ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) added to orange peel on fermentative parameters and aerobic stability of orange peel silages. The treatments were based on different levels of PCP: 0 (control), 10% PCP, 20% PCP, and 30% PCP calculated according to the weight of orange peel (w/w), with five experimental silos per treatment stored for 60 days. Chemical composition, fermentative parameters, microbial population, and dry matter (DM) losses were performed in silages after opening the experimental silos. Furthermore, aerobic stability was evaluated for 12 days. Silages with 10 and 20% PCP presented suitable levels of DM, 226 and 302 g kg−1, respectively, and probably adequate water activity that benefited the lactic acid fermentation, but it jeopardized their aerobic stabilities. The inclusion of 10% PCP did not reduce the effluent loss compared with the control silages. Yet, 30% PCP silage showed the lowest effluent loss (93%), in contrast to the low lactic acid content (35 g kg−1) and short aerobic stability (49 h). Control silages remained stable for a longer period (115 h), but showed greater loss of N as NH3, and higher losses of DM through gas (354 g kg−1) and effluents (114 g kg−1). In short, we highlighted 20% PCP silage because of its high lactic acid bacteria (6.3 cfu g−1), high lactic acid:acetic acid ratio (1.41), low nitrogen degradation as NH3, and reduced gas (67%) and effluent (80%) productions. With the highest lactic acid (66.42 g kg−1), these well-preserved silages showed a more intense aerobic degradation, starting after 42h. The inclusion of PCP to orange peel improves the fermentation process probably due to the decrease of water activity, but decreases the aerobic stability of the silage as well.

ABSTRACT The objective of this survey was to identify what mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets offered to beef cattle in feedlots and their concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazilian feedlots located in the five major beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected and analyzed for mycotoxin using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin concentrations were further interpreted according to known species-specific sensitivities and normalized according to the principles of toxic equivalent factors (risk equivalent quantities - REQ) expressed in µg kg−1 of aflatoxin B1-equivalent. Forty percent of the visited feedlots had apparent fungi in TMR. However, only one feedlot (3%) used a mycotoxin adsorbent. On the other hand, diets with high contamination presented no apparent fungi. One hundred percent of TMR was contaminated. All samples presented at least one mycotoxin contamination, with 65.5% considered low contamination, 27.6% medium contamination, and 6.90% high contamination. The toxins identified in TMR were fumonisins (most frequently), trichothecenes A, trichothecenes B, fusaric acid, aflatoxins, and ergot (mean concentration values: 2,330, 104.3, 79.5, 105, 10.5, and 5.5 µg kg−1, respectively). According to the contamination of TMR samples per region, Mato Grosso do Sul state presented the highest contaminations. Peanut meal was the most contaminated ingredient. One hundred percent of TMR in Brazilian feedlot is contaminated. Fumonisins were the mycotoxin most frequent and at highest concentrations in TMR samples. Moreover, mycotoxin concentrations have a distinct pattern among ingredients, TMR, and feedlots (local).

