Resumo Nanotecnologia é a utilização de materiais na escala nanométrica, em que estes adquirem características próprias. A área de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos nanomedicamentos é uma das mais promissoras atualmente, todavia essas partículas necessitam de avaliação particular e ainda não há consenso referente às testagens específicas a serem seguidas, o que dificulta a formação de uma legislação que garanta a segurança e eficácia destes medicamentos, além de um processo de registro mais eficaz. Assim, é necessária uma abordagem bioética da nanotecnologia e sua utilização em medicamentos, visando garantir que o progresso científico não acarrete impactos irreversíveis. Diante dessa problemática, busca-se promover uma discussão nanoética referente ao processo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de nanomedicamentos, por meio de estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo e de caráter analítico, utilizando revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e dados quantitativos disponíveis como técnicas de pesquisa. nanométrica próprias atualmente seguidas medicamentos eficaz Assim irreversíveis problemática buscase busca se qualitativo exploratóriodescritivo exploratório descritivo analítico bibliográfica

Resumen La nanotecnología utiliza materiales nanométricos, en que estos adquieren características propias. El área de investigación y desarrollo de nuevas nanomedicinas es una de las más prometedoras en la actualidad, sin embargo, estas partículas requieren de una evaluación particular y aún no existe consenso en cuanto a las pruebas específicas que seguir, lo que dificulta establecer una legislación que garantice la seguridad y eficacia de estos medicamentos, además de un proceso de registro más efectivo. Por lo tanto, se necesita un enfoque bioético de la nanotecnología y su uso en medicamentos para garantizar que el avance científico no tenga impactos irreversibles. Ante esta problemática, se pretende promover el debate sobre la nanoética en el proceso de investigación y desarrollo de nanomedicinas a partir de un estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo y analítico, que utiliza como técnicas de investigación la revisión bibliográfica, el análisis de documentos y los datos cuantitativos disponibles. nanométricos propias actualidad embargo seguir efectivo tanto irreversibles problemática cualitativo exploratoriodescriptivo exploratorio descriptivo analítico bibliográfica disponibles

Abstract Nanotechnology consist of using materials at the nanoscale, in which they acquire specific characteristics. Nanodrug research and development is one of the most promising fields today; however, these particles require particular evaluation. Moreover, studies lack consensus on which specific tests to follow, thus hindering the elaboration of legislation that ensure their safety and efficacy, as well as a more effective registration process. Thus, a bioethical approach to nanotechnology and its use in drug development is necessary to ensure scientific progress without irreversible impacts. Given this scenario, this article proposes a nanoethics discussion regarding nanodrug research and development by means of a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive analysis, based on literature review, documental analysis and quantitative data available. nanoscale characteristics today however evaluation Moreover follow efficacy process Thus impacts scenario qualitative review available

Abstract This article analyzes the Burnout Syndrome indicators in teaching activities during the pandemic to identify factors and conditions that can be associated with its dimensions. The study conducted with 438 Brazilian teachers used convergent mixed methods. We collected data through online questionnaires and the adaptation of a standardized instrument to assess Burnout Syndrome. Among the main results, we found that factors such as gender, age, level of performance, and digital competence can be associated with indicators of psychological distress, life quality, and health.

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar os indicadores da Síndrome de Burnout na atuação docente durante a pandemia a fim de identificar fatores e condições associadas a suas dimensões. O estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa mista de design convergente, envolvendo 438 professores brasileiros. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário on-line e a adaptação de um instrumento padronizado para a avaliação da Síndrome de Burnout. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se que alguns fatores (como sexo, idade, nível de atuação e competência digital) podem ser relacionados aos indicadores de sofrimento psíquico e de qualidade de vida e saúde.

This work addresses the attention skill and intense interaction with digital technologies for accessing information and communication in childhood. The objective is to analyze whether the interaction with digital technologies and games in childhood interferes with the performance of different types of attention. Ex post facto research was carried out with 169 children from a Brazilian and two Portuguese schools, collecting data through the application of a questionnaire with parents or guardians and application of a battery of psychological tests that measured the performance of focused attention, split and alternated. The results indicated that the smartphone is the most used device, interaction with digital games and access to videos are the most frequent activities. There was no association between access time to digital technologies and games and the performance of the different types of attention measured. However, Portuguese children had a significantly higher attention performance than Brazilian children. It is noteworthy that knowing the different factors that influence this relationship can offer subsidies to the organization of curricula and public education policies, as well as prevent learning difficulties and ensure the quality of life and health of children and future adults.

