Abstract Introduction: Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has become the technique of choice in most vascular centres for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). However, due to its low incidence, literature regarding secondary aortoenteric fistula (AEF) as an EVAR complication is still scarce. We aim to summarise the latest evidence on the topic through a narrative review. Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE literature search and included studies on secondary aortoenteric fistula, abdominal aortic aneurysms and endovascular aneurysm repair. Relevant studies were selected by reading of the titles and abstracts. Only English literature was considered. Results: Despite secondary AEF after EVAR first being reported in 1998, its incidence is hard to calculate, but is recognized to be lower (<0.5%) when compared to open aortic repairs (up to 1.6%). Aetiology may be categorised into local infection factors (pre-existent or associated with the procedure), mechanical factors associated with the aneurysm (such as anatomical shape and size) or mechanical factors associated with the stent graft (such as kinking, endoleak or endotension). Most common symptoms include abdominal or back pain, nausea, fever and gastrointestinal bleeding. Haemodynamic instability and shock at presentation is only present in less than a fifth of patients. Patients should be thoroughly submitted to a laboratory work-up, cultures and imaging tests, particularly CT scan and upper endoscopy. There are no guidelines regarding management, but it should include total graft excision along with arterial reconstruction (either in-situ or extra-anatomical), bowel repair and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Nonetheless, AEF is associated with a high mortality rate, even if adequate treatment is performed. Conclusion: Secondary AEF is an uncommon life-threatening complication after EVAR. Clinical presentation is non-specific, so a high level of suspicion is necessary to rapidly reach diagnosis. Treatment requires infection source control and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Considering the increasing use of endovascular devices, there is a need for future studies providing more insight on the most adequate treatment for this complication.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o engajamento dos estudantes no uso de práticas de ensino inovadoras, por meio da análise dos relatórios de estágio curricular obrigatório de 28 discentes do curso de graduação em licenciatura em física do campus prof. Alberto Carvalho da UFS no período de 2017 a 2020. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada se caracteriza por uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho qualitativo, com abordagem do tipo pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Como resultado, foi possível identificar a predominância do método tradicional de ensino como metodologia principal, pois os estagiários consideram que este método auxilia mais no controle emocional e facilita na administração de tempo, direcionando maior dedicação para os estudos, expuseram também que, a principal dificuldade na utilização de metodologias inovadoras está relacionada com a disposição do tempo em preparar as aulas, e não com a falta de competências necessárias para aquisição de um material de maior qualidade. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o estágio necessita estar em constante investigação e, fazendo análise reflexiva pedagógica, é preciso buscar no estudante os elementos que constituem um professor, posto que o estágio configura-se em um momento importante de aproximação entre o futuro profissional docente e a escola.

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the engagement of students in the use of innovative teaching practices, through the analysis of the mandatory curricular internship reports of 28 students from the undergraduate course in physics from the prof. Alberto Carvalho campus of UFS in the period from 2017 to 2020. For this purpose, the methodology used is characterized by an exploratory research of qualitative nature, with a bibliographic and documental research approach. As a result, it was possible to identify the predominance of the traditional teaching method as the main methodology, because the trainees consider that this method helps more in emotional control and facilitates time management, directing more dedication to the studies, they also exposed that, the main difficulty in using innovative methodologies is related to the disposition of time to prepare the classes, and not with the lack of skills needed to acquire a higher quality material. In this way, we can conclude that the internship needs to be under constant investigation and, by doing pedagogical reflexive analysis, it is necessary to seek in the student the elements that make up a teacher, since the internship is configured in an important moment of approach between the future teaching professional and the school.