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento deshuesado en canal de 64 toros jóvenes Nellore alimentados en corral con dietas que contienen urea recubierta o sin recubrir y sacrificados a cinco pesos corporales (350, 455, 485, 555 y 580 kg). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con un arreglo factorial de 5 χ 2. No se detectó ningún efecto significativo para la interacción entre el peso de sacrificio y la dieta; por lo tanto, las variables se analizaron por separado, en comparación con los contrastes polinómicos y la prueba F, respectivamente. Los pesos absolutos de los cortes primarios del cuarto anterior y posterior aumentaron linealmente a medida que aumentaba el peso del sacrificio de los animales. El aumento de los pesos de sacrificio elevó el porcentaje de la tapa de la grupa en el cuarto trasero de la pistola, así como su rendimiento. Los porcentajes de la gorguera y la falda de la rabadilla aumentaron linealmente, mientras que los de nudillo, lomo, filete de flanco, grupa y plano exterior disminuyeron y la suma de los cortes primarios tuvo un efecto cuadrático en relación con el peso de la mitad de la carcasa. El aumento de los pesos de matanza condujo a un mayor porcentaje de grasa del recorte de los cortes del cuarto trasero en relación con el peso de la carcasa 1/2. El peso de los cortes de carne fue similar entre los grupos de animales alimentados con urea recubierta y no recubierta. Los pesos de sacrificio más altos generan cortes de carne más pesados pero porcentajes más bajos de cortes primarios del cuarto trasero de la pistola en relación con el peso de la carcasa.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the boneless yield of the carcass of 64 feedlot-finished young Nellore bulls fed diets containing coated or uncoated urea and slaughtered at five body weights (350, 455, 485, 555, and 580 kg). A completely randomized design with a 5 χ 2 factorial arrangement was used. No significant effect was detected for the interaction between slaughter weight and diet; therefore, the variables were analyzed separately, compared by polynomial contrasts and the F test, respectively. The absolute weights of the primal cuts from the fore- and hind-quarter increased linearly as the slaughter weight of the animals increased. Increasing slaughter weights elevated the percentage of rump cap in the pistola hindquarter as well as its yield. The percentages of the rump cap and rump skirt increased linearly, whereas those of knuckle, tenderloin, flank steak, rump, and outside flat decreased and the sum of prime cuts had a quadratic effect in relation to the weight of the right 1/2 carcass. Increasing slaughter weights led to a higher percentage of fat from the trimming of the hindquarter cuts relative to the weight of the 1/2 carcass. The weight of meat cuts was similar between the groups of animals fed coated and uncoated urea. Higher slaughter weights generate heavier meat cuts but lower percentages of primal cuts from the pistola hindquarter relative to the carcass weight.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a temperatura nos diferentes estratos e profundidades do perfil frontal de silos do tipo superfície antes e após o desabastecimento. Avaliou-se ainda, valores de pH na porção superior e inferior do perfil, densidade da matéria natural (MN) e matéria seca (MS) em silagens de milheto com partículas de 5 ou 20 mm, contendo ou não inoculante bacteriano, utilizando-se a silagem de milho como controle. Houve interação (P<0,05) silagem × estrato do perfil e silagem × profundidade do perfil para as temperaturas antes do desabastecimento, sendo que as silagens de milheto apresentaram menores temperaturas no estrato superior quando comparadas as de milho. Os gradientes de temperatura entre silagem e ambiente em silos de milheto e milho foram menores no estrato inferior do perfil, comprovando -se nas termografias pelo clareamento nessa região. O gradiente de temperatura após o desabastecimento foi menor a 50 cm de profundidade em todos os silos de milheto. Não foram observadas diferenças nas densidades da MN e MS das silagens estudadas. Os valores de pH das silagens antes da retirada, foram maiores no estrato superior e menores no estrato inferior em todas as silagens de milheto, exceto na silagem de milho. Silos de milheto apresentaram menores valores de pH no estrato inferior do silo. Silagens com tamanho de partícula de 5 mm proporcionam menores temperaturas na porção mediana do painel antes do desabastecimento. O uso do inoculante bacteriano no presente trabalho não foi capaz de alterar as características avaliadas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the temperature at different depths of the stack silo and strata front profile before and after the removal of silage. Also, the pH values in the upper and lower profile and the silage density of the fresh materials (FM) and dry matter (DM) in pearl millet silages with particle sizes of 5 or 20 mm, with or without inoculant, were assessed, using corn silage as controls. There was an interaction (P<0.05) silage × stratum profile and silage × depth profile for the temperatures before the removal of silage, and the pearl millet silages had lower temperatures in the upper stratum compared to corn. The temperature gradient between the silage and environment pearl millet and corn silos were smaller in the lower stratum profile. The temperature gradient after the removal of the silage was less than 50 cm deep at all the pearl millet silos. There were no differences in the densities of the FM and DM of the studied silages. The pH values of the silages before their removal were higher in the upper stratum and lower stratum in the bottom of all the pearl millet silages, in contrast with corn silage. The pearl millet silos had lower pH values in the lower stratum of the silo. Silages with 5 mm particle size provide lower temperatures in the middle portion of the panel before the removal of the silage. The use of bacterial inoculant in this study did not change the characteristics evaluated.

