ResumoOs pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos metil- paration e carbaril tem um mecanismo de ação comum: eles inibem a enzima acetilcolinesterase, bloqueando a transmissão dos impulsos nervosos. No entanto, eles podem alterar a expressão de proteínas de membrana de exocitose (SNARE), através da modificação da libertação de neurotransmissores e outras substâncias. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos adversos dos pesticidas metil- paration e carbaril sobre a expressão de proteínas SNARE: Sintaxina -1, Sintaxina-4 e SNAP-23 em rotíferos de água doce Brachionus calyciflorus. A expressão destas três proteínas foi analisada antes e depois da exposição a estes dois pesticidas por Western Blot. A expressão das proteínas Sintaxina-1, Sintaxina-4 e SNAP-23 em B. calyciflorus diminui significativamente com o aumento da concentração de ambos os pesticidas. Isto sugere que os organofosfatos e carbamatos têm efeitos adversos sobre a expressão de proteínas de membrana de exocitose, alterando o reconhecimento, de encaixe e fusão de membranas pré-sinápticas e vesiculares envolvidas na exocitose de neurotransmissores. Nossos resultados demonstram que o efeito neurotóxico de pesticidas anticolinesterásicos influencia a interação de sintaxinas e SNAP-25 e a montagem correta do complexo SNARE.

AbstractThe organophosphate and carbamate pesticides methyl-parathion and carbaryl have a common action mechanism: they inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses. However, they can alter the expression of exocytotic membrane proteins (SNARE), by modifying release of neurotransmitters and other substances. This study evaluated the adverse effects of the pesticides methyl-parathion and carbaryl on expression of SNARE proteins: Syntaxin-1, Syntaxin-4 and SNAP-23 in freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Protein expression of these three proteins was analyzed before and after exposure to these two pesticides by Western Blot. The expression of Syntaxin-1, Syntaxin-4 and SNAP-23 proteins in B. calyciflorussignificantly decreases with increasing concentration of either pesticides. This suggests that organophosphates and carbamates have adverse effects on expression of membrane proteins of exocytosis by altering the recognition, docking and fusion of presynaptic and vesicular membranes involved in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. Our results demonstrate that the neurotoxic effect of anticholinesterase pesticides influences the interaction of syntaxins and SNAP-25 and the proper assembly of the SNARE complex.

A numerical study on the dynamics of grain storage in cylindrical silos was performed based on transport equations of momentum and energy for multiphase media. The purpose of this study is to analyze simultaneously the effect of the heat of respiration and three types of boundary conditions; two of them constants (Case I, θ =1 and Case II, θ =0) and a time-dependent (Case III, simulating the change of temperature along the day-night cycle) on the flow patterns, the isotherms and heat transfer to the environment. The governing equations were solved via spatial discretization using second order finite differences and time discretization using an implicit scheme. The set of algebraic equations generated was solved using Nonlinear Relaxation. In this simulation, the thermodynamic properties of sorghum grain stored in a silo of 44 m³ grain capacity were used. Stability for Case I and II, were reached in a dimensionless time (Fo) equals 0.3 (that is equivalent a real time of 3.01 h), while for Case III was for Fo = 20 (equivalent to 200.88 h) because the periodicity of the boundary condition. For cases II and III, the boundary conditions induce the formation of multicellular flow.

Se realizó un estudio numérico de la dinámica del almacenamiento de granos en silos, partiendo de las ecuaciones de transporte de momentum y de energía para medios multifásicos. En este trabajo se analizó el efecto del calor de respiración, así como el efecto de tres tipos de condiciones de frontera, dos de ellas constantes (Caso I, θ =1 y Caso II, θ =0) y una dependiente del tiempo (Caso III, simulando el cambio de temperatura durante el ciclo diurno-nocturno), sobre los patrones de flujo, las isotermas y la transferencia de calor hacia el medio ambiente. Las ecuaciones gobernantes se resolvieron mediante discretización espacial por diferencias finitas de segundo orden e integración implícita para el tiempo. El sistema algebraico obtenido se resuelve mediante Relajación no Lineal. En la simulación, se utilizaron las propiedades para sorgo almacenado en un silo de 44 m³ de capacidad. La estabilidad en los Casos I y II, se alcanzó en un tiempo adimensional (Fo) de 0.3 (que equivale a un tiempo real de 3.01 hrs), mientras que en el Caso III fue de Fo = 20 (equivalente a 200.88 hrs) debido a la periodicidad de la condición de frontera. Para los casos II y III, las condiciones de frontera inducen la formación de flujo multicelular.