Abstract Introduction: Fenestrated/branched EVAR (f/bEVAR) are associated with lower peri-operative major complications, when compared to open repair in complex aortic pathologies. However, f/bEVAR is limited by the waiting time for customized graft production and has specific anatomic limitations. Alternatively, adapting outside instructions-for-use, readily available off-the-shelf devices has been used with variable success. Among these options is the Octopus technique, which consists of parallel stent grafts originating inside a larger external stent graft. Despite being an off-label combination of devices, it can play a role when f/bEVAR is unavailable or inapplicable. Methods: Single center retrospective study, including all consecutive patients treated with the Octopus technique. Baseline characteristics, peri-procedural and follow-up data was obtained. Primary endpoint is clinical success. Secondary endpoints are complications and secondary interventions in follow-up. Results: Between 2015 and February 2022, six patients with a mean of 74±9 years were identified. Treatment indications included three type 1A endoleaks and 3 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) without prior intervention, one of which was mycotic. Four procedures were elective and the remaining two emergent. In the elective cases, the Octopus technique was chosen due to anatomical constraints and because waiting time for customization was considered excessive. Excluder and Incraft endografts were used in 5 and 1 cases, respectively. Thirteen visceral branches were revascularized (6 superior mesenteric, 4 renal and 3 celiac arteries). Gutter endoleaks were observed in 2 patients. Mean blood loss, surgery and hospitalization duration was 483 (300) mL, 288 (73) minutes and 26 (19.5) days. One perioperative death occurred, in a patient treated in the context of post-EVAR rupture due to type 1A endoleak. The most frequent postoperative complications were temporary acute renal failure (2/6), paraplegia (2/6) of which one was completely resolved, and non-graft related infection (2/6). One early reintervention, consisting of branch relining due to kinking and gutter embolization was necessary. On follow-up, there were no new endoleaks or endoleak-related interventions. Four patients died within two years, one with an aneurysm-related complication (spondylodiscitis in the context of a mycotic TAAA). The remaining deaths were not aneurysm related. Conclusion: The Octopus technique may offer a valuable off-the-shelf solution for complex aortic diseases, particularly due to anatomical constraints or in the emergent setting. Despite a high technical success rate, there is significant early morbidity and high mid-term mortality. In our series, durability was reasonable for this challenging group of patients, and our outcomes are in accordance with other reports.

Resumo Introducão: Com o crescente uso das técnicas endovasculares, seja para fins diagnósticos ou terapêuticos, o pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico da artéria femoral é uma complicação cada vez mais frequente. A par deste aumento de incidência foram surgindo alternativas à cirurgia convencional para o seu tratamento, nomeadamente soluções percutâneas e endovasculares. Em 2003 foi descrito pela primeira vez um novo método minimamente invasivo, rápido e de baixo custo: a oclusão percutânea com tumescência através da injeção peri-aneurismática eco-guiada de soro fisiológico. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar a literatura existente e comparar os protocolos utilizados pelos diferentes autores que descreveram este método, a fim de avaliar a sua eficácia, segurança e os outcomes a curto e longo-prazo, bem como a possível utilização deste procedimento nos serviços de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular. Métodos: A revisão foi conduzida segundo a metodologia PRISMA. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e ClincalKey de forma a identificar todas as publicações focadas no tratamento de pseudoaneurismas femorais iatrogénicos com tumescência. Não foram aplicadas quaisquer restrições de busca. Apenas foram consideradas publicações originais em revistas científicas com revisão por pares. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco trabalhos originais. Três consistem em séries de casos com a descrição do protocolo utilizado, as características dos pseudoaneurismas e resultados. Apenas um trabalho comparou a tumescência com outra técnica - a compressão eco-guiada. Um outro consistiu num estudo coorte em que foram analisadas diferentes características dos pseudoaneurismas por forma a perceber a sua relação com a taxa de sucesso e insucesso. Todos os trabalhos mostraram uma alta taxa de sucesso imediato e às 24h pós-procedimento (entre 87,5% e 100%), à exceção de um trabalho que diferiu de todos os outros, uma vez que não foi utilizada anestesia local peri-procedimento. Neste trabalho verificou-se uma taxa de sucesso de apenas 43% às 24h, apesar de uma taxa de sucesso de 100% imediatamente após o tratamento. Conclusão: Comparando a injeção de solução salina peri-aneurismática com as outras opções, este método apresenta vantagens: é uma alternativa simples, rápida e barata que pode ser realizada à cabeceira do doente, e está associada a alta taxa de sucesso, baixa taxa de recorrência e de complicações, segundo a literatura analisada. No entanto, são necessários estudos de maior dimensão, idealmente randomizados, para comprovar o custo-benefício e custo-eficácia em relação aos outros métodos, principalmente em relação à injeção de trombina, que é o procedimento atualmente aceite como gold standard no tratamento dos pseudoaneurismas femorais.