This study analyzes the chemical carcass characteristics and carcass losses in 86 cattle, both castrated and non-castrated, with an average initial weight of 329 kg and an average age of approximately 20 months, including 12 Gyr, 20 Guzerat, 20 Nellore, and 20 Caracu among the herds selected for weight determination at 378 days of age, as well as 14 Nellore cattle that were not selected. The diet contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 60:40 in terms of dry matter (DM), with 14.8% crude protein as a percentage of DM and corn silage as roughage. A completely randomized 5 × 2 factorial experimental design was used, including five breeds and two sex classes. The following values were determined: losses due to the trimming of commercial cuts and cooking; shear force; the temperature and pH of the meat; and the chemical composition of the Hankins and Howe section (HH section). The castrated animals exhibited greater losses from the front trimmings compared with the non-castrated cattle. There were no differences in the final pH values of the carcasses among the breeds, although the noncastrated animals exhibited higher values than the castrated ones, likely because non-castrated animals were more susceptible to stress. The final pH remained within the range considered optimal for all of the carcasses studied. No differences were observed in the shear force among the breeds or between the two sexes. When appropriately managed, zebu breeds are capable of producing tender meat, thus meeting the demands of the consumer market.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the postweaning history of heifers kept on marandu grass pastures with three canopy heights, in a continuous-grazing system, during the rainy period, on feedlot- or pasture finishing. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) associated with two supplements (mineral salt and protein-energy supplement) and two finishing systems in the dry period (feedlot and open pasture) were studied in the postweaning period during the rainy season. The adopted design was completely randomized, with seven replications (animals) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The animals which received protein-energy supplement reached the finishing period with greater body weight in relation to those fed mineral salt. In both feedlot and pasture finishing systems, compensatory gain effect was observed in the animals that remained on the low pastures during postweaning compared with the high pastures. This compensatory gain was not verified in the animals that received protein-energy supplement in relation to the mineral salt, and thus the animals were slaughtered beforehand. The heifers on pastures with 25 or 35 cm in height were slaughtered in the same period, and those kept on the low pastures were slaughtered afterwards. The studied factors in the postweaning phase did not affect the carcass characteristics. Animals finished in feedlot slaughtered with the same body weight as those finished on pasture show greater carcass yield, subcutaneous fat deposition and renal pelvic and inguinal fat and greater losses with trimmings for cleaning the main hindquarter meat cuts; however, they provide cuts with the same weight but greater fat cover.

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and daytime ingestive behavior of 84 Nellore young bulls in the post-weaning phase kept on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season. Treatments were protein mineral supplementation (1 g/kg body weight) and protein+energy mineral supplementation (3 g/kg body weight). The experimental area comprised 12 paddocks in a total area of 27.36 ha, divided in two blocks of six paddocks each, having three replications per treatment in each block, with 42 animals/treatment. The data were subjected to variance analysis with repeated measures over time via procedure PROCMIXED of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.0) and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The initial average weight of animals was 204.8 kg; final weights were 260.9 and 276.9 kg for animals that received protein and protein+energy supplement, respectively. The forage availability, sward height and stocking rate values did not differ with supplementation, but they showed difference between the experimental periods. The average time spent grazing during daylight of animals fed protein+energy supplement was shorter as compared with those which consumed protein supplement. Animals kept under the same pasture conditions during the dry season show better performance when they receive protein+energy supplement than protein supplement.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos e orgânicos, na época das águas do ano, sobre o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 13,6 ± 2,9 meses e peso corporal inicial de 176,8 ± 10,1kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, sendo considerado o módulo de pastejo (dois módulos/tratamento) como tratamento (fontes de minerais inorgânicos e orgânicos) e animais como repetição (16 animais/tratamento) em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejada em sistema intermitente. Ao final de cada ciclo de pastejo (42 dias) os animais foram pesados e mensurados quanto à altura na cernelha e perímetro torácico e, o peso corporal médio do lote foi usado para os cálculos de ajuste de carga. Com relação à oferta de forragem em matéria seca, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, mas sim sobre os ciclos. A oferta de forragem média para os ciclos foi de 12kg matéria seca/100kg de peso corporal, com taxa de lotação de 4,19UA/ha. Não foram observados efeitos das fontes de minerais inorgânicos e orgânicos sobre o ganho médio diário de peso corporal e nas mensurações do perímetro torácico e na altura da cernelha. O manejo correto da pastagem na época das águas e a suplementação mineral adequada proporcionou excelente desempenho de novilhas leiteiras com ganhos médios de 0,680kg/dia. O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with sources of inorganic minerals and organic, in the rainy season of the year on the performance of dairy crossbred Gir x Holstein, with a mean age of 13.6 ± 2.9 months and body weight averaging 176.8 ± 10.1kg were assigned at random block design, the module (two module/treatment) is considered as the grazing treatment (inorganic minerals and organic sources) and animals such as repetition (16 animals / treatment) in pasture Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, managed under rotational grazing system. At the end of each grazing cycle (42 days) the animals were weighed and measured for height at withers and girth and the body weight average batch was used for calculation of load adjustment. With respect to the forage available did not differ between treatments, but on the cycles. The average forage available for the cycles was 12kg dry matter/100kg body weight with stocking rate of 4.19UA/ha. There were no effects of inorganic minerals and organic sources on the average daily gain of body weight and measurements in the height at withers and the girth. The correct management of grazing in the rainy season and the appropriate mineral supplementation provided an excellent performance of dairy heifers with average gains of 0.680 kg/day. The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources.

