A terapia com corticosteroide na lesão pulmonar aguda e na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo é um dos temas mais controversos na literatura. Apesar de o corticosteroide ser amplamente utilizado na faixa etária pediátrica, os estudos com corticosteroide na lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo são restritos a adultos. Esse artigo realiza uma revisão crítica dos estudos experimentais e clínicos sobre a utilização de corticosteroide na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, procurando apontar os prováveis riscos e benefícios da sua utilização em pediatria. Para tal, foi realizada ampla revisão da literatura, de 1980 a 2010, incluindo artigos experimentais e clínicos, bem como metanálises, usando-se o banco de dados do Medline, Registro Central da Cochrane de ensaios clínicos controlados, banco de dados de revisões sistemáticas da Cochrane, SciELO, LILACS e BIREME. As palavras chaves utilizadas foram: lesão pulmonar aguda, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, corticosteroides, criança, ensaios clínicos, metanálises, revisões e relato de casos. A corticoterapia na lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo foi associada à redução da resposta inflamatória sistêmica, melhora da oxigenação e da disfunção orgânica múltipla, diminuição do tempo de ventilação mecânica e dos dias de internação nas unidades de terapia intensiva. Sugere-se, para pacientes pediátricos, o uso precoce (nas primeiras 72h) e prolongado (por 14 dias) de metilprednisolona na lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, com dose de 1 mg/kg/dia sob infusão contínua para evitar variabilidade glicêmica e recomenda-se controle rígido da existência de infecção. Propõe-se a adequação de alguns aspectos do diagnóstico, da intervenção e da seleção de desfechos para viabilizar os estudos em pediatria. É fundamental a realização de mais pesquisas para elucidar a segurança e eficácia da administração de metilprednisolona na lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo em crianças, bem como estabelecer os melhores parâmetros a serem utilizados no diagnóstico e acompanhamento da doença, na monitorização das complicações da corticoterapia, bem como os desfechos primários mais adequados.

The use of corticosteroids in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome is one of the most controversial issues in the literature. However, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome studies are restricted to adults, despite the widespread use of corticosteroid for hyper-reactive respiratory airway diseases in children. This review aimed to describe experimental and clinical evidence for corticosteroid therapy in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and to point out the risks and benefits of its use in pediatrics. For this purpose, an extensive review of the literature was performed from 1980 to 2010 including both experimental and clinical papers, as well as reviews and meta-analysis, using Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, SciELO, Lilacs and Bireme databases. The search terms were: acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, steroids, child, clinical trials, meta-analyses, reviews, and case reports. Most studies showed that the corticosteroids-induced down-regulation of systemic inflammatory response is associated with oxygenation improvement, reduction of multiple organ dysfunctions, mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care units length of stay. Based on the literature, the authors suggest early and prolonged methylprednisolone administration for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, using continuous 1 mg/kg/day infusion to prevent glycemic variability, associated with strict infection surveillance. In addition, they recommend some diagnostic parameters, interventions and choices of endpoint variables to be adjusted to improve pediatric trials feasibility. Therefore, more research is required to establish the safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone in pediatric patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome , as well as to determine the best parameters for monitoring steroid side effects and outcomes.

Damage control surgery is one of the major advances in surgical practice in the last 20 years. The indications for damage control surgery are: the need to terminate a laparotomy rapidly in an exsanguinating, hypothermic patient who had developed a coagulopathy and who is about to die on the operating table; inability to control bleeding by direct hemostasis; and inability to close the abdomen without tension because of massive visceral edema and a tense abdominal wall. Damage control surgery has three phases: 1) laparotomy to control hemorrhage by packing, shunting, or balloon tamponade, or both; control of intestinal spillage by resection or ligation of damaged bowel, or both; 2) physiological resuscitation to correct hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy. 3) planned reoperation for definitive repair. Damage control surgery is appropriate in a small number of critically ill patients who are likely to require substantial hospital resources. However, there are many questions that need to be answered. Who is the patient elected for this surgery? When is the ideal time to make the decision? Which are the parameters that indicate to the surgeons the moment to re-operate the patient? How to treat the long-term complications? In the present review we described some historical aspects, indications, technical aspects, advantages and disadvantages of this procedure, as well as its physiological consequences and morbidity and mortality rates of damage control surgery. Damage control surgery offers a simple effective alternative to the traditional surgical management of complex or multiple injuries in critically injured patients.