Este trabajo aborda la capacidad de atención y la interacción intensa con las tecnologías digitales para acceder a la información y la comunicación en la infancia. El objetivo es analizar si la interacción con tecnologías y juegos digitales en la infancia interfiere en el desempeño de diferentes tipos de atención. Se realizó una encuesta ex post facto con 169 niños de una escuela brasileña y dos portuguesas, recolectando datos a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario con los padres o tutores y la aplicación de una batería de pruebas psicológicas que midieron el desempeño de la atención concentrada, dividida y alternado Los resultados indicaron que el teléfono inteligente es el dispositivo más utilizado, la interacción con juegos digitales y el acceso a videos son las actividades más frecuentes. No se observó asociación entre el tiempo de acceso a tecnologías digitales y juegos y el desempeño de los diferentes tipos de atención medidos. Sin embargo, los niños portugueses tuvieron un rendimiento de atención significativamente mayor que los niños brasileños. Se destaca que conocer los diferentes factores que influyen en esta relación puede ofrecer subsidios a la organización de los currículos y políticas públicas de educación, así como prevenir dificultades de aprendizaje y asegurar la calidad de vida y salud de los niños y futuros adultos.

Este trabalho aborda a capacidade de atenção e a intensa interação com as tecnologias digitais de acesso à informação e a comunicação na infância. O objetivo é analisar se a interação com as tecnologias e jogos digitais na infância interfere sobre o desempenho dos diferentes tipos de atenção. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ex post facto com 169 crianças de uma escola brasileira e de duas portuguesas, coletando dados por meio da aplicação de um questionário junto aos pais ou responsáveis e aplicação de uma bateria de testes psicológicos que mensuraram o desempenho da atenção concentrada, dividida e alternada. Os resultados indicaram que o smartphone é o dispositivo mais utilizado, a interação com jogos digitais e o acesso a vídeos são as atividades mais frequentes. Não se observou associação entre o tempo de acesso as tecnologias e jogos digitais e o desempenho dos diferentes tipos de atenção mensurados. Entretanto, as crianças portuguesas tiveram um desempenho da atenção signitivamente superior ao das crianças brasileiras. Ressalta-se que conhecer os diferentes fatores que influenciam sobre essa relação podem oferecer subsídios à organização dos currículos e políticas públicas de educação, bem como prevenir dificuldade de aprendizagem e zelar pela qualidade de vida e saúde das crianças e futuros adultos.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, irreversible dilation of the bronchi, and recurrent pulmonary infections, with a high morbidity and mortality rate, but is less studied from the point of view of its prevalence and associated factors not directly related to respiratory prognosis. As it is a disease related to the exacerbation of the inflammatory process and oxidative stress, this study searched to investigate the micronucleus frequency in patients with and without bronchiectasis treated at a specialized pulmonology service in a hospital in the extreme south of Brazil. METHODS: Patients with a confirmed tomographic diagnosis of bronchiectasis were defined as cases. Mutagenicity was evaluated by the micronucleus test in patients’ oral mucosa cells. Data collection was performed through a questionnaire containing socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, and health condition information. RESULTS: Of the 95 patients involved in this study, 21 (22.1%) were diagnosed with bronchiectasis aged between 12 and 89 years. There was no significant difference in the frequency of micronucleus between patients with and without bronchiectasis. There was a significant positive association between age and frequency of micronucleus among patients with bronchiectasis, but this association does not occur among patients without the disease. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate data on the prevalence and clinical and epidemiological aspects of this chronic disease in Brazil, especially those related to the genotoxicity outcome.