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance and carcass characteristics of 64 Nellore young bulls at 22 months of age finished in a feedlot and slaughtered at five body weights (350; 455; 485; 555 and 580 kg) fed diets containing coated or uncoated urea. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, set in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, and for the variables assessed in the control animals, it was 5 × 2. No effect of interaction between slaughter weights and diets were observed, so the variables were analyzed separately, compared by polynomial contrasts and by the F test, respectively. The time animals remained in the feedlot to reach slaughter weights was 66, 88, 145 and 194 days. Average daily gain (ADG) showed quadratic behavior, with a maximum of 1.44 kg/day with animals of 491.7 kg. Dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/day) was similar in all the treatments, but it decreased linearly as body weight increased. The bionutritional efficiency worsened linearly as body weight rose. The elevation in slaughter weight resulted in linear decrease in the percentage of beef round and increase in forequarter. Backfat thickness and rib eye area of the longissimus increased linearly and the percentages of muscle and protein in the carcass reduced and those of fat and ether extract increased linearly as body weight increased. Average daily gain, DMI, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were not affected by diets containing coated or uncoated urea. However, animals fed coated urea presenter better crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber intake.

Objetiva-se com essa revisão abordar os aspectos relevantes à utilização da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de ruminantes. A cana-de-açúcar é uma forrageira que apresenta elevada produtividade de massa por área, o que representa a principal vantagem de sua utilização. Entretanto, o corte diário é um empecilho para sua adoção em muitas propriedades. Opções como o tratamento químico da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou a ensilagem são válidas, mas possuem limitações. A cana-de-açúcar sempre foi considerada uma forrageira de baixa qualidade nutricional. Nesta revisão serão tecidas considerações para interpretar essas limitações nutricionais com um novo aspecto. E por fim serão apresentados trabalhos científicos que mostram o potencial de uso da cana-de-açúcar como volumoso para ruminantes.