Abstract Introduction: Capsule endoscopy has revolutionized the management of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Nevertheless, reading capsule endoscopy images is time-consuming and prone to overlooking significant lesions, thus limiting its diagnostic yield. We aimed to create a deep learning algorithm for automatic detection of blood and hematic residues in the enteric lumen in capsule endoscopy exams. Methods: A convolutional neural network was developed based on a total pool of 22,095 capsule endoscopy images (13,510 images containing luminal blood and 8,585 of normal mucosa or other findings). A training dataset comprising 80% of the total pool of images was defined. The performance of the network was compared to a consensus classification provided by 2 specialists in capsule endoscopy. Subsequently, we evaluated the performance of the network using an independent validation dataset (20% of total image pool), calculating its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision. Results: Our convolutional neural network detected blood and hematic residues in the small bowel lumen with an accuracy and precision of 98.5 and 98.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 98.6 and 98.9%, respectively. The analysis of the testing dataset was completed in 24 s (approximately 184 frames/s). Discussion/Conclusion: We have developed an artificial intelligence tool capable of effectively detecting luminal blood. The development of these tools may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of capsule endoscopy when evaluating patients presenting with obscure small bowel bleeding.

Resumo Introdução: A endoscopia por cápsula revolucionou a abordagem a doentes com hemorragia digestiva obscura. No entanto, a leitura de imagens de endoscopia por cápsula é morosa, havendo suscetibilidade para a perda de lesões significativas, limitando desta forma a sua eficácia diagnóstica. Este estudo visou a criação de um algoritmo de deep learning para deteção automática de sangue e resíduos hemáticos no lúmen entérico usando imagens de endoscopia por cápsula. Métodos: Foi desenvolvida uma rede neural convolucional com base num conjunto de 22,095 imagens de endoscopia de cápsula (13,510 imagens contendo sangue e 8,585 mucosa normal ou outros achados). Foi construído um grupo de imagens para treino, compreendendo 80% do total de imagens. O desempenho da rede foi comparado com a classificação consenso de dois especialistas em endoscopia por cápsula. Posteriormente, o desempenho da rede foi avaliado usando os restantes 20% de imagens. Foi calculada a sua sensibilidade, especificidade, exatidão e precisão. Resultados: O algoritmo detetou sangue e resíduos hemáticos no lúmen do intestino delgado com uma exatidão e precisão de 98.5% e 98.7%, respetivamente. A sensibilidade e especificidade foram 98.6% e 98.9%, respetivamente. A análise do conjunto de usado para teste da rede foi concluída em 24 segundos (aproximadamente 184 frames/s). Discussão/Conclusão: Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de inteligência artificial capaz de detetar efetivamente o sangue luminal. O desenvolvimento dessas ferramentas pode aumentar a precisão do diagnóstico da endoscopia por cápsula ao avaliar pacientes que apresentam sangramento obscuro do intestino delgado.

Resumo Introdução: Nas últimas duas décadas, a abordagem de tratamento de aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA) mudou drasticamente de cirurgia aberta para cirurgia endovascular. A diminuição de cirurgia de AAA convencional , open aneurysm repair (OAR), levanta preocupações relativamente à competência dos futuros cirurgiões vasculares para executar este procedimento complexo e de alto risco. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as tendências de tratamento de AAA entre internos de Cirurgia Vascular, ao longo de 15 anos, a nível nacional. Métodos: Identificação dos médicos que terminaram o internato de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular entre 2002 e 2017, inclusive, a nível nacional e colheita dos dados através da consulta dos currículos para a prova final de conclusão do internato complementar. Foram avaliados o total de cirurgias por AAA, tanto por OAR e por EVAR e contabilizadas aquelas realizadas como 1º cirurgião. A correlação entre o número de cirurgias abertas de AAA e o ano de conclusão do internato complementar foi testada usando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Em Portugal, de 2002-2017, apesar de não se verificar variabilidade no número total de OAR realizados, verificou-se um decréscimo marcado naqueles realizados como 1º cirurgião (rho=-0,363; P<0.02). No final do internato em 2007, um interno de Cirurgia Vascular realizava em média 15 casos de OAR e em 2007 a média foi de apenas 7 casos. Por outro lado, constatou-se um aumento marcado no número total de procedimentos de EVAR (rho=0,478; P<0.02) bem como aqueles realizados como 1ºcirurgião (rho=0,540; P<0.01). Conclusão: O presente estudo revela que os internos de Cirurgia Vascular, a nível nacional, se encontram expostos a progressivamente menos casos de OAR e verifica-se uma diminuição significativa nos procedimentos de OAR como 1º cirurgião.

