RESUMO Em dutos que operam em regime turbulento, o processo corrosivo é acelerado e diretamente responsável por inúmeros prejuízos em plantas industriais, tais como paradas nas linhas de produção, falhas em equipamentos e elevados custos de manutenção. Embora haja poucos estudos laboratoriais nesta condição de escoamento, há um consenso entre inúmeros pesquisadores que o monitoramento e investigações nesta condição são essenciais, uma vez que simulam condições representativas da realidade industrial. Este trabalho investigou a influência do fluxo do meio eletrolítico sobre os parâmetros eletroquímicos do aço ABNT 1020 em solução NaCl 3% submetido a diferentes velocidades (0,21, 0,42, 0,62 e 0,84 m.s-1), relacionando os resultados obtidos por Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) e Polarização Potenciodinâmica Linear (PPL). Os ensaios eletroquímicos foram realizados a partir de uma plataforma experimental construída para tal finalidade e acoplada às conexões do potenciostato, a fim de se obter curvas experimentais enquanto o eletrólito fluía dentro da célula e interagia com a superfície do metal. Os resultados mostraram que a variação da velocidade provoca mudanças notáveis nos principais parâmetros do ensaio e que as técnicas eletroquímicas corroboraram entre si mesmo em condições turbulentas de escoamento na plataforma de testes.

ABSTRACT In pipelines that operate in turbulent conditions, the corrosive process is accelerated and directly responsible for numerous losses in industrial plants, such as downtime in production lines, equipment failures and high maintenance costs. Although there are few laboratory studies in this flow condition, there is a consensus among countless researchers that monitoring and investigations in this condition are essential, since they simulate conditions representative of industrial reality. This work investigated the influence of the flow of the electrolytic medium on the electrochemical parameters of ABNT 1020 steel in 3% NaCl solution submitted to different speeds (0.21, 0.42, 0.62 and 0.84 ms-1), relating the results obtained by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIE) and Linear Potentiodynamic Polarization (LPP). The electrochemical tests were performed from an experimental platform built for this purpose and coupled to the connections of the potentiostat, in order to obtain experimental curves while the electrolyte flowed inside the cell and interacted with the metal surface. The results showed that the variation in speed causes notable changes in the main parameters of the test and that the electrochemical techniques corroborated each other in turbulent flow conditions in the test platform.

This study investigated the softening mechanisms of the AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel during torsion simulation under isothermal continuous in the temperature range of 900 to 1150 °C and strain rates of 0.1 to 5.0s-1. In the first part of the curves, before the peak, the results show that the critical (εc) and peak (εp) strains are elevated for higher strain rate and lower temperatures contributing for higher strain hardening rate (h). Moreover, this indicated that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and dynamic recovery (DRV) are not effective in this region. After the peak, the reductions in stresses are associated to the different DRX/DRV competitions. For lower temperatures and higher strain rates there is a delay in the DRX while the DRV is acting predominantly (with low Avrami exponent (n) and high t0.5). The steady state was reached after large strains showing DRX grains, formation of retained austenite and the presence of chromium carbide (Cr23C6) and ferrite δ at the martensitic grain boundaries. These contribute for impairing the toughness and ductility on the material. The constitutive equations at the peak strain indicated changes in the deformation mechanism, with variable strain rate sensitivity (m), which affected the final microstructure.

The aim of this work is evaluate the influence of welding conditions on abrasive wear resistance in coating of Fe-Cr-C. The metal base used in this investigation was the steel SAE 1020 and as welded metal the selfshilded tubular wires of Fe-Cr-C with 1.6 mm of diameter. The welding parameter such as amperage, voltage, welding speed, wire feed speed and the distance between the point and samples were kept constant by varying the electrode inclination and the number of layers deposited. These resulted in four different weld conditions: pulling and pushing the weld pool and hardfacing formed with 1 end 2 layers. Their influences on dilution, microhardness and microstructure were evaluated and correlated with the abrasive wear according to the standard tests methods for abrasion measurements through the usage of dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus, ASTM G-65-04. The results showed that the wear resistance of the four different conditions was affected by dilution, microstructure morphology and carbide volume fraction. The best conditions for hardfacing deposition were for pushing the torch and two layers added.

An austenitic stainless steel ISO 5832-9 used as a biomaterial was torsion-deformed over the temperature range of 1000-1200 °C and strain rates of 0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 s- 1. The flow stress curves obtained showed two regions where firstly there is a rising on stress characterized as work hardening mechanism acting and secondly a decreasing in work-softening after a peak stress. The flow curves were modeled by adjusting the experimental data with Zener-Hollomom parameter to construct the constitutive equations that describe the plastic behavior in both regions. The first region was described until the peak stress, taking into consideration the competition between work hardening and recovery while the second one was described applying the softening time of 50% and the Avrami equation. In some hot deformation conditions the simulated curves showed good agreement with the experimental ones while in others conditions the simulated showed differences to experimental curves that was discussed and associated with other mechanisms that acted during hot deformation.

Dois tipos de aços inoxidáveis com diferentes proporções de austenita e ferrita foram deformados em torção em temperaturas variando de 900 a 1250°C. O aço A (25,5Cr - 4,9Ni - 1,6Mo) tem Cr eq/Ni eq = 4,8 e o aço B (22,2Cr - 5,6Ni - 3Mo) tem Cr eq/Ni eq = 3,5. Os resultados mostraram que a forma da curva de escoamento plástico depende do material e das condições de deformação, sendo observado quatro formas distintas para essas curvas. Em altas temperaturas, o aço A tem um comportamento plástico típico dos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos. Ao diminuir a temperatura de deformação, a curva apresenta um pico de tensões após pequenas deformações. Quando as partículas de austenita estão dispersas grosseiramente dentro da matriz (aço B), a curva de escoamento plástico mostra um pico de tensão separando regiões extensas de encruamento (aumento da tensão com a deformação) e amaciamento (a tensão diminui com a deformação). Em proporções iguais das fases, quando a microestrutura é caracterizada pela presença das duas fases na forma de lamelas que se estendem por toda a extensão da amostra (ambas as fases percolam a superfície da amostra), a curva toma uma forma bem particular nos ensaios de torção a quente.

Two kinds of stainless steels with different ferrite and austenite volume fractions were deformed by torsion at a temperature range of 900 to 1250°C. Steel A (25.5Cr - 4.9Ni - 1.6Mo) has Cr eq/Ni eq = 4.8 and grade B (22.2Cr - 5.6Ni - 3Mo) has Cr eq/Ni eq = 3.5. The results show that the shape of the flow stress curves depends on the material and deformation conditions. Four different shapes of flow curves were observed. At high temperatures, steel A has a typical behavior of ferritic stainless steels. As the straining temperature was decreased, flow curves with peek stresses at low deformation were observed. When the austenite particles are coarsened inside the matrix (steel B), the flow stress displays a peak stress, dividing extensive hardening and softening regions. When the volume fraction of both phase are comparable and the microstructure is characterized by percolation of the both phases present in the samples, the flow stress curve acquires a very particular shape in hot torsion tests.