The objective of this review is to highlight the important aspects of the usage of sugar cane to feed ruminants. Sugar cane is forage that presents high productivity body per area, meaning the main advantage of its usage. However, its daily cut accounts in hindrance. Chemical treatment of sugar cane in natura or silage are alternative options but there also limitations. Sugar cane is considered forage of low nutritional value. This review aims at bringing about new interpretations for these nutritional limitations considering new aspects. Finally, scientific works will be presented to demonstrate the potential usage of sugar cane as roughages.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte em confinamento alimentados com rações contendo silagem de milho ou de cana-de-açúcar, e com diferentes formulações. Foram avaliadas cinco rações: SMF - ração contendo silagem de milho, com formulação fixa durante o período de confinamento; SMV - ração contendo silagem de milho, com formulação variável conforme a fase de confinamento; SCF: ração contendo silagem de cana-de-açúcar, com formulação fixa; SCV: ração contendo silagem de cana-de-açúcar, com formulação variável; SCV/SMV: SCV na metade inicial do confinamento e SMV na metade final. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições (baias). Foram utilizados 285 bovinos castrados, com idade de 36 meses e peso vivo inicial de 362,4 kg. As rações contendo silagem de milho promoveram maior consumo de matéria seca (10,5 kg e 2,4% PV) em comparação àquelas contendo silagem de cana-de-açúcar (10,1 kg e 2,3% PV). Não houve efeito das silagens sobre o ganho médio diário (1,348 kg/animal/dia) e peso vivo ao abate (481,2 kg PV). A ração SCV/SMV promoveu a pior conversão alimentar (8,0 kg MS/kg PV). Os animais alimentados com as rações compostas com silagem de milho apresentaram maior peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça e espessura de gordura subcutânea (262,1 kg, 54,1% e 6,2 mm) em relação àqueles que receberam a silagem de cana-de-açúcar (252,5 kg, 52,7% e 4,8 mm). A utilização de silagem de cana-de-açúcar em rações para bovinos de corte em terminação é viável e o ajuste da formulação durante o período de confinamento não influencia o desempenho dos animais. A troca de silagem de cana-de-açúcar por silagem de milho durante o período de alimentação interfere negativamente na conversão alimentar.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle in feedlots fed diets containing either whole-crop maize silage or sugarcane silage, and with different formulations. Five diets were evaluated: MSF - diet containing whole-crop maize silage, with fixed formulation during feedlot period; MSV- diet containing whole-crop maize silage, with variable formulation according to feedlot phase; SCSF - diet containing sugarcane silage with fixed formulation; SCSV- diet containing sugarcane silage, with variable formulation; SCSV/MSV- SCSV diet in initial half of fedlot and MSV diet in final half of feedlot period, respectively. It was used a complete random experimental design, with five treatments and three replicates (pens). It was used 285 steers at 36 months of age, with an initial body weight of 362.4 kg. Diets with whole-crop maize silage promoted greater intake of dry matter (10.5 kg and 2.4% BW) compared with diets containing sugarcane silage (10.1 kg and 2.3% BW). There was no effect of the silages on average daily gain (1.348 kg/animal/day) and live weight at slaughter (481.2 kg BW). SCSV/MSV diet promoted the worst feed conversion (8.0 kg DM/kg BW). Animals fed diets composed of whole-crop maize silage presented greater weight of hot carcass, of carcass yield and subcutaneous fat thickness (262.1 kg, 54.1% and 6.2 mm) compared with the animals fed sugarcane silage (252.5 kg, 52.7% and 4.8 mm). The use of sugarcane silage in diets for finishing beef cattle is feasible and the adjustment of formulation during confinement period does not influence performance of the animals. Replacement of sugarcane silage by whole-crop maize silage during the feeding period affects negatively feed conversion.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tratamento químico com ureia (3 ou 5% na MS) e amônia anidra (3% na MS) no feno de resíduo pós-colheita de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, contendo diferentes teores de umidade (15, 25 ou 30%). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições (camadas de fardos dentro das pilhas). O feno tratado com 3% de amônia anidra com 15% de umidade ocasionou redução de 84,3 para 79,1% nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e elevação de 37,3 para 55,5% na digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (MS) em relação ao grupo controle. A variação na umidade não alterou de maneira significativa a ação da amônia, cujos valores médios foram 77,6% de FDN e 57,3% de digestibilidade in vitro da MS. O feno com 5% de ureia reduziu os teores de FDN de 84,3 para 79,6% em relação ao feno não-tratado, o que tornou necessário o aumento da umidade para 30% para maior efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS, que aumentou 12 unidades percentuais.

The objective of this was to evaluate the effect of chemical treatments with urea (3 or 5% DM) and anhydrous ammonia (3% DM) applied to the post-harvest hay residues of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu that contained different moisture contents (15, 25 or 30%). A randomized block design was used with eight treatments and four replications (defined as the bale layers within the hay stacks). The hay treated with 3% anhydrous ammonia and 15% moisture content reduced the levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from 84.3 to 79.1% and increased the in vitro digestibility of the dry matter (DM) from 37.3 to 55.5% compared to the control group. The variation in the moisture content did not significantly alter the action of ammonia, with mean values of 77.6% NDF and 57.3% in vitro digestibility of DM. The hay with 5% urea reduces the NDF content from 84.3 to 79.6% compared to the untreated hay, so the hay moisture content has to be increased to 30% to achieve a greater effect on the DM digestibility, which subsequently increases by 12 percentage units.