Abstract Introduction: Surgical site infections are associated with devastating consequences in vascular surgery patients but the data on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among those remains scant and conflicting. Most vascular surgery antibiotic prophylaxis assume that all patients submitted to surgery are tested prior to the intervention or that all patients with risk factors for MRSA are presumed to be colonized. However, the costs associated with testing all patients are not negligible, and most of the vascular surgery patients have risk factors for MRSA colonization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burden of MRSA clinical infection and its outcome and to adjust clinical practice accordingly. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from all patients with MRSA isolations that were submitted to vascular surgery in the year 2019 was conducted. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were timing of infection (pre-existent infection or post-surgical infection), need for ICU and length of hospital stay. Results: Out of 1681 patients admitted for surgery in the year 2019 in the vascular surgery ward, only 21 had clinical infection with positive MRSA isolates. All the patients had risk factors for MRSA colonization. Seventeen were admitted for PAD (Rutherford grade 5 or 6). Eight patients had post-operatory infections, whilst the remaining presented with MRSA infection prior to the intervention. Post-operatory infections ranged from superficial incisional in three patients, deep incisional in one patient, and organ/space/prosthesis infection in four patients (of the last group, two had prosthesis infection). There were five deaths, of which two were unrelated to the infection. Of the three deaths probably infection-related, all were post-operatory surgical site infections, and all were organ/space/prosthesis infections (one with prosthesis infection). There was no patient admitted to the ICU that survived. The mean hospital stay was increased by 26 days (31 days, 95% CI, 19-43). Conclusion: Infection by MRSA was less frequent than expected in our population, which may mean that colonization might be smaller than expected. Pre-operative infection was almost always related to chronic wounds and did not increase the risk of post-operative wound infection or death, contrary to post-operative infection, which seems to significantly increase mortality.

Abstract Introduction: Phlegmasia cerulea (PC) is a severe form of deep vein thrombosis. In the setting of massive venous thrombosis and severe ischemia, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) or trombectomy is mandatory. We report three cases of women with PC managed with venous thrombectomy after failure of CDT. Case reports: 1: 20 years-old, with recent intake of oral contraceptive, referred with acute onset of limb swelling, pain and a cold left lower extremity associated with foot pallor, paresthesia and numbness. Doppler ultrasound revealed occlusive thrombosis of the entire deep venous system and the great saphenous vein (GSV). Anticoagulation (AC) and CDT were started. However due to increasing levels of transaminases, creatine kinase and myoglobin, CTD was stopped and venous thrombectomy was proposed. A retrievable inferior vena cava filter (IVC) was implanted and venous surgical trombectomy. The completion venography showed a Cockett compression that was treated with stenting of the left iliac vein. Thrombophilia tests were positive for anticardiolipin antibodies an hyperhomocysteinemia. At 3-years follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic and under AC. The 3-year Doppler showed normal patency for the iliac stent and a mild femoropopliteal vein insuffiency. 2: 19 year-old, taking oral contraceptives, with acute onset of PCD with acute thrombus in the left iliac, femoral, popliteal veins. CDT was started at admittance but stopped after two days because of very low values of serum fibrinogen and persistence of occlusive thrombus in the iliac vein. A retrievable IVC filter was placed and the thrombus removed with surgical thrombectomy. Phlebography showed no significant residual thrombus and no signs of compression were present. At 1 month follow-up, the patient presented without leg edema or venous claudication symptoms. Thrombophilia testing is awaited. 3: 54 year-old who presented with low back pain, worsening left leg pain and swelling with a cyanosed and colder foot. At doppler ultrasound there were monophasic arterial flow in the left leg. After exclusion of arterial embolism, the first therapeutic approach was CDT, but it was also stopped due to very low fibrinogen levels and an ineffective thrombus lysis in venography controls. After implantation of a retrievable IVC, surgical thrombectomy via femoral vein was performed, with successful thrombus removal. Venography showed Cockett syndrome and a stent was implanted. At 6 months the patient remained without major symptoms, and Doppler confirmed stent patency with non residual obstruction or venous insufficiency. Conclusion: Awareness and timely diagnosis of phlegmasia cerulea is necessary to ensure prompt intervention to prevent loss of limb. When CDT is not effective, surgical thrombectomy remains successfully alternative. Iliac venous stenting complement is also crucial to treat associated Cockett syndrome. Endovascular thrombectomy devices may be a reasonable alternative to surgical thrombectomy.