Abstract This article aims to demonstrate that the use of social cartography, along with theatrical techniques in investigations with children, allows a wider understanding of the representations within the territory and the daily experiences that take place in it. The concepts of the geography of childhood, social representations and territory are theoretically addressed. The methodology of Theater Social Cartography is applied to the work with children in rural schools in the villages of Hato Viejo, Chinia, Guachavita and Mortiñal in the municipality of Fómeque, and the villages of La Maza, El Rosario and La Caja in the municipality of Choachí, located in Colombia. Through this method, the most representative aspects, according to the children of the aforementioned schools, as well as the elements involved in the construction of their representations about the Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, such as the institutional discourse of conservation of Parques Naturales and the oral transmission of the experiences of their grandparents and grandmothers about the Park before the arrival of institutions are analyzed. Elements such as fauna, water, and the abstract notion of nature as an element that mixes between the landscape full of fantasy and reality, stand out in the speeches of the children participating in this research.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar que el uso de la cartografía social, en conjunto con técnicas teatrales en investigaciones con niños y niñas, permite una comprensión ampliada de las representaciones sobre el territorio y las experiencias cotidianas que se desarrollan en este. Para ello, se abordan teóricamente la geografía de la infancia, las representaciones sociales y el territorio. Se propone una metodología llamada cartografía social teatral (CST) como contribución al conjunto de metodologías participativas útiles en los estudios ambientales. La CST se aplicó a niños y niñas de las escuelas rurales de las veredas Hato Viejo, Chinia, Guachavita y Mortiñal, en el municipio de Fómeque, y las veredas de La Maza, El Rosario y La Caja, en el municipio de Choachí, ubicados en Colombia. Mediante esta metodología, se identificaron los aspectos más representativos del territorio para la población infantil. También, los elementos involucrados en la construcción de sus representaciones sobre el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, tales como el discurso institucional de conservación de Parques Naturales de Colombia y la transmisión oral de las experiencias de sus abuelos y abuelas sobre el páramo de Chingaza, antes de la llegada de las instituciones estatales. En los discursos de los niños y las niñas participantes de la investigación resaltan la fauna, el agua y la noción abstracta de la naturaleza como elemento que se mezcla entre el paisaje, lleno de fantasía y realidad.

ABSTRACT Dating violence as a particular form of violence in couples of adolescents and young people, requires study and intervention, the objective of the work is to characterize the violence received, exerted and perceived according to sex in dating relationships of Medicine students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 74 medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. An abbreviated Cuban version of the VREP questionnaire was applied. The article shows the main results: more than half of the sample experienced situations of violence in almost all types, physical, sexual, social psychological violence, psychological violence humiliation coercion, psychological violence control jealousy. The most suffered violence was Psychological violence control jealousy. The females exercised more psychological violence control jealousy and psychological violence humiliation coercion, and the males with similar percentages the types of psychological violence. Physical violence and psychological violence humiliation coercion were perceived better by both sexes. Violence in courtships of medical students is a phenomenon with an important presence. It was bidirectional, with few differences between both sexes who act as recipients and perpetrators of violence. Men reported receiving more violence, but they tend to exercise it and perceive it to a greater extent.