Objetivou-se estudar a ação do tempo após a queima do canavial e o uso de aditivos sobre as características fermentativas, as perdas e a composição química de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. A cultivar utilizada foi a IAC 86-2480 colhida em cinco tempos (1, 4, 7, 10 e 14 dias) pós-queima. Os aditivos utilizados foram controle, sem aditivos, Lactobacillus buchneri, cal virgem micropulverizada e Lactobacillus buchneri + cal virgem micropulverizada. Antes da ensilagem em cada tempo, foram determinadas as populações de leveduras presentes na cana-de-açúcar. Decorridos 56 dias após a ensilagem, os silos experimentais foram abertos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, considerando os fatores aditivos e tempo pós-queima. Houve recontaminação da cana-de-açúcar pelas leveduras, elevando a população de 5,04 para 6,48 log ufc/g de forragem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS) após a abertura do silo reduziram em média 7,6 unidades percentuais em comparação aos observados na ensilagem. As silagens controle e com Lactobacillus buchneri tiveram menores recuperações da matéria seca (613 e 631 g/kg, respectivamente), em comparação às observadas nas silagens com cal e com a combinação Lactobacillus buchneri + cal (807 g/kg e 832 g/kg, respectivamente), fato que pode ser justificado pelo controle de levedura pela cal. Após a queima, as maiores variações foram na produção de gás e na recuperação de matéria seca: a produção de gás foi maior nos primeiros dias e diminuiu com o tempo após a queima, consequentemente, a recuperação de MS foi menor nos primeiros dias e aumentou com o tempo após a queima. O tempo após a queima altera o valor nutritivo da cana-de-açúcar fresca e das suas silagens, assim como a magnitude das perdas no processo de ensilagem.

This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of the time post-burning, and additives on fermentative characteristics, losses and chemical composition on the sugar cane silage. The sugar cane variety IAC 86-2480 was ensiled on the 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after burning. The additives evaluated were: control (Cont.), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Calcium oxide micro pulverized (CO), and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) plus Calcium oxide micro pulverized (LB + CO). The yeast population was determined before ensiled. After 56 days of the fermentation period the silos were opening to take samplings. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (additive and burning time) with seven treatments and four replications. The sugar cane was recontaminated with yeast, the populations increased from 5.04 to 6.48 log cfu/g of forage. Dry matter content decreased after fermentation period in average 7.6 units, compared to the sugar cane forage before ensilage. Control and LB silage showed lowest dry matter recovery (DMR), 613 g/kg and 631 g/kg, respectively, compared to the Cal and LB + Cal, 807 g/kg and 832 g/kg. This fact probably was associated to the calcium oxide control on the yeast populations. In relation to the time post-burning, the greatest changes were observed in the gas production and DMR. Gas production were higher in the first days post-burning and decreased in response to the prolongation time post-burning. The time post-burning alters the nutritive value of the fresh sugarcane and its silage and also the size of the losses from the ensilage process.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão da amônia anidra ou ureia em fenos de resíduo pós-colheita de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha e da fonte proteica suplementar ao feno não-tratado sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de bovinos confinados. Vinte e quatro animais não-castrados (12 animais F1 Nelore Aberdeen Angus, variedade preta, e 12 F1 Nelore Aberdeen Angus, variedade vermelha) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, totalizando seis repetições, considerando blocos o cruzamento e o peso inicial. As dietas experimentais consistiram de feno não-tratado suplementado com nitrogênio não-proteico; feno não-tratado suplementado com farelo de algodão; feno tratado com 5% de ureia; e feno tratado com 3% de amônia anidra (% MS). Os valores de peso vivo inicial, consumo diário e consumo relativo de MS não diferiram entre as dietas e apresentaram médias de 422,6 kg, 9,80 kg e 2,1%, respectivamente. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e a conversão alimentar apresentaram diferenças que evidenciaram melhor desempenho dos animais alimentados com o feno tratado com amônia, cujos valores foram de 1,336 kg/dia e 7,78 kg de MS ingerida/kg de GMD, seguidos daqueles alimentados com o feno não-tratado e suplementado com farelo de algodão, de 1,161 kg/dia e 8,98 kg de MS ingerida/kg de GMD, respectivamente. Os consumos de nutrientes diferiram, resultando em maiores consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e celulose pelos animais alimentados com feno tratado com amônia. Os maiores valores de espessura de gordura subcutânea foram obtidos com a dieta com feno tratado com amônia (6,3 mm).