Abstract Aim: This study aims to analyze the perceptions of women who hold leadership positions in sports on female participation as the head coach of the Brazilian women's handball national team. Method: We offer a qualitative case study. The collected data was through in-depth elite interviews. The interviewees’ responses were analyzed and interpreted using the construction of categories. Results: The finds show perceptions of the categorization process. Three main categories emerged: 1) Prejudice. The interviewees affirm that the prejudice within the sport has been decreasing over the years. But it remains latent and continues to make difficult the continuity and rise of women in sports. 2) Professional and personal life. The interviewees affirm that Brazil is still a macho country, and even at a lower level, prejudice still exists in the universe of sports. The sport is known as a territory where men produce and demonstrate their masculinity; this favors the perception that coaches are usually men, having specific questions about the women's competence in that position, and that only men would be able to run teams. 3) Competence. The conciliation between family and professional life is a delicate situation, promotes conflicts, and does not favor the rise of women in positions of command. Nevertheless, the difficulty of reconciling personal and professional life, especially in high-performance sports, is necessary to leave home for extended periods for training or competition. Conclusion: The prejudice still is present despite its reduction over the years. The men domain the sports career, and for women, it is necessary to face the glass ceiling and prove their capacity constantly. Women's access to head coach teams, such as the Brazilian adult women's handball national team, is still a significant challenge.

Resumo: A hepatotoxicidade induzida por fármacos é uma causa importante de lesão hepática aguda. As terapêuticas imunomoduladoras, como o vedolizumab (VDZ), são cada vez mais utilizadas para o tratamento de diversas patologias, particularmente a doença inflamatória do intestino. Vários estudos comprovaram o perfil de segurança favorável do VDZ. Até à data, apenas foi relatado um caso de hepatotoxicidade atribuída ao VDZ em estudos de farmacovigilância pós comercialização. Os autores apresentam o caso de uma mulher de 41 anos, seguida em Gastrenterologia por colite ulcerosa (CU) e hepatite autoimune (HAI). A doença hepática desta doente encontrava-se eficazmente controlada com corticoterapia em baixa dose (prednisolona 10 mg). Concomitantemente, a terapêutica dirigida à CU incluía salicilatos (messalazina 3 g/dia) e budesonido (9 mg/dia) orais. Por apresentar CU não controlada com o esquema referido, iniciou VDZ. Duas semanas após a primeira infusão de VDZ, a doente desenvolve manifestações clínicas e analíticas compatíveis com quadro de hepatite. Do estudo etiológico realizado, nenhuma causa foi identificada como responsável pela lesão hepatocelular. Foi realizada uma biópsia hepática que corroborou o diagnóstico de hepatite tóxica a sobrepor-se a características de doença hepática crónica. A terapêutica com VDZ foi interrompida e a doente apresentou recuperação de valores normais do perfil hepático durante as semanas que se sucederam. Com este trabalho, os autores expõem o primeiro caso pós-comercialização de lesão hepatocelular em provável relação com VDZ.

Abstract: Drug-induced liver injury is an important cause of acute liver injury. Immunomodulatory therapies, such as vedolizumab (VDZ), are being increasingly used for the treatment of several diseases, most importantly inflammatory bowel disease. Several studies have demonstrated the safety of this substance. To date, only one post-marketing study has reported a case of hepatotoxicity attributable to VDZ. The authors present the case of a 41-year-old woman followed at the gastroenterology outpatient clinic for ulcerative colitis (UC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). This patient was being treated with low-dose glucocorticoids for AIH (prednisolone 10 mg), with adequate disease control. Additionally, she was being treated with oral salicylates (mesalamine 3 g/day) and oral budesonide (9 mg/day) for her UC. For uncontrolled UC, she was started on VDZ. Two weeks after the first infusion of VDZ, the patient developed a clinical and analytical phenotype compatible with acute hepatitis. Diagnostic workup for causes of hepatocellular liver injury retrieved no results. A liver biopsy corroborated the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis overlapping chronic liver disease. VDZ was withdrawn and the patient experienced complete recovery of liver tests over the following weeks. In this case report, we present the first post-marketing case of hepatocellular liver injury in probable relation to VDZ.