RESUMEN La violencia en el noviazgo como forma particular de violencia en parejas de adolescentes y jóvenes, requiere estudio e intervención, el objetivo del trabajo es caracterizar la violencia recibida, ejercida y percibida según el sexo en relaciones de noviazgo de estudiantes de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal a una muestra de 74 estudiantes de medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se aplicó una versión cubana abreviada del cuestionario VREP. El artículo muestra los principales resultados: más de la mitad de la muestra vivieron situaciones de violencia en casi todas las tipologías, violencia física, sexual, psicológica social, violencia psicológica humillación coerción, violencia psicológica control celos. La violencia más padecida fue Violencia psicológica control celos. Las féminas ejercieron más Violencia psicológica control celos y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción, y los masculinos con similares porcentajes los tipos de violencia psicológica. Percibieron mejor ambos sexos la Violencia física y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción. La violencia en noviazgos de estudiantes de Medicina es un fenómeno con una presencia importante. Fue de tipo bidireccional, con escasas diferencias entre ambos sexos que actúan como receptores y perpetradores de la violencia. Los varones refirieron recibir más violencia, pero suelen ejercerla y percibirla en mayor medida.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la morbimortalidad de las bronquiectasias, su interface con el mantenimiento de las tasas de ingreso hospitalario y los resultados pronósticos insatisfactorios, y el impacto negativo en la salud pública brasileña. Métodos: Las informaciones clínicas y epidemiológicas provinieron del departamento de informática del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil - DataSus, del cual se filtraron los datos requeridos a través de la lista de morbilidades del SUS - CID10. Se buscó información sobre la hospitalización de pacientes con bronquiectasias, como sexo, edad, tiempo y costo de la hospitalización, régimen de tratamiento y número de muertes a consecuencia de la enfermedad. Resultados: Se observó que de enero de 2008 a febrero de 2020 se hospitalizaron alrededor de 24.087 pacientes con bronquiectasias. El 65% eran adultos, con una gran porción en la fase productiva. El 84% de los pacientes buscó unidades de salud en modalidad de emergencia y el 47% acudió a los servicios públicos. El promedio brasileño de estancia hospitalaria fue estimado en 8,1 días, el costo del servicio rondaba los R$ 28 millones y se registraron 698 muertes por bronquiectasias. Conclusiones: Enfermedades como las bronquiectasias están lejos del manejo adecuado que requieren las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas. A pesar de la importante evolución diagnóstica, la etiología y el tratamiento de la enfermedad siguen siendo cuestionables.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the morbidity and mortality of bronchiectasis, its interface with the maintenance of hospitalization rates and unsatisfactory prognostic outcomes, as well as the negative impact on Brazilian public health. Methods: The clinical and epidemiological information came from the IT department of the Brazilian Unified Health System - DataSus, from which the required data was filtered through the SUS - CID10 list of morbidities. Information was sought, in absolute numbers, regarding the hospitalization of bronchiectasis patients, such as gender, age, time and cost of hospitalization, care regime, and the number of deaths due to the disease. Results: From the variables found, it was noted that in the period from January 2008 to February 2020, around 24,087 bronchiectasis patients were hospitalized. 65% of the total number of hospitalizations due to the disease consisted of adults, with a large portion in the productive phase (between 20 and 79 years). 84% of the patients sought health units in an emergency mode and 47% used public services at the time of hospitalization. The Brazilian average length of stay in hospital was estimated at 8.1 days and the cost of the service was around R$ 28 million in the twelve years analyzed. Besides, 698 deaths due to bronchiectasis were recorded in Brazil. Conclusions: Diseases such as bronchiectasis are far from the adequate management that chronic lung diseases require. Despite the significant diagnostic evolution, the etiology and treatment of disease is still questionable, providing unsatisfactory quality of life for bronchiectasis patients.

ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health problem, with approximately 10 million new cases reported annually. Knowledge about the quantitative evolution of theses and dissertations (T&Ds) examining human TB in Brazil can contribute to generating strategic planning for training professionals in this field and disease control. Therefore, this study highlights the role of T&Ds on TB in national scientific disclosures. Methods: An integrative review related to TB was performed, including T&Ds produced in Brazil and completed between 2013 and 2019. Results: A total of 559,457 T&Ds were produced, of which 1,342 were associated with TB, accounting for 0.24% of the total number of T&Ds in Brazil. This was evidenced by a predominance of themes such as attention/health care, epidemiology, and TB treatment, and 80.2% of the T&Ds on TB were related to the large areas of health and biological sciences. Only 19.7% of T&Ds were associated with groups of patients considered at risk for TB, and 50.9% were produced in southeastern Brazil. The 1,342 T&Ds on TB were developed in 416 postgraduate programs linked to 121 higher education institutions (HEIs). We highlight that 72.7% of T&Ds on TB were produced in federal HEIs, 27.4% in state HEIs, and 8.5% in private HEIs. Conclusions: Strategic themes, such as TB control, require public policies that aim to increase the number of doctors and masters with expertise in TB, with geographic uniformity, and in line with the priorities for disease control.