This trial was conducted aiming to evaluate the effects of Brachiaria brizantha vegetative seed harvest residues hay treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3) or urea, and protein sources on the steers performance, and carcass quality. Twenty-four male beef cattle were (12 F1 Nellore X Aberdeen Angus and 12 F1 Nellore X Red Angus), distributed in four treatments, with six replications. Animal crossbreed type and initial body weight were considered blocks. The diets were: Untreated hay supplemented with non-protein nitrogen (UHNPN); untreated hay supplemented with cottonseed meal (UHCM), hay treated with 5% urea (HTU), hay treated with 3% anhydrous ammonia (HTA) of DM%. Diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic. The initial body weight (kg), daily DM intake (kg), and percentage of body weight (% BW) did not differ among treatments, and the average values observed were 422.6 kg, 10.24 kg, and 2.16% BW, respectively. Animals fed with HTA showed better daily weight gain, feed efficiency, 1.336 kg/day, and 7.78 kg/kg of weight gain, followed by the UHCM, 1.161 kg/day, and 8.98 kg/kg, respectively. Animals of the HTA showed highest NDF, ADF and cellulose intake. Carcass fat thickness was highest on the HTA animals, 6.3 mm.

Objetivou-se verificar a economicidade da fase de terminação em confinamento de tourinhos mestiços F1 Red Angus × Nelore (½ RA ½ N) e F1 Blonde D'Aquitaine × Nelore (½ BA ½ N) abatidos com 480, 520 e 560 kg de peso corporal. Trinta e seis bovinos mestiços F1, tourinhos, com 20 meses de idade média inicial: 18 ½ RA ½ N e 18 ½ BA ½ N foram distribuídos a um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 × 3 (grupos genético × peso de abate), com seis repetições. Os tourinhos ½ BA ½ N abatidos com 480 kg apresentaram maior ganho de carcaça (kg/dia), eficiência alimentar, valor de produção (R$/dia), saldo de alimentação (R$/dia), custo de nivelamento da dieta (@/t MS) e relação benefício:custo. O rendimento de carcaça dos tourinhos ½ BA ½ N foi maior que o dos tourinhos ½ RA ½ N. À medida que se elevou o peso de abate, o rendimento de carcaça, a conversão alimentar, o custo de alimentação (R$/@ e R$/dia) e o ponto de nivelamento da dieta (kg/dia) aumentaram; ao passo que o saldo de alimentação (R$/@) diminuiu. O índice nutricional multivariado bioeconômico indicou melhor associação com a rentabilidade da fase de terminação de bovinos em confinamento. A análise de sensibilidade não influenciou os resultados obtidos. O benefício foi menor que o custo de alimentação se considerada a relação de troca a partir de 4 @/t MS da dieta. Tourinhos mestiços F1 Blonde D'Aquitaine × Nelore abatidos com 480 kg de peso corporal apresentam melhor eficiência bioeconômica.

The objective in this work was to evaluate the economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of F1 Red Angus × Nellore (½ RA ½ N) and Blond D'Aquitaine × Nellore (½ BA ½ N) crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg of body weight. Thirty-six F1 crossbred young bull with 20 months of initial average age: 18 ½RA½ N and 18 ½N½ BA were allotted to a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (genetic group × slaughter weight), with six replicates. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg had the highest carcass gain (kg/day), feed efficiency, gross income (R$/day), gross profit of feed (R$/day), break-even cost of the diet (@/t DM) and cost:benefit ratio. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls also had higher dressing percentage than ½ RA ½ N young bulls. As the slaughter weight rised the dressing percentage, feed:gain ratio, feed cost (R$/@ and R$/day) and break-even point (kg/day) increased; while the gross feed profit (R$/@) decreased. The bioeconomic multivariate nutritional index had better association with the profitability of the finishing phase of beef cattle on feedlot. Sensitivity analysis did not influence the results obtained. The benefit was lower than the feed cost from exchange relation of four (4) @/t DM of the diet. F1 Blond D'Aquitaine × Nellore crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg of body weight showed the best bioeconomic efficiency.