Resumo A molécula paclitaxel está disponível no mercado desde 1991 e está indicada no tratamento de diversas neoplasias. A partir de 2012, a sua utilização foi expandida para dispositivos endovasculares para o tratamento da doença arterial periférica, apresentando-se hoje como uma das principais escolhas no tratamento de lesões arteriais femoro-popliteias sintomáticas, especialmente pelo seu benefício na prevenção de reestenoses. Estes dispositivos apresentam atualmente um benefício comprovado na sobrevida livre de reintervenção e permeabilidade até 5 anos. Uma meta-análise de estudos randomizados revelou um aumento na mortalidade a longo-prazo, no entanto, estudos de coorte com populações mais representativas da prática clinica diária, apresentam resultados discordantes. Salienta-se o facto desta meta-análise ser composta predominantemente por doentes claudicantes, estando os doentes com isquemia crónica com risco de perda de membro sub-representados. Estudos concebidos especificamente para este intuito são necessários para esclarecer este tópico. Por enquanto, os doentes deverão ser alertados para os eventuais riscos e benefícios da exposição a paclitaxel e um processo de decisão conjunta deverá ser um objetivo.

Abstract Paclitaxel molecule has been on the market since 1991 and is indicated for the treatment of multiple neoplasms. Since 2012 has been used in endovascular devices for the treatment of peripheral artery disease and have become a mainstay in the treatment of symptomatic femoro-popliteal lesions, in particular for preventing arterial restenosis. They have a proven benefit in patency and freedom-from re-intervention up to 5 years. A recent meta-analysis of RCT showed an increased late-mortality rate, however, real-life cohorts analyses presents contradictory results. RCT meta-analysis is comprised mainly by claudicants, and CLTI patients are underrepresented. Further studies are needed to clarify this matter, in particular with a higher percentage of CLTI presentation. For now, patients should be advised about risks and benefits of paclitaxel exposure and a shared decision-making process should be followed.

Resumo: Os autores descrevem o caso de um indivíduo do sexo masculino, com infeção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, admitido por agudização de colite ulcerosa. O doente descreve prática de sexo anal desprotegido. No serviço de urgência apresentava-se com queixas de diarreia sanguinolenta, tenesmo, falsas vontades e perda recente de peso. Do estudo efetuado, analiticamente apresentava-se com anemia ligeira de novo, e com elevação ligeira dos parâmetros inflamatórios. A retossigmoidoscopia flexível realizada apresentava disrupção do normal padrão vascular, edema, eritema, exsudação e ulceração superficial do reto distal. Foram realizadas biópsias das lesões que demonstraram sinais de proctite crónica com atividade ligeira a moderada. Atendendo à gravidade do quadro, o doente iniciou corticoterapia endovenosa, porém sem resolução dos sintomas. Uma avaliação microbiológica extensa permitiu a identificação de diversos agentes com potencial para causar proctite infeciosa: citomegalovírus, Chlamydia trachomatise Blastocystis hominis. Este caso realça a importância do estudo microbiológico, a suportar uma história clínica detalhada, em doentes que se apresentam com sintomatologia sugestiva de exacerbação de doença inflamatória intestinal.

Abstract: The authors present the case of a 62-year-old male presenting with a relapse of ulcerative colitis. He had unprotected anal intercourse with other men and his medical record was remarkable for HIV infection. He was admitted to the emergency department with bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, urgency, and recent weight loss. Laboratory workup revealed de novo mild anemia and mild elevation of inflammation parameters. Endoscopic evaluation displayed loss of normal vascular pattern, edema, erythema, exudation, and superficial ulceration in the distal rectum. Biopsies showed chronic proctitis with mild to moderate activity. The patient was treated with intravenous glucocorticoids, but symptoms persisted. Extensive microbial study allowed the identification of multiple infectious agents with potential for infectious proctitis: cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Blastocystis hominis. This case highlights the importance of careful microbial investigation, supporting a detailed clinical history, in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease flare, particularly in risk groups such as that with sexual risk.

Abstract Choosing a surgical specialty can be a hard decision for a medical student. Several studies present data showing that most medical students fear the surgical field and end up switching to another specialty. For cardiovascular surgery, the scenario is very similar. In the last decades, the interest in cardiovascular surgery has been decreasing worldwide and the cardiothoracic surgical societies across the globe have been trying to understand the factors that push away medical students and general surgical residents from the specialty. In this regard, our work aims to focus on describe the access of students to cardiovascular surgery, especially during medical school, as well as to provide a brief report of our current data regarding the specialty. student similar decades regard school