Abstract Sporothrix spp. are the major dimorphic fungus associated with a type of subcutaneous mycosis, sporotrichosis. The limitation of antifungal availability and the past reports of in vitro resistance of Sporothrix spp. clinical isolates makes it important to search for new compounds with antifungal activities. In this study, we therefore evaluate the in vitro activities of complexes coordinated with Co(II) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate against clinical isolates of Sporothrix spp. Broth microdilution test was performed as per M38-A2 from CLSI (2008) in duplicate for 31 clinical isolates of Sporothrix spp. (27 S. brasiliensis e 04 S. schenckii stricto sensu). The antifungal activities of the complexes coordinated with Co(II) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate were detected at a concentration range of 32-128 µg/mL for all isolates. None of the compounds demonstrated any cytotoxicity (to macrophage cells) at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. The activity against Sporothrix spp. recorded in this study instigate the continuity of experimental studies with Co(II) to search for the mechanisms of antifungal action as well as to evaluate its interaction with the commercial antifungal drugs.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dating violence is recognized as one of the main manifestations of violence in university students; it requires study and prevention. Objective: to characterize dating violence of medical students of the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Materials and methods: a descriptive study was carried out in 240 second-year medical students. A self-administered questionnaire was used. The variables were: sex, age; years of study, most frequent types of dating violence, manifestations of violence types, directionality, knowledge of the negative consequences and types of consequences. Descriptive statistics was used. Results: 62.5 % of students perceived psychological violence as the most frequent. 85.8 % described several manifestations and 14.2 % were unable to do so. Among psychological behavioral manifestations or expressions, they recognize reification, degradation and threats; blows are integrated into the physical violence, and looking at women as sexual objects and infidelity into the sexual violence. Bi-directionality prevailed in aggressions (63 %). It was shown in 87.5 % that violence has negative consequences in the cognitive-affective-behavioral sphere. Conclusions: the students perceived that dating violence is bidirectional with a predominance of psychological violence generating health damages. The combination between their perception of the event and the little knowledge they have about dating violence hinders disclosing the magnitude of this health problem. Herein lays the need of carrying out a group of actions aimed at reducing it.

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia en el noviazgo es reconocida como una de las principales manifestaciones de violencia en estudiantes universitarios; requiere estudio e intervención. Objetivo: caracterizar la violencia en el noviazgo de estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 240 estudiantes de segundo año de Medicina. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado. Las variables fueron: sexo, edad, años de estudio, tipos de violencia más frecuentes en el noviazgo, manifestaciones de tipos de violencia, direccionalidad, conocimiento de las consecuencias negativas, y tipos de consecuencias. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: un 62,5 % percibió la violencia psicológica como la más frecuente. El 85,8 % describió diversas manifestaciones y el 14,2 % no pudo hacerlo. Se reconoció entre las manifestaciones o expresiones conductuales psicológicas la cosificación, degradación y las amenazas. En la violencia física, los golpes, y en la sexual, mirar a las mujeres como objetos sexuales e infidelidad. Imperó bidireccionalidad en las agresiones (63 %). Se demostró con un 87,5 % que la violencia tiene consecuencias negativas en la esfera cognitivo-afectivo-conductual. Conclusiones: los estudiantes percibieron que la violencia en el noviazgo es bidireccional, con predominio de la violencia psicológica, que genera daños a la salud. La convergencia entre la percepción del evento y los escasos conocimientos que poseen acerca de la violencia en el noviazgo, entorpece develar la magnitud de este problema de salud. Aquí radica la necesidad de realizar un conjunto de actuaciones dirigidas a su reducción.

Abstract This article discusses the interruption of Teaching and learning activities at Brazilian federal universities at the time the Covid-19 pandemic broke out, as well as the extent to which the lack of access to the internet would prohibit remote resumption of those activities. Political-educational strategies for tackling the pandemic that are in line with WHO recommendations are addressed. Then the universities’ immediate responses to the necessary suspension of face-to-face activities are discussed. Finally, official data are reported measuring the size of the problem of internet access among higher education students. Given that 98% are connected, there is an urgent need to enable internet and digital literacy for 2% without access. However, there are no consistent justifications for prolonging the interruption of Teaching and learning activities. Emergency remote Education emerges as an immediate path in the midst of the pandemic, but it is blended learning methodologies that tend to consolidate in the post-pandemic world – which, sooner or later, will require new attitudes and strategies from Brazilian federal universities.

