ABSTRACT: The selection of wheat genotypes according to their drought tolerance is essential to off-season cultivation. The objective of this work was to characterize wheat genotypes through yield and components, morphological characteristics under water stress, and irrigated water use efficiency in the Cerrado region in Brazil. Genotypes were planted during the winters of 2016 and 2017 since there is no precipitation during this season and water levels can be measured. They were then submitted to four water regimes: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, representing 100 %, 83 %, 50 %, and 30 % of evapotranspiration replacement. The following variables were evaluated: peduncle length (PL), number of ears m−2 (NE m−2), hectoliter weight (HW), thousand grain weight (TGW), drought resistance index (DRI), irrigated water use efficiency (IWUE) and yield. Most variables showed correlation with yield and can be a useful tool for breeding programs. PL and HW were best correlated with yield. BRS 264 (irrigated biotype) was productive in treatments receiving the greatest number of irrigation treatments. Given that WR1 registered the highest water level, it was not expected that the rainfed biotype (BR18) would show a higher yield than an irrigated biotype (BRS254). BRS404 (rainfed biotype) was the most productive under moderate stress treatment (WR3). Aliança (rainfed biotype) showed a higher yield under severe stress. Rainfed biotypes presented a higher DRI than the irrigated ones. These genotypes can be used as a reference in breeding programs under each water regime in which their performance was outstanding. None of the variables studied contributed to the selection of the most efficient wheat genotypes in the IWUE.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do crescimento das plantas de cobertura amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) em Latossolo Vermelho, sob diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado. O cultivo foi realizado no inverno, com pluviosidade reduzida, o que facilitou a aplicação de lâminas de irrigação nas diferentes culturas. No experimento foram avaliados regimes hídricos intitulados de inferior, médio inferior, médio superior e superior, correspondentes à aplicação respectiva de 217, 386, 563 e 647 mm de lâminas de água, por meio de uma barra irrigadora composta por aspersores de diferentes vazões. O crescimento das plantas foi quantificado mediante coletas com periodicidade semanal. O amaranto foi a planta mais responsiva à água. A quinoa apresentou o melhor desempenho no tratamento com nível de água médio superior entre as espécies avaliadas. O milheto apresentou sensibilidade térmica ao cultivo no inverno, o que inviabilizou a produção de grãos; porém, mostrou excepcional aptidão quanto à produção de biomassa, inclusive no tratamento com maior deficit hídrico.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics of the cover plants amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a Typic Acrustox, under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. The cultivation was carried out in the winter, with reduced rainfall, which facilitated the application of varying irrigation depths to the different crops. Water regimes denominated lower, lower middle, upper middle, and upper - corresponding to 217, 386, 563, and 647 mm water depths, respectively - were tested by means of an irrigation bar composed of sprinklers with different flow rates. Plant growth was quantified by weekly collections. Amaranth was the most responsive plant to water. Quinoa showed the best performance in the treatment with the upper-middle water level among the other evaluated species. Millet showed thermal sensitivity for cultivation in the winter, making grain production unfeasible; however, it showed exceptional ability to produce biomass even in the treatment with higher water deficit.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a diversidade genética de genótipos‑elite de cevada irrigada no Cerrado. Trinta genótipos‑elite de cevada, da coleção de trabalho da Embrapa Cerrados, foram avaliados com base em 160 marcadores moleculares RAPD, 12 características agronômicas relacionadas aos componentes de produção e 10 características de qualidade malteira. As matrizes de dissimilaridade genética foram calculadas com base nos marcadores moleculares e em caracteres quantitativos e qualitativos, e as análises de agrupamento foram realizadas com o método da média aritmética não ponderada (UPGMA) como critério de agrupamento. Observou-se elevada diversidade genética entre os acessos. As dissimilaridades genéticas estimadas estiveram fracamente correlacionadas entre si, o que evidenciou a complementaridade dos diferentes grupos de características. A utilização de índices de seleção e a análise de dispersão gráfica permitiram a seleção de genótipos promissores e a indicação de cruzamentos apropriados para maximizar os efeitos heteróticos no programa de melhoramento genético da cevada irrigada no Cerrado.

The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic diversity of elite genotypes of irrigated barley in the Brazilian savanna. Thirty elite barley genotypes from Embrapa Cerrados' collection were evaluated using 160 RAPD markers, 12 agronomic traits related to yield components, and 10 malting quality parameters. The genetic dissimilarity matrices based on molecular markers, quantitative traits, and malting quality characters were calculated and a cluster analysis was performed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) as grouping criterion. High genetic diversity among accessions were observed. The estimated genetic dissimilarities were weakly correlated, showing the complementarity of the different character groups. Selection indices and graphical dispersion analysis allowed the selection of promising genotypes and the indication of suitable crosses for maximizing the heterotic effects in breeding programs for irrigated barley in the Brazilian savanna.

