad celular en el hueso y, en su caso, detener la descalcificación del mismo. En este trabajo fue posible determinar la viabilidad de la CFD para la evaluación de densidad ósea indirectamente, siendo posible efectuar la evaluación in situ de permeación de agua, así como la cantidad de agua retenida en la estructura ósea al finalizar las pruebas en CFD.

Differential photoacoustic cell (DPC) spectroscopy is able to measure the development of several dynamic processes in situ, such as water diffusion through a membrane. This technique was used for studying water permeation in healthy and decalcified Wistar rat bones. Decalcified bones were given electromagnetic stimulation to evaluate cell activity in bone and attempt to detain decalcification. It was possible to determine the viability of applying DPC for indirectly evaluating bone density in situ, as well as the amount of water retained within bone structure.