Resumen La interrupción de las actividades docentes en las universidades federales brasileñas se discute en el momento del estallido de la pandemia Covid-19 y hasta qué punto la falta de acceso a internet prohibiría la reanudación de estas actividades de forma remota. Se discuten estrategias políticas y educativas para hacer frente a la pandemia, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS. Se analizan las respuestas inmediatas de las universidades cuando es necesario suspender las actividades presenciales. Se presentan datos de Pnad-Contínua, del IBGE, que miden el tamaño del problema de acceso a internet entre los estudiantes de Educación Superior. Dado que el 98% está conectado, existe una necesidad urgente de habilitar internet y la alfabetización digital al 2% sin acceso. Sin embargo, no existen justificaciones consistentes para prolongar la interrupción de las actividades de Enseñanza y aprendizaje. La Educación remota de emergencia surge como un camino inmediato en medio de la pandemia, pero son las metodologías de Enseñanza híbridas las que tienden a consolidarse en el mundo pospandémico, lo que, tarde o temprano, requerirá nuevas actitudes y estrategias de las universidades federales brasileñas.

Resumo Discute-se a paralisação das atividades de Ensino nas universidades federais brasileiras quando da eclosão da pandemia da Covid-19 e em que medida a falta de acesso à internet interditaria a retomada dessas atividades de forma remota. Abordam-se estratégias político-educacionais de enfrentamento à pandemia confluentes às recomendações da OMS. Analisam-se as respostas imediatas das universidades quando as atividades presenciais precisaram ser suspensas. Apresentam-se dados da Pnad-Contínua, do IBGE, que dimensionam o tamanho do problema de acesso à internet entre estudantes da Educação Superior. Dado que 98% estão conectados, urge viabilizar internet e letramento digital aos 2% sem acesso. Não transparecem, todavia, justificativas consistentes para prolongar a interrupção das atividades de Ensino-aprendizagem. O Ensino remoto emergencial surge como caminho imediato em meio à pandemia, mas são as metodologias de Ensino híbrido que tendem a se consolidar no mundo pós-pandemia – o que, cedo ou tarde, exigirá das universidades federais brasileiras novas atitudes e estratégias.

ABSTRACT Background: a particular type of violence, which in recent years has become a major social and health problem, is dating violence. Objective: to estimate the dating violence perceived by medical students of the Cienfuegos Medical University. Methods: exploratory study that included 240 second-year medical students from the 2018-2019 school years, selected by intentional sampling from a population of 370 students. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain the data. The variables were analyzed: sex, age, perceived dating violence, types of dating violence (depending on its nature, physical, psychological and sexual). Results: The 63.8% are 19 years old and 67.9% are female. The 24% perceive there is dating violence, the 16% don’t know and the 60% say no. Knowledge about the three types of violence is low, only the 0.8% recognize the three types of violence; the 22.1% physical and psychological; the 8.8% only psychological and the 1.3% physical. Conclusions: the research shows that medical students in their early years have a low perception of the presence of violence in the engagements existing in the institution and in the typology of expressions, the psychological being the most visible. It is essential to continue studies that delve into the state of the art of this phenomenon.

RESUMEN Fundamento: un tipo de violencia particular, que en los últimos años se ha convertido en un problema social y de salud de primer orden, es la violencia en el noviazgo. Objetivo: estimar la violencia en el noviazgo percibida por estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Médica de Cienfuegos. Métodos: estudio exploratorio que incluyó 240 estudiantes de segundo año de medicina del curso escolar 2018-2019, seleccionados por muestreo intencional de una población de 370 estudiantes. Se empleó un cuestionario autoadministrado para obtener los datos. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, violencia en el noviazgo percibida, tipos de violencia en el noviazgo (en función de su naturaleza, física, psicológica y sexual). Resultados: el 63,8 % tiene 19 años y el 67,9 % son del sexo femenino. El 24 % percibe que hay violencia en los noviazgos, el 16 % no sabe y el 60 % dice que no. El conocimiento sobre los tres tipos de violencia es bajo, solo el 0,8 % reconoce los tres tipos de violencia; el 22,1% la física y psicológica; el 8,8 % solo la psicológica y el 1,3 % la física. Conclusiones: la investigación evidencia que los estudiantes de medicina en sus primeros años tienen baja percepción de la presencia de violencia en los noviazgos existentes en la institución y en la tipología de las expresiones, siendo la psicológica la más visible. Resulta imprescindible continuar estudios que profundicen en el estado del arte de este fenómeno.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : Tuberculosis (TB) causes a great burden of disease globally. Its high presence in large cities is explained by these being scenarios of accelerated urbanization, strong social inequalities and concentration of vulnerable circumstances. The objective was to analyze the epidemiological situation of TB in a program area (PA) of the City of Buenos Aires in 2017-2019. METHODS : A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population were the reported TB cases living in the PA of Fernández Hospital (FH). The main data source was the National Health Surveillance System. RESULTS : A total of 375 cases were recorded. The highest TB notification rate in the PA (29.2) was reported in 2017. The cases were concentrated in Retiro neighborhood, reaching the highest rate in 2018 (134.5). Popular neighborhoods had a rate which was 12 times as high as PA rate (305.1). Of all the cases, 213 were male (56.8%), the median age being 29 years. They were mostly reported by the service network of the FH PA. Regarding the follow-up, 169 cases completed the treatment (45.1%) and 138 did not record any follow-up data (36.8%). DISCUSSION : The disaggregated epidemiological analysis revealed the great complexity of the area with respect to this health condition. Interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach networks are key to guarantee accessibility to care and treatment in this population.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : La tuberculosis (TB) genera una gran carga de enfermedad a nivel global. Su elevada presencia en grandes ciudades se explica porque ellas son escenarios de urbanización acelerada, fuertes inequidades sociales y concentración de circunstancias de vulnerabilidad. El objetivo fue analizar la situación epidemiológica de la TB en un área programática (AP) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires entre 2017 y 2019. MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio fueron los casos notificados de TB en residentes en el AP del Hospital Fernández (HF). La fuente de datos principal fue el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud. RESULTADOS : Se registraron 375 casos. En 2017 se presentó la tasa de notificación de TB más alta del AP (29,2). Los casos se concentraron en el barrio de Retiro y alcanzaron su mayor tasa en 2018 (134,5). Los barrios populares presentaron 12 veces la tasa del AP (305,1). De todos los casos, 213 fueron de género masculino (56,8%), con 29 años como mediana de edad. Mayormente fueron notificados por la red de efectores del AP del HF. Respecto a la evolución, en 169 casos fue satisfactoria (45,1%), y 138 no registraron datos de evolución (36,8%). DISCUSIÓN : El análisis epidemiológico desagregado reveló la gran complejidad del territorio respecto a este padecimiento de salud. Las redes de abordaje interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales resultan claves para garantizar la accesibilidad al cuidado y tratamiento en esta población.

Resumo Os produtos naturais têm sido apontados como ferramentas importantes devido ao seu vasto potencial para o desenvolvimento de compostos com atividade antimicrobiana e a possível atividade inibitória e/ou adjuvante de mecanismos de resistência. O própolis é utilizado empiricamente há muitos anos no tratamento de doenças, principalmente devido às suas atividades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e antimicrobianas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicobacteriana in vitro do extrato etanólico de própolis isoladamente e em associação com rifampicina (RIF), amicacina (AMI) e ciprofloxacina (CIP). O extrato etanólico de própolis mostrou atividade antibacteriana frente Mycobacterium chelonae e M. kansasii e foi capaz de aumentar a atividade de AMI, RIF e CIP em associação. Por outro lado, frente a M. absecessus, M. fortuitum e M. avium, o extrato não foi ativo a 200 µg/mL e não apresentou capacidade adjuvante pronunciada quando avaliado em associação com os fármacos. Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que o extrato etanólico de própolis pode ser uma alternativa no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e pode ser utilizado complementarmente com o atual tratamento das micobacterioses.

Abstract Natural products have been touted as important tools because of their vast potential for the development of compounds with antimicrobial activity and the possible inhibitory activity and/or adjuvant resistance mechanisms. Propolis has been empirically used for many years for the treatment of diseases, mainly due to its antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of the ethanol extract of propolis alone and in combination with rifampicin (RIF), amikacin (AMI) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The ethanol extract of propolis showed antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae and M. kansasii and was capable of increasing AMI, RIF and CIP activity in combination. On the other hand, compared to M. absecessus, M. fortuitum and M. avium, the extract was not active at 200 µg/mL and did not show pronounced adjuvant capacity when evaluated in association with the drugs. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of propolis could be an alternative in the development of new drugs and can be used complementary with the current mycobacteriosis treatment.