Insect pests have not been recorded for amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) in Brazil. Generalized plant lodging was observed after the grain-filling period in an irrigated commercial amaranth crop (7 ha), located in Cristalina, state of Goiás (Brazil), which was cultivated between Aug. and Dec. 2009. Almost all sampled plants presented internal galleries bored by lepidopteran larvae. The larvae were reared, and the adults were identified as Herpetogramma bipunctalis (F.) (Crambidae). This is the first report of an insect pest causing significant damage in a commercial amaranth crop in Brazil, which indicates the need to develop pest management strategies in order to support the increased production in Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de trigo irrigado, nas condições do Cerrado do Brasil Central. O rendimento de grãos de cinco cultivares e nove linhagens de trigo irrigado foram aferidos no ensaio de valor de cultivo e uso. Os ensaios foram conduzidos nos anos de 2005 e 2006, em seis locais em Minas Gerais, três em Goiás e um no Distrito Federal. Os dados de rendimento de grãos foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e à análise de variância conjunta, para a estimativa dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas, entre os genótipos, em 14 dos 16 ambientes avaliados. Nenhum dos genótipos avaliados apresentou o comportamento ideal preconizado pelo método de Cruz e colaboradores. Destacaram-se a cultivar BRS 264 e a linhagem CPAC 02167, pela superioridade em todas as condições do Cerrado do Brasil Central (adaptabilidade geral). Entre os demais genótipos avaliados, destacaram-se as cultivares BRS 207 e EMBRAPA 22, responsivas à melhoria das condições ambientais, e as cultivares BRS 254 e EMBRAPA 42, pela adaptabilidade específica a ambientes desfavoráveis ao cultivo de trigo irrigado.

The aim of this work was to estimate the adaptability and stability of irrigated wheat genotypes under conditions of Central Brazil savannah area. Grain yield of five cultivars and nine lines of irrigated wheat was measured in assays of cultivation value and use. The assays were conducted during the years 2005 and 2006, in six locations in Minas Gerais State, three in Goiás State and one in Federal District. The data of grain yield were submitted to individual and joint ANOVA, in order to estimate the adaptability and stability parameters. Significant differences were detected between genotypes in 14 of the 16 locations evaluated. None of the evaluated genotypes have presented the behavior predicted by the method of Cruz and collaborators. Cultivar BRS 264 and the CPAC 02167 lineage were superior in all the tested conditions in the Central Brazil savannah (general adaptability). Among the other evaluated genotypes, it can be highlighted the responsiveness of the cultivars BRS 207 and EMBRAPA 22 to the improvement of environmental conditions, and the specific fitness of BRS 254 and EMBRAPA 42 cultivars to environments unfavorable to irrigated wheat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana do solo (N BMS), em diferentes profundidades, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cevada. O experimento foi instalado em junho de 2004, em área experimental de primeiro ano de plantio direto, anteriormente cultivada com milheto por três anos e posteriormente com soja por duas safras. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: quatro doses de nitrogênio (30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) e o controle sem adubação nitrogenada. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, com três repetições e em três épocas: perfilhamento pleno, floração e logo após a colheita. O N BMS e a razão N BMS:Ntotal diminuíram com a profundidade. Doses mais elevadas de nitrogênio não aumentaram o N BMS. O Ntotal não foi alterado nas diferentes doses de nitrogênio, mas diminuiu com a profundidade. Houve correlação negativa entre o N BMS e o pH do solo em todas as doses de nitrogênio, com exceção na dose zero. Houve também, correlação positiva entre a razão N BMS:Ntotal e o N BMS, porém não entre a razão N BMS:Ntotal e o Ntotal.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen doses and soil depths on soil microbial biomass nitrogen (N SMB) in a sandy textured Oxisol, cultivated with barley. The experiment was established in June, 2004, in an area which had been cultivated with millet for three years and subsequently with soya beans for two seasons. The treatments were four doses of nitrogen (30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) and a control without any dose. Soil samples were collected in four depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, comprising three replicates and three sampling periods: tillering, flowering and right after the harvest. The N SMB and N SMB:Ntotal decreased according to depth. Higher doses of nitrogen did not increase the N SMB. The Ntotal was not altered with the application of nitrogen, but it decreased with depth. There were negative correlations between the N SMB and soil pH for all the doses, except for the treatment without nitrogen. There were also positive correlations between the N SMB:Ntotal and N SMB, but not between N SMB:Ntotal and Ntotal.

Foram realizados testes em meio de cultivo acidificado para avaliar a tolerância de 59 estirpes de Bradyrhizobium sp. isolados de Mimosoideae. As culturas, por via de regra, apresentaram crescimento rápido e alcalinização do meio. Das estirpes testadas, dez apresentaram crescimento em meio com valor de pH 4,6 (três, crescimento rápido; um, médio e seis, lento). Destas, oito não induziram alteração visual na cor do indicador bromotimol-azul incluído no meio. A estirpe SMS-513, uma entre essas oito, promoveu acidificação no meio com valor de pH 6,2, sendo considerada tolerante à acidez. Algumas estirpes cresceram em meio de cultura acidificado, somente com alta concentração inicial de células.

Fifty-nine Bradyrhizobium sp. strains isolated from Mimosoideae subfamily of Leguminosae were tested on acidified agar medium. Most strains were found to be fast growing and alcalinized the medium. Ten strains grew on pH 4.6; out of them, three were fast growing, six were slow growing and one was intermediate. Eight of the tested strains did not induce visual changes in the bromothymol-blue indicator. The strain SMS-513 acidified the medium with pH 6.2, and was considered